81 results on '"Grizzetti, B."'
Search Results
2. Ecosystem services for water policy: Insights across Europe
- Author
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Grizzetti, B., Liquete, C., Antunes, P., Carvalho, L., Geamănă, N., Giucă, R., Leone, M., McConnell, S., Preda, E., Santos, R., Turkelboom, F., Vădineanu, A., and Woods, H.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Assessing water ecosystem services for water resource management
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Grizzetti, B., Lanzanova, D., Liquete, C., Reynaud, A., and Cardoso, A.C.
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- 2016
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4. Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services : an EU wide ecosystem assessment in support of the EU biodiversity strategy
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Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Condé, S., Vallecillo, S., Barredo, J.I., Paracchini, M.L., Abdul Malak, D., Trombetti, M., Vigiak, O., Zulian, G., Addamo, A.M., Grizzetti, B., Somma, F., Hagyo, A., Vogt, P., Polce, C., Jones, A., Marin, A.I., Ivits, E., Mauri, A., Rega, C., Czúcz, B., Ceccherini, G., Pisoni, E., Ceglar, A., De Palma, P., Cerrani, I., Meroni, M., Caudullo, G., Lugato, E., Vogt, J.V., Spinoni, J., Cammalleri, C., Bastrup-Birk, A., San Miguel, J., San Román, S., Kristensen, P., Christiansen, T., Zal, N., De Roo, A., Cardoso, A.C., Pistocchi, A., Del Barrio Alvarellos, I., Tsiamis, K., Gervasini, E., Deriu, I., La Notte, A., Abad Viñas, R., Vizzarri, M., Camia, A., Robert, N., Kakoulaki, G., Garcia Bendito, E., Panagos, P., Ballabio, C., Scarpa, S., Montanarella, L., Orgiazzi, A., Fernandez Ugalde, O., and Santos-Martín, F.
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Settore BIO/07 - Ecologia ,Settore AGR/05 - Assestamento Forestale e Selvicoltura - Published
- 2020
5. Impact of Climate Change on the Water Cycle and Nutrient Losses in a Finnish Catchment
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Bouraoui, F., Grizzetti, B., Granlund, K., Rekolainen, S., and Bidoglio, G.
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- 2004
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- View/download PDF
6. A statistical method for source apportionment of riverine nitrogen loads
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Grizzetti, B., Bouraoui, F., de Marsily, G., and Bidoglio, G.
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- 2005
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- View/download PDF
7. Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services: An analytical framework for ecosystem condition: Discussion paper – Final
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Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Grizzetti, B., Barredo, J.I., Paracchini, M.L., Somma, F., Orgiazzi, A., Jones, A., Zulian, G., Vallecilo, S., Petersen, J.-E., Marquardt, D., Kovacevic, V., Abdul Malak, D., Marin, A.I., Czúcz, B., Mauri, A., Loffler, P., Bastrup-Birk, A., Biala, K., Christiansen, T., and Werner, B.
- Published
- 2018
8. Relationship between ecological condition and ecosystem services in European rivers, lakes and coastal waters
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Grizzetti, B., primary, Liquete, C., additional, Pistocchi, A., additional, Vigiak, O., additional, Zulian, G., additional, Bouraoui, F., additional, De Roo, A., additional, and Cardoso, A.C., additional
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- 2019
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- View/download PDF
9. Erratum: Human pressures and ecological status of European rivers
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Grizzetti, B., primary, Pistocchi, A., additional, Liquete, C., additional, Udias, A., additional, Bouraoui, F., additional, and van de Bund, W., additional
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- 2017
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10. Human pressures and ecological status of European rivers
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Grizzetti, B., primary, Pistocchi, A., additional, Liquete, C., additional, Udias, A., additional, Bouraoui, F., additional, and van de Bund, W., additional
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- 2017
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- View/download PDF
11. An integrated assessment framework for the analysis of multiple pressures in aquatic ecosystems and the appraisal of management options
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Pistocchi, A., primary, Udias, A., additional, Grizzetti, B., additional, Gelati, E., additional, Koundouri, P., additional, Ludwig, R., additional, Papandreou, A., additional, and Souliotis, I., additional
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- 2017
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12. The INCA-Pathogens model: An application to the Loimijoki River basin in Finland
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Rankinen, K., primary, Butterfield, D., additional, Faneca Sànchez, M., additional, Grizzetti, B., additional, Whitehead, P., additional, Pitkänen, T., additional, Uusi-Kämppä, J., additional, and Leckie, H., additional
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- 2016
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13. Nitrogen: Too much of a vital resource
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Bleeker, A., Galloway, J.N., Grizzetti, B., Erisman, J.W., Dise, N.B., Sutton, M.A., Leach, A.M., and Vries, W. d.
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- 2015
14. Nitrogen deposition as a threat to european terrestrial biodiversity
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Dise, N.B., Ashmore, M., Belyazid, S., Bleeker, A., Bobbink, R., Vries, W. De, Erisman, J.W., Spranger, T., Stevens, C., Berg, L. van den, Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Billen, G., Grennfelt, P., Grinsven, H. van, Grizzetti, B., Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Erisman, J.W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Grennfelt, P., Grinsven, H. van, and Grizzetti, B.
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Aquatic Ecology - Abstract
Item does not contain fulltext
- Published
- 2011
15. Cross comparison of nitrogen sources, sinks and transport within river basins: the Italian Nitrogen Network initiative (INN)
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Bartoli, M., Soana, E., Laini, A., Nizzoli, D., Pinardi, M., Racchetti, E., Gardi, C., Viaroli, P., Acutis, M., Salmaso, F., Quadroni, S., Crosa, G., De Marco, A., Demurtas, C., Roggero, P., Sacchi, E., Salmaso, N., Boscaini, A., Rogora, M., Trevisan, M., Stellato, L., Spagni, A., Vignudelli, M., Ventura, F., Rossi, P., Mastrocicco, M., Petitta, M., Gumiero, B., Grizzetti, B., Boz, B., Fano, E.A., and Castaldelli, G.
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Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA - Published
- 2014
16. Our Nutrient World - The challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution
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Bleeker, A., Vries, W. de, Bekunda, M., Reis, S., Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Grizzetti, B., Erisman, J.W., Grinsven, H.J.M. van, Abrol, Y.P., Adhya, T.K., Billen, G., Davidson, E.A., Datta, A., Diaz, R., Liu, X.J., Oenema, O., Palm, C., Raghuram, N., Scholz, R.W., Sims, T., Westhoek, H., and Zhang, F.S.
- Abstract
n.v.t.
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- 2013
17. The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives (Eds.)
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Sutton, M.A., Howard, C., Erisman, J.W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Grenfelt, P., van Grinsven, H., Grizzetti, B., and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences
- Published
- 2011
18. Lost water and nitrogen resources due to EU consumer food waste
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Vanham, D, primary, Bouraoui, F, additional, Leip, A, additional, Grizzetti, B, additional, and Bidoglio, G, additional
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- 2015
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19. THE SCIENCEPOLICYSTAKEHOLDER INTERFACE IN WATER POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
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GRIZZETTI B., LO PORTO A., BARKVED L., JOY K., PARANJAPE S., DEELSTRA J., BOURAOUI F., and MANASI S.
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- 2010
20. Scenario analysis for nutrient emission reduction in the European inland waters
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Bouraoui, F, primary, Thieu, V, additional, Grizzetti, B, additional, Britz, W, additional, and Bidoglio, G, additional
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- 2014
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21. The FOOTPRINT software tools: pesticide risk assessment and management in the EU at different spatial scales
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Dubus, I., Azimonti, G., Bach, M., Barriuso, E., Bidoglio, G., Bouraoui, F., Centofanti, T., Coquet, Y., Feisel, B., Fialkiewicz, W., Fowler, H., Galimberti, F., Grizzetti, B., Hojberg, A., Hollis, J., Jarvis, N., Kajewski, I., Kjaer, J., Krasnicki, S., Lewis, Kathleen, Lobnik, F., Lolos, P., Moeys, J., Nolan, T., Rasmussen, P., Real, B., Reichenberger, S., Sinkovec, M., Stenemo, F., Suhadolic, M., Surdyk, N., Tzilivakis, J., Vaudour, E., Avoulidou-Theodorou, E., and Windhorst, D.
- Abstract
Original paper can be found at: http://www.ask-eu.com/default.asp?Menue=149&AnbieterID=586 [Full text of this paper is not available in the UHRA], In the EU-project FOOTPRINT three pesticide risk assessment and management tools were developed, for use at different spatial scales. The three FOOTPRINT tools share the same underlying science, based on the consistent identification of environmental characteristics driving the fate of agriculturally applied pesticides and their interpretation to parameterise state of the art modelling applications thus providing an integrated solution to pesticide risk assessment and management in the EU.
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- 2009
22. SCENARIO IDENTIFICATION AND SIMULATIONS
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LO PORTO A., GRIZZETTI B., BARKVED L., and GOSAIN A.
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- 2009
23. Managing the European Nitrogen Problem : A proposed strategy for integration of European Research on the multiple effects of reactive nitrogen
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Sutton, M.A., Oenema, O., Erisman, J.W., Grennfelt, P., Beier, C., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Britton, C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Cellier, Pierre, van Grinsven, H., Grizzetti, B., Nemitz, E., Reis, S., Skiba, U., Voss, M., De Vries, W., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Alterra Soil Science Centre, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, auto-saisine, Absent, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
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[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] - Abstract
Date de publication : 2009/07; absent
- Published
- 2009
24. Nitrogen and phosphorus retention in surface waters: an inter-comparison of predictions by catchment models of different complexity
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Hejzlar, J., primary, Anthony, S., additional, Arheimer, B., additional, Behrendt, H., additional, Bouraoui, F., additional, Grizzetti, B., additional, Groenendijk, P., additional, Jeuken, M. H. J. L., additional, Johnsson, H., additional, Lo Porto, A., additional, Kronvang, B., additional, Panagopoulos, Y., additional, Siderius, C., additional, Silgram, M., additional, Venohr, M., additional, and Žaloudík, J., additional
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- 2009
- Full Text
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25. Basin characteristics and nutrient losses: the EUROHARP catchment network perspective
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Bouraoui, F., primary, Grizzetti, B., additional, Adelsköld, G., additional, Behrendt, H., additional, de Miguel, I., additional, Silgram, M., additional, Gómez, S., additional, Granlund, K., additional, Hoffmann, L., additional, Kronvang, B., additional, Kværnø, S., additional, Lázár, A., additional, Mimikou, M., additional, Passarella, G., additional, Panagos, P., additional, Reisser, H., additional, Schwarzl, B., additional, Siderius, C., additional, Sileika, A. S., additional, Smit, A. A. M. F. R., additional, Sugrue, R., additional, VanLiedekerke, M., additional, and Zaloudik, J., additional
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- 2009
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26. Ensemble modelling of nutrient loads and nutrient load partitioning in 17 European catchments
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Kronvang, B., primary, Behrendt, H., additional, Andersen, H. E., additional, Arheimer, B., additional, Barr, A., additional, Borgvang, S. A., additional, Bouraoui, F., additional, Granlund, K., additional, Grizzetti, B., additional, Groenendijk, P., additional, Schwaiger, E., additional, Hejzlar, J., additional, Hoffmann, L., additional, Johnsson, H., additional, Panagopoulos, Y., additional, Lo Porto, A., additional, Reisser, H., additional, Schoumans, O., additional, Anthony, S., additional, Silgram, M., additional, Venohr, M., additional, and Larsen, S. E., additional
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- 2009
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27. Comparative study of model prediction of diffuse nutrient losses in response to changes in agricultural practices
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Vagstad, N., primary, French, H. K., additional, Andersen, H. E., additional, Behrendt, H., additional, Grizzetti, B., additional, Groenendijk, P., additional, Lo Porto, A., additional, Reisser, H., additional, Siderius, C., additional, Stromquist, J., additional, Hejzlar, J., additional, and Deelstra, J., additional
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- 2009
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28. Assessing nitrogen pressures on European surface water
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Grizzetti, B., primary, Bouraoui, F., additional, and De Marsily, G., additional
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- 2008
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29. A statistical approach to estimate nitrogen sectorial contribution to total load
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Grizzetti, B., primary, Bouraoui, F., primary, de Marsily, G., primary, and Bidoglio, G., primary
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- 2005
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- View/download PDF
30. Modelling nitrogen pressure in river basins: A comparison between a statistical approach and the physically-based SWAT model
- Author
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Grizzetti, B., primary, Bouraoui, F., additional, and De Marsily, G., additional
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- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Modelling diffuse emission and retention of nutrients in the Vantaanjoki watershed (Finland) using the SWAT model
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Grizzetti, B, primary, Bouraoui, F, additional, Granlund, K, additional, Rekolainen, S, additional, and Bidoglio, G, additional
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- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The FOOTPRINT Software Tools
- Author
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Dubus, I., Azimonti, G., Bach, M., Bidoglio, G., Bouraoui, E., Centofanti, T., Coquet, Y., Feisel, B., Fialkiewicz, W., Fowler, H., Galimberti, F., Grizzetti, B., Hojberg, A., Hollis, J., Jarvis, N., Kajewski, N., Kjaer, J., Krasnichi, S., Kathy Lewis, Lobnik, F., Lolos, P., Moeys, J., Reichenberger, S., Suhadolc, M., John Tzilivakis, and Windhorst, D.
33. Nitrogen processes in aquatic ecosystems
- Author
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Josef Hejzlar, Patrick Durand, Gilles Pinay, Lutz Breuer, Øyvind Kaste, Michael O. Rivett, Richard F. Wright, Stephen C. Maberly, Penny J Johnes, H. van Grinsven, David S. Reay, R Loeb, Gilles Billen, J.J.M. de Klein, Pirkko Kortelainen, Christoph Humborg, Ahti Lepistö, Josette Garnier, Jan Siemens, Andrea Butturini, Nikolaos Skoulikidis, Chris J. Curtis, Sutton, M A, Howard, C M, Erisman, J W, Billen, G, Bleeker, A, Grennfelt, P, van Grinsven, H, and Grizzetti, B
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Water Framework Directive ,Ecology ,Environmental protection ,Aquatic ecosystem ,Biodiversity ,Environmental science ,Ecosystem ,Wetland ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,Eutrophication ,Freshwater ecosystem - Abstract
Executive summary\ud \ud Nature of the problem (science/management/policy)\ud \ud • Freshwater ecosystems play a key role in the European nitrogen (N) cycle, both as a reactive agent that transfers, stores and processes N loadings from the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, and as a natural environment severely impacted by the increase of these loadings.\ud \ud Approaches\ud \ud • This chapter is a review of major processes and factors controlling N transport and transformations for running waters, standing waters, groundwaters and riparian wetlands.\ud \ud Key findings/state of knowledge\ud \ud • The major factor controlling N processes in freshwater ecosystems is the residence time of water, which varies widely both in space and in time, and which is sensitive to changes in climate, land use and management.\ud • The effects of increased N loadings to European freshwaters include acidification in semi-natural environments, and eutrophication in more disturbed ecosystems, with associated loss of biodiversity in both cases.\ud • An important part of the nitrogen transferred by surface waters is in the form of organic N, as dissolved organic N (DON) and particulate organic N (PON). This part is dominant in semi-natural catchments throughout Europe and remains a significant component of the total N load even in nitrate enriched rivers.\ud • In eutrophicated standing freshwaters N can be a factor limiting or co-limiting biological production, and control of both N and phosphorus (P) loading is oft en needed in impacted areas, if ecological quality is to be restored.\ud \ud Major uncertainties/challenges\ud \ud • The importance of storage and denitrifi cation in aquifers is a major uncertainty in the global N cycle, and controls in part the response of catchments to land use or management changes. In some aquifers, the increase of N concentrations will continue for decades even if efficient mitigation measures are implemented now.\ud • Nitrate retention by riparian wetlands has oft en been highlighted. However, their use for mitigation must be treated with caution, since their effectiveness is difficult to predict, and side effects include increased DON emissions to adjacent open waters, N2O emissions to the atmosphere, and loss of biodiversity.\ud • In fact, the character and specific spatial origins of DON are not fully understood, and similarly the quantitative importance of indirect N2O emissions from freshwater ecosystems as a result of N leaching losses from agricultural soils is still poorly known at the regional scale.\ud • These major uncertainties remain due to the lack of adequate monitoring (all forms of N at a relevant frequency), especially – but not only – in the southern and eastern EU countries.\ud \ud Recommendations (research/policy) \ud \ud • The great variability of transfer pathways, buffering capacity and sensitivity of the catchments and of the freshwater ecosystems calls for site specific mitigation measures rather than standard ones applied at regional to national scale.\ud • The spatial and temporal variations of the N forms, the processes controlling the transport and transformation of N within freshwaters, require further investigation if the role of N in influencing freshwater ecosystem health is to be better understood, underpinning the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive for European freshwaters.
- Published
- 2011
34. Nitrogen processes in aquatic ecosystems
- Author
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Patrick Durand, Lutz Breuer, Johnes, Penny J., Gilles Billen, Andrea Butturini, Gilles Pinay, Hans van Grinsven, Josette Garnier, Michael Rivett, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), University of Reading (UOR), Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department d´ Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Sutton M.A., Howard C.M., Erisman J.W., Billen G., Bleeker A., Grennfelt P., Van Grinsven H., Grizzetti B., Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
- Subjects
[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology - Abstract
Nature of the problem * Freshwater ecosystems play a key role in the European nitrogen (N) cycle, both as a reactive agent that transfers, stores and processes N loadings from the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, and as a natural environment severely impacted by the increase of these loadings. Approaches * This chapter is a review of major processes and factors controlling N transport and transformations for running waters, standing waters, groundwaters and riparian wetlands. Key findings/state of knowledge * The major factor controlling N processes in freshwater ecosystems is the residence time of water, which varies widely both in space and in time, and which is sensitive to changes in climate, land use and management. * The effects of increased N loadings to European freshwaters include acidifi cation in semi-natural environments, and eutrophication in more disturbed ecosystems, with associated loss of biodiversity in both cases. * An important part of the nitrogen transferred by surface waters is in the form of organic N, as dissolved organic N (DON) and particulate organic N (PON). Th is part is dominant in semi-natural catchments throughout Europe and remains a signifi cant component of the total N load even in nitrate enriched rivers. * In eutrophicated standing freshwaters N can be a factor limiting or co-limiting biological production, and control of both N and phosphorus (P) loading is oft en needed in impacted areas, if ecological quality is to be restored. Major uncertainties/challenges * The importance of storage and denitrifi cation in aquifers is a major uncertainty in the global N cycle, and controls in part the response of catchments to land use or management changes. In some aquifers, the increase of N concentrations will continue for decades even if efficient mitigation measures are implemented now. * Nitrate retention by riparian wetlands has oft en been highlighted. However, their use for mitigation must be treated with caution, since their effectiveness is difficult to predict, and side eff ects include increased DON emissions to adjacent open waters, N2O emissions to the atmosphere, and loss of biodiversity. * In fact, the character and specifi c spatial origins of DON are not fully understood, and similarly the quantitative importance of indirect N2O emissions from freshwater ecosystems as a result of N leaching losses from agricultural soils is still poorly known at the regional scale. * These major uncertainties remain due to the lack of adequate monitoring (all forms of N at a relevant frequency), especially - but not only - in the southern and eastern EU countries. Recommendations * The great variability of transfer pathways, buffering capacity and sensitivity of the catchments and of the freshwater ecosystems calls for site specific mitigation measures rather than standard ones applied at regional to national scale. * The spatial and temporal variations of the N forms, the processes controlling the transport and transformation of N within freshwaters, require further investigation if the role of N in infl uencing freshwater ecosystem health is to be better understood, underpinning the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive for European freshwaters.
- Published
- 2011
35. Developing integrated approaches to nitrogen management
- Author
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Mark A. Sutton, Rob Maas, C Tomkins, J. Salomez, Cristina Branquinho, P. Čermák, Rocío Alonso, Till Spranger, H. van Grinsven, J.W. Erisman, Oene Oenema, P Geupel, M Budnakova, Jakob Magid, C. Pallière, L Maene, Penny J Johnes, Sutton, M. A., Howard, C. M., Erisman, J. W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Grennfelt, P., van Grinsven, H., and Grizzetti, B.
- Subjects
Executive summary ,Systems analysis ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Conceptual framework ,Key (cryptography) ,Nitrogen management ,Environmental science ,Integrated assessment modelling ,Temporal scales ,Empirical evidence ,Environmental planning - Abstract
Executive summary Nature of the problem Reactive nitrogen (N r ) occurs in different forms, arises from a wide range of activities and sources, and leads to environmental impacts over different spatial and temporal scales. Integrated approaches to N management are anticipated to provide more effective (larger decreases in unwanted emissions) and /or more efficient (less side effects, less costs) policy measures than policy measures based on single sources and pollutant species. There are many notions of integrated approaches, but as yet little consensus about the best integrated approaches. There is also little quantitative empirical evidence of the performance of these approaches in practice. The pitfall of integrated approaches is that they may be more complex to agree, leading to a delayed implementation. Approaches Based on recent literature and a discussion among experts, the present chapter provides a conceptual framework for developing integrated approaches to N management. Whilst discussing the framework, various examples of existing partially integrated N management approaches have been considered. A package of key actions in different sectors is envisaged that, together, should contribute to further developing integrated approaches to N management in the future
36. Nitrogen as a threat to European water quality
- Author
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Fayçal Bouraoui, Robert W. Howarth, Gilles Billen, Bruna Grizzetti, Penny J Johnes, H. van Grinsven, Ana Cristina Cardoso, Vincent Thieu, Chris J. Curtis, Josette Garnier, Sutton, M A, Howard, C M, Erisman, J W, Billen, G, Bleeker, A, Grennfelt, P, van Grinsven, H, and Grizzetti, B
- Subjects
Environmental protection ,Soil functions ,Soil acidification ,Soil water ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Soil fertility ,Surface runoff ,complex mixtures ,Manure ,Soil quality - Abstract
Executive summary Nature of the problem A large part of agricultural soils in Europe are exposed to high N inputs because of animal manure and chemical fertiliser use. Large parts of the European natural soils are exposed to high atmospheric N deposition. High N inputs threaten soil quality, which may negatively affect food and biomass production and biodiversity and enhance emissions of harmful N compounds from soils to water and the atmosphere. Approaches An overview of the major soil functions and soil threats are presented, including a description of the objectives of the European Soil Strategy. The major N threats on soil quality for both agricultural and natural soils are related to changes in soil organic content and quality, soil acidification, and loss of soil diversity. These threats are described using literature. Key findings/state of knowledge Generally, N has a positive effect on soil quality of agricultural soils, because it enhances soil fertility and conditions for crop growth. However, it generally has a negative effect on soil quality of natural soils, because it results in changes in plant diversity. Soil acts as a filter and buffer for N, and protects water and atmosphere against N pollution. However, the filter and buffer capacity of soils is frequently exceeded by excess of N in both agricultural and natural soils, which results in emission of N to the environment. […]
37. Beyond the Farm to Fork Strategy: Methodology for designing a European agro-ecological future.
- Author
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Billen G, Aguilera E, Einarsson R, Garnier J, Gingrich S, Grizzetti B, Lassaletta L, Le Noë J, and Sanz-Cobena A
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Farms, Prospective Studies, Crops, Agricultural, Nitrogen, Fertilizers, Agriculture methods
- Abstract
The publication of the European Commission's Farm to Fork Strategy has sparked a heated debate between those who advocate the intensification of agriculture in the name of food security and those who recommend its de-intensification for environmental reasons. The design of quantified scenarios is a key approach to objectively evaluate the arguments of the two sides. To this end, we used the accounting methodology GRAFS (Generalized Representation of Agri-Food Systems) to describe the agri-food system of Europe divided into 127 geographical units of similar agricultural area, in terms of nitrogen (N) fluxes across cropland, grassland, livestock, and human consumption. This analysis reveals, in current European agriculture, a high level of territorial specialization, a strong dependence on long distance trade, and environmental N losses amounting to about 14 TgN/yr, i.e. nearly 70 % of the annual N input (including N synthetic fertilizers, symbiotic N fixation, oxidized N deposition and import of food and feed). Based on the analysis of the yield-fertilization relationship of cropping systems at the scale of their full rotation cycle, and on a simplified model of livestock ingestion, excretion and production, we advanced the GRAFS methodology for prospective scenario design. Three scenarios for the European agri-food system were explored for 2050: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, a scenario based on the measures considered by the EU Farm to Fork Strategy (F2F), and a fully agro-ecological scenario (AE). The results show that the F2F scenario reduces the dependence of Europe on imports of synthetic fertilizers and feed resources by 40 % as well as the environmental N losses by 30 %, but not to the level of its claimed ambitions as N lost to the environment still amounts to about 10 TgN/yr, i.e. 67 % of N inputs. Of the three scenarios studied, only in the AE scenario, involving the relocation of feed production, the generalization of organic crop rotations with N fixing legume crops, and a shift of agricultural production and food consumption toward less animal-based products, would Europe be able to dispense with N imports, still being able to export some cereals, meat, and milk products to the rest of the world, while halving today's reactive N emissions to the environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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38. Recent regional changes in nutrient fluxes of European surface waters.
- Author
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Vigiak O, Udías A, Grizzetti B, Zanni M, Aloe A, Weiss F, Hristov J, Bisselink B, de Roo A, and Pistocchi A
- Subjects
- Europe, Policy
- Abstract
We have quantified inputs and fate of nutrients in European fresh and marine waters from 1990 to 2018. We have used the conceptual model GREEN to assess the impact of efforts on curbing nutrient pollution in European regions. In the first two decades, i.e. in the 1990s and through the start of the new millennium, nutrient inputs to waters decreased significantly. Nutrient pollution in freshwaters and to the sea largely reduced in all regions, although at different pace. However, around 2008-2010 trends in nutrient inputs changed, marking an increase in the last decade, particularly from agricultural diffuse sources. In some regions, current nutrient inputs to waters are close to those estimated at the beginning of the 1990s. At the end of the study period, nutrient concentrations in freshwaters remain above thresholds congruent with good ecological status of water bodies in most downstream reaches. European policies tackling point sources are close to reach their maximum impact. In the face of this approaching ceiling, sustainable nutrient management on agricultural land becomes pivotal for effective nutrient control in river basins. The regional approach highlighted differences across Europe that may provide tailored opportunities to plan effective strategies for achieving environmental targets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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39. Probability maps of anthropogenic impacts affecting ecological status in European rivers.
- Author
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Vigiak O, Udias A, Pistocchi A, Zanni M, Aloe A, and Grizzetti B
- Abstract
Understanding how anthropogenic pressures affect river ecological status is pivotal to designing effective management strategies. Knowledge on river aquatic habitats status in Europe has increased tremendously since the introduction of the European Union Water Framework Directive, yet heterogeneities in mandatory monitoring and reporting still limit identification of patterns at continental scale. Concurrently, several model and data-based indicators of anthropogenic pressures to freshwater that cover the continent consistently have been developed. The objective of this work was to create European maps of the probability of occurrence of river conditions, namely failure to achieve good ecological status, or to be affected by specific pervasive impacts. To this end, we applied logistic regression methods to model the river conditions as functions of continental-scale water pressure indicators. The prediction capacity of the models varied with river condition: the probability to fail achieving good ecological status, and occurrence of nutrient and organic pollution were rather well predicted; conversely, chemical (other than nutrient and organic) pollution and alteration of habitats due to hydrological or morphological changes were poorly predicted. The most important indicators explaining river conditions were the shares of agricultural and artificial land, mean annual net abstractions, share of pollution loads from point sources, and the share of upstream river length uninterrupted by barriers. The probability of failing to achieve good ecological status was estimated to be high (>60%) for 36% of the considered river network of about 1.6 M km. Occurrence of impact of nutrient pollution was estimated high (>60%) in 26% of river length and that of organic pollution 20%. The maps are built upon information reported at country level pursuant EU legal obligations, as well as indicators generated from European scale models and data: both sources are affected by epistemic uncertainty. In particular, reported information depend on data collection scoping and schemes, as well as national knowledge and interpretation of river system pressures. In turn, water pressure indicators are affected by heterogeneous biases due to incomplete or incorrect inputs and uncertainty of models adopted. Lack of effective reach- and site-scale indicators may hamper detection of locally relevant impacts, for example in explaining alteration of habitats due to morphological changes. The probability maps provide a continental snapshot of current river conditions, and offer an alternative source of information on river aquatic habitats, which may help filling in knowledge gaps. Foremost, the analysis demonstrates the need for developing more effective continental-scale indicators for hydromorphological alterations and chemical pollution., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2021
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40. ESPRES: A web application for interactive analysis of multiple pressures in aquatic ecosystems.
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Udias A, Pistocchi A, Vigiak O, Grizzetti B, Bouraoui F, and Alfaro C
- Abstract
ESPRES (Efficient Strategies for anthropogenic Pressure Reduction in European waterSheds) is a web-based Decision Support System (DSS) designed to explore management options for achieving environmental targets in European freshwaters. The tool integrates multi-objective optimization (MOO) algorithms for selecting the best management options in a river basin and models assessing the consequent changes in the water quantity (water flow) and quality (nutrient concentration). The MOO engine identifies Pareto front strategies that are trade-offs between environmental objectives for water bodies and the effort required for reducing the pressures. The web interface provides tools to set the effort perceived by different river basin stakeholders considering technical feasibility, political difficulty, and social acceptability of the alternative options. The environmental impact of management options (scenarios) is assessed with models developed at the European scale. ESPRES enables comparison of management solutions and allows quantifying environmental and socio-economic trade-offs inherent to the decision making process., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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41. Estimating resilience of crop production systems: From theory to practice.
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Zampieri M, Weissteiner CJ, Grizzetti B, Toreti A, van den Berg M, and Dentener F
- Abstract
Agricultural production systems are sensitive to weather and climate anomalies and extremes as well as to other environmental and socio-economic adverse events. An adequate evaluation of the resilience of such systems helps to assess food security and the capacity of society to cope with the effects of global warming and the associated increase of climate extremes. Here, we propose and apply a simple indicator of resilience of annual crop production that can be estimated from crop production time series. First, we address the problem of quantifying resilience in a simplified theoretical framework, focusing on annual crops. This results in the proposal of an indicator, measured by the reciprocal of the squared coefficient of variance, which is proportional to the return period of the largest shocks that the crop production system can absorb, and which is consistent with the original ecological definition of resilience. Subsequently, we show the sensitivity of the crop resilience indicator to the level of management of the crop production system, to the frequency of extreme events as well as to simplified socio-economic impacts of the production losses. Finally, we demonstrate the practical applicability of the indicator using historical production data at national and sub-national levels for France. The results show that the value of the resilience indicator steeply increases with crop diversity until six crops are considered, and then levels off. The effect of diversity on production resilience is highest when crops are more diverse (i.e. as reflected in less well correlated production time series). In the case of France, the indicator reaches about 60% of the value that would be expected if all crop production time-series were uncorrelated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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42. Domestic waste emissions to European waters in the 2010s.
- Author
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Vigiak O, Grizzetti B, Zanni M, Aloe A, Dorati C, Bouraoui F, and Pistocchi A
- Abstract
Estimation of domestic waste emissions to waters is needed for pollution assessment and modelling. We assessed quantity and location of domestic waste emissions to European waters for the 2010s. Specifically, we considered discharges of domestic waste Population Equivalent (PE, the amount of waste that equals to 60 g per day of Biochemical Oxygen Demand), and mean annual loads (t/y) of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and 5-days Biochemical Oxygen Demand. The spatial resolution and extent of the analysis corresponded to the CCM2 River and Catchment Database for Europe, for catchments of mean area of 6.4 km
2 . The assessment is based on available European databases that allowed pinpointing waste emissions to a high spatial and conceptual resolution. Content gaps, particularly concerning domestic waste from isolated dwellings, were filled through alternative sources of information, exploiting population density and national statistics data. The dataset is of interest for assessing waste emissions to and fate through European fresh and marine waters also beyond the three pollutants evaluated in this study.- Published
- 2020
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43. Predicting biochemical oxygen demand in European freshwater bodies.
- Author
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Vigiak O, Grizzetti B, Udias-Moinelo A, Zanni M, Dorati C, Bouraoui F, and Pistocchi A
- Subjects
- Europe, Models, Theoretical, Seasons, Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis methods, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water chemistry, Oxygen analysis, Water Pollution, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an indicator of organic pollution in freshwater bodies correlated to microbiological contamination. High BOD concentrations reduce oxygen availability, degrade aquatic habitats and biodiversity, and impair water use. High BOD loadings to freshwater systems are mainly coming from anthropogenic sources, comprising domestic and livestock waste, industrial emissions, and combined sewer overflows. We developed a conceptual model (GREEN
+ BOD ) to assess mean annual current organic pollution (BOD fluxes) across Europe. The model was informed with the latest available European datasets of domestic and industrial emissions, population and livestock densities. Model parameters were calibrated using 2008-2012 mean annual BOD concentrations measured in 2157 European monitoring stations, and validated with other 1134 stations. The most sensitive model parameters were abatement of BOD by secondary treatment and the BOD decay exponent of travel time. The mean BOD concentrations measured in monitored stations was 2.10 mg O2 /L and predicted concentrations were 2.54 mg O2 /L; the 90th percentile of monitored BOD concentration was 3.51 mg O2 /L while the predicted one was 4.76 mg O2 /L. The model could correctly classify reaches for BOD concentrations classes, from high to poor quality, in 69% of cases. High overestimations (incorrect classification by 2 or more classes) were 2% and large underestimations were 5% of cases. Across Europe about 12% of freshwater network was estimated to be failing good quality due to excessive BOD concentrations (>5 mg O2 /L). Dominant sources of BOD to freshwaters and seas were point sources and emissions from intensive livestock systems. Comparison with previous assessments confirms a decline of BOD pollution since the introduction of EU legislation regulating water pollution., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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44. Modelling nutrient fluxes into the Mediterranean Sea.
- Author
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Malagó A, Bouraoui F, Grizzetti B, and De Roo A
- Abstract
Study Region: Mediterranean River Basins., Study Focus: Human activities and consequent pollution have put the freshwater and marine ecosystems of the Mediterranean region under pressure, with high risk of eutrophication phenomena. In this study, an extended version of the Geospatial Regression Equation for European Nutrient losses model (GREEN), originally developed for estimating nutrient loads from diffuse and point sources in Europe, was extended to include additional nutrient sources using a grid cell discretization. The spatial resolution is 5 arc minute and the model inputs consist of the latest and best available global data., New Hydrological Insights for the Region: The results of this study show that during 2003-2007 (baseline), 1.87 Tg/y of total nitrogen (TN), 1.22 Tg/y of nitrates (N-NO
3 ), 0.11 Tg/y of total phosphorus (TP) and 0.03 Tg/y of orthophosphate (P-PO4 ) were discharged in the Mediterranean Sea. The source apportionment analysis showed that the main contributor to total nitrogen and nitrate loads is agriculture followed by natural background, while for orthophosphate dominant sources include wastewater and scattered dwellings. Two scenarios were investigated to assess sustainable water and nutrient management options, showing that the reduction of 50% of nitrogen surplus leads to a significant reduction of nitrogen emission in regions characterized by high intensity agriculture, while the upgrading of wastewater treatment plants to tertiary level was more efficient for TP reduction.- Published
- 2019
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45. Protecting and restoring Europe's waters: An analysis of the future development needs of the Water Framework Directive.
- Author
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Carvalho L, Mackay EB, Cardoso AC, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Birk S, Blackstock KL, Borics G, Borja A, Feld CK, Ferreira MT, Globevnik L, Grizzetti B, Hendry S, Hering D, Kelly M, Langaas S, Meissner K, Panagopoulos Y, Penning E, Rouillard J, Sabater S, Schmedtje U, Spears BM, Venohr M, van de Bund W, and Solheim AL
- Abstract
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a pioneering piece of legislation that aims to protect and enhance aquatic ecosystems and promote sustainable water use across Europe. There is growing concern that the objective of good status, or higher, in all EU waters by 2027 is a long way from being achieved in many countries. Through questionnaire analysis of almost 100 experts, we provide recommendations to enhance WFD monitoring and assessment systems, improve programmes of measures and further integrate with other sectoral policies. Our analysis highlights that there is great potential to enhance assessment schemes through strategic design of monitoring networks and innovation, such as earth observation. New diagnostic tools that use existing WFD monitoring data, but incorporate novel statistical and trait-based approaches could be used more widely to diagnose the cause of deterioration under conditions of multiple pressures and deliver a hierarchy of solutions for more evidence-driven decisions in river basin management. There is also a growing recognition that measures undertaken in river basin management should deliver multiple benefits across sectors, such as reduced flood risk, and there needs to be robust demonstration studies that evaluate these. Continued efforts in 'mainstreaming' water policy into other policy sectors is clearly needed to deliver wider success with WFD goals, particularly with agricultural policy. Other key policy areas where a need for stronger integration with water policy was recognised included urban planning (waste water treatment), flooding, climate and energy (hydropower). Having a deadline for attaining the policy objective of good status is important, but even more essential is to have a permanent framework for river basin management that addresses the delays in implementation of measures. This requires a long-term perspective, far beyond the current deadline of 2027., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Modelling water and nutrient fluxes in the Danube River Basin with SWAT.
- Author
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Malagó A, Bouraoui F, Vigiak O, Grizzetti B, and Pastori M
- Abstract
This study provides an innovative process-based modelling approach using the SWAT model and shows its application to support the implementation of the European environmental policies in large river basins. The approach involves several pioneering modelling aspects: the inclusion of current management practices; an innovative calibration and validation methodology of streamflow and water quality; a sequential calibration starting from crop yields, followed by streamflow and nutrients; and the use of concentrations instead of loads in the calibration. The approach was applied in the Danube River Basin (800,000km
2 ), the second largest river basin in Europe, that is under great nutrients pressure. The model was successfully calibrated and validated at multiple gauged stations for the period 1995-2009. About 70% and 61% of monthly streamflow stations reached satisfactory performances in the calibration and validation datasets respectively. N-NO3 monthly concentrations were in good agreement with the observations, albeit SWAT could not represent accurately the spatial variability of the denitrification process. TN and TP concentrations were also well captured. Yet, local discrepancies were detected across the Basin. Baseflow and surface runoff were the main pathways of water pollution. The main sinks of TN and TP diffuse emissions were plant uptake which captured 58% of TN and 92% of TP sources, then soil retention (35% of TN and 2% of TP), riparian filter strips (2% both for TN and TP) and river retention (2% of TN and 4% of TP). Nitrates in the aquifer were estimated to be around 3% of TN sources. New reliable "state-of-the-art" knowledge of water and nutrients fluxes in the Danube Basin were thus provided to be used for assessing the impact of best management practices and for providing support to the implementation of the European Environmental Directives., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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47. Going green? Ex-post valuation of a multipurpose water infrastructure in Northern Italy.
- Author
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Reynaud A, Lanzanova D, Liquete C, and Grizzetti B
- Abstract
A contingent valuation approach is used to estimate how households value different multipurpose infrastructures (conventional or green) for managing flood risk and water pollution. As a case study we consider the Gorla Maggiore water park located in the Lombardy Region, in Northern Italy. The park is a neo-ecosystem including an infrastructure to treat waste water and store excess rain water, built in 2011 on the shore of the Olona River in an area previously used for poplar plantation. This park is the first one of this type built in Italy. A novel aspect of our research is that it not only considers the values people hold for different water ecosystem services (pollution removal, recreative use, wildlife support, flood risk reduction), but also their preferences for how those outcomes are achieved (through conventional or green infrastructures). The results indicate that the type of infrastructure delivering the ecosystem services does have an impact on individuals' preferences for freshwater ecosystem services. Households are willing to pay from 6.3 to 7.1 euros per year for a green infrastructure (compared to a conventional one), with a premium up to 16.5 euros for a surrounding made of a park. By considering the type of infrastructure within the choice model, we gain a richer understanding of the relationship between social welfare and freshwater ecosystem services.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Physical and monetary ecosystem service accounts for Europe: A case study for in-stream nitrogen retention.
- Author
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La Notte A, Maes J, Dalmazzone S, Crossman ND, Grizzetti B, and Bidoglio G
- Abstract
In this paper we present a case study of integrated ecosystem and economic accounting based on the System of Environmental Economic Accounting - Experimental Ecosystem Accounts (SEEA-EEA). We develop accounts, in physical and monetary terms, for the water purification ecosystem service in Europe over a 20-year time period (1985-2005). The estimation of nitrogen retention is based on the GREEN biophysical model, within which we impose a sustainability threshold to obtain the physical indicators of capacity - the ability of an ecosystem to sustainably supply ecosystem services. Key messages of our paper pertain the notion of capacity, operationalized in accounting terms with reference to individual ecosystem services rather than to the ecosystem as a whole, and intended as the stock that provides the sustainable flow of the service. The study clarifies the difference between sustainable flow and actual flow of the service, which should be calculated jointly so as to enable an assessment of the sustainability of current use of ecosystem services. Finally, by distinguishing the notion of 'process' (referred to the ecosystem) from that of 'capacity' (pertaining specific services) and proposing a methodology to calculate capacity and flow, we suggest an implementable way to operationalize the SEEA-EEA accounts.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Modelling mitigation options to reduce diffuse nitrogen water pollution from agriculture.
- Author
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Bouraoui F and Grizzetti B
- Subjects
- European Union, Fertilizers statistics & numerical data, Time Factors, Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence, Agriculture methods, Environmental Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Models, Theoretical, Nitrogen Compounds analysis, Water Movements, Water Pollution, Chemical prevention & control
- Abstract
Agriculture is responsible for large scale water quality degradation and is estimated to contribute around 55% of the nitrogen entering the European Seas. The key policy instrument for protecting inland, transitional and coastal water resources is the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Reducing nutrient losses from agriculture is crucial to the successful implementation of the WFD. There are several mitigation measures that can be implemented to reduce nitrogen losses from agricultural areas to surface and ground waters. For the selection of appropriate measures, models are useful for quantifying the expected impacts and the associated costs. In this article we review some of the models used in Europe to assess the effectiveness of nitrogen mitigation measures, ranging from fertilizer management to the construction of riparian areas and wetlands. We highlight how the complexity of models is correlated with the type of scenarios that can be tested, with conceptual models mostly used to evaluate the impact of reduced fertilizer application, and the physically-based models used to evaluate the timing and location of mitigation options and the response times. We underline the importance of considering the lag time between the implementation of measures and effects on water quality. Models can be effective tools for targeting mitigation measures (identifying critical areas and timing), for evaluating their cost effectiveness, for taking into consideration pollution swapping and considering potential trade-offs in contrasting environmental objectives. Models are also useful for involving stakeholders during the development of catchments mitigation plans, increasing their acceptability., (© 2013.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century.
- Author
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Fowler D, Coyle M, Skiba U, Sutton MA, Cape JN, Reis S, Sheppard LJ, Jenkins A, Grizzetti B, Galloway JN, Vitousek P, Leach A, Bouwman AF, Butterbach-Bahl K, Dentener F, Stevenson D, Amann M, and Voss M
- Subjects
- Agriculture methods, Air Pollution history, History, 21st Century, Oxidation-Reduction, Reactive Nitrogen Species chemistry, Air Pollution analysis, Atmosphere chemistry, Ecosystem, Nitrogen Cycle, Nitrogen Fixation physiology, Reactive Nitrogen Species analysis, Seawater chemistry
- Abstract
Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nr are on land (240 Tg N yr(-1)) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nr contributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer Nr contribute to nitrate (NO3(-)) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace Nr compounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH3) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contribute 100 Tg N yr(-1) to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Leaching and riverine transport of NO3 contribute 40-70 Tg N yr(-1) to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 Tg N yr(-1)) to double the ocean processing of Nr. Some of the marine Nr is buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N2 or N2O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural origin. The lifetime of Nr in the atmosphere, with the exception of N2O, is only a few weeks, while in terrestrial ecosystems, with the exception of peatlands (where it can be 10(2)-10(3) years), the lifetime is a few decades. In the ocean, the lifetime of Nr is less well known but seems to be longer than in terrestrial ecosystems and may represent an important long-term source of N2O that will respond very slowly to control measures on the sources of Nr from which it is produced.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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