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2. Broadband nonreciprocal linear acoustics through nonlocal active media

Author

Sasmal, Aritra, Geib, Nathan, and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Abstract

The ability to create linear systems that manifest broadband nonreciprocal wave propagation would provide for exquisite control over acoustic signals for electronic filtering in communication and noise control. Until now, acoustic nonreciprocity has been achieved through a variety of means including nonlinear interaction, mean-flow biasing, smart skins, and spatio-temporal parametric modulation. Each of these approaches suffers from at least one of the following drawbacks: introduction of modulation tones, narrow band filtering, and the introduction or interruption of mean flow in fluid acoustics. We now show that an acoustic media that is nonlocal and active provides a new means to break reciprocity in a linear fashion. We realize this media using a distributed network of interlaced sensor-actuator pairs with a unidirectional signal transport. We exploit this new design space to create media with non-even dispersion relations and highly nonreciprocal behavior over a broad range of frequencies., Comment: 3 figures

Published
2019
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6. Nonlinearity and energetics of active cochlear models.

Author

Grosh, Karl and Cai, Wen

Subjects
*ELECTRIC impedance, *HAIR cells, *ENERGY conversion, *COCHLEA, *DEAF children
Abstract

The outer hair cell (OHC) of the mammalian cochlea is the nexus of the active processes giving rise to the nonlinear, biologically vulnerable, acoustic response. We present a model for the behavior of the OHC in view of its mechanical and electrical properties, and the external loading of the cell. Because of the low-pass electrical membrane impedance and rate dependent processes, there is a continuing debate on the mechanism of the amplification process at high frequencies. We will focus on the electrical-to-mechanical energy conversion at the cellular level, and show how we must consider the external mechanical loading of the cell to interpret the power transfer. In addition, we show that simple models can be used to fit in vitro data from experiments, but subtle model changes in the parameters change the predictions of power deposition by the OHCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Hair bundle micromechanics including stereocilia kinematics and the interaction of stimulus and bundle rate constants.

Author

Goyal, Varun and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
*KINEMATICS, *MICROMECHANICS, *RELATIVE motion, *HAIR cells, *HAIR, *ROTATIONAL motion
Abstract

In this paper, the relation between the current and displacement responses due to an external mechanical stimulus on the outer hair cell (OHC) hair bundle (HB) is studied using a theoretical approach. We seek to understand the interplay between the time constants of the external loading and those intrinsic to the HB. To incorporate HB adaptation and channel gating, we used the model of an isolated HB, denoted as the TMJ model. We solved the nonlinear equations for the bundle dynamic response due to an externally applied force that consisted of an exponential temporal rise to a constant value. We determined the dependence of the bundle displacement over which the current continued to increase (the apparent operating range (OR)) on the rise time (τF) of the applied force. In addition, we developed a model linearized about the resting open probabilities for a given static, biasing load to provide closed-form approximations of the dependence on the stimulus rise time, τF, and bundle adaptation time constants. Finally, we wanted to determine if the inclusion of more precise kinematics of the tip link motion relative to the stereociliary rotation influenced model predictions of the channel opening and bundle stiffness. Hence, we developed geometrical relations between the two rows of stereocilia to establish coupled kinematic relations for inclusion in our HB kinetic model. We predict an OR of 30−50 nm for small τF and an overestimation by a factor of 10 in the OR for τF higher than the slow adaptation time constant. Finally, with accurate bundle kinematics, lower HB displacement, current, and adaptation motor displacement were predicted in contrast to the TMJ model. We are exploring the implications of this model on nanoscale mechano-electrical transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Wave motion in the longitudinally coupled cochlea.

Author

Marrocchio, Riccardo, Grosh, Karl, and Elliott, Stephen

Subjects
*CORTI'S organ, *COCHLEA, *BASILAR membrane, *COCHLEA physiology, *HYDRAULIC couplings, *LONGITUDINAL waves, *WAVENUMBER, *OTOACOUSTIC emissions
Abstract

A detailed model of the physical processes occurring within the organ of Corti can be compared with experimental data and can give an indication of the mechanisms of its active behaviour. On the other hand, a model that involves wave propagation in the cochlea can give more insight into its coupled response. In principle many kinds of waves can propagate in the cochlea, but it is a single travelling wave that is generally assumed to mainly determines its coupled response, which can be characterized by the frequency variation of its complex wavenumber. In the case of a cochlear model using a locally reacting basilar membrane (BM) and 1D fluid coupling, this wavenumber can be calculated explicitly. When longitudinal coupling, due to the mechano-electrical structure of the Organ of Corti or other forms of fluid coupling are introduced however, additional wave types are possible, and it is not so straightforward to calculate the wavenumber of the main travelling wave. This paper is the second of a series, in which a method is presented of deriving the wavenumber distribution associated to different wave types, based on an elemental model of the cochlea. This allows an investigation of the effect of different forms of longitudinal coupling on the wave motion. In general, the main travelling wave dominates the BM response, and when the model is active, the imaginary part of its wavenumber is positive in a frequency region just before the characteristic frequency. The extent of this active region depends on the form of longitudinal coupling assumed in the organ of Corti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Design and testing of ultraminiature MEMS middle ear accelerometers.

Author

Kitsopoulos, Panagiota, Hake, Alison E., Stucken, Emily Z., Welch, Christopher M., and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
MIDDLE ear, MICROPHONES, COCHLEAR implants, TEMPORAL bone, TEST design, ARTIFICIAL implants, PROSTHETICS, HEARING aids
Abstract

The goal of this work is to develop a completely implantable ossicular vibration sensor utilizing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology in combination with integrated-circuit approaches as part of a larger effort to enhance auditory prostheses by eliminating their external components. To develop a completely implantable device, sensors are required to replace the external microphones used in traditional systems (e.g., cochlear implants and hearing aids). Present-day implantable sensors do not meet the stringent requirements for acoustic performance or size to fit in the middle ear; however, in our lab, a dual-resonance design has been developed that holds the potential to achieve these results. In this paper, we show the analytical model used to predict and understand the behavior of these sensors. We discuss preliminary cadaveric temporal bone results, show how a fabricated MEMS proof-of-concept prototype mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) along with the amplifying electronics and covered with a high-resolution 3D printed lid results in a packaged size small enough to fit in the middle ear, and outline future testing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Forms of longitudinal coupling in the organ of Corti.

Author

Elliott, Stephen, Marrocchio, Riccardo, and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
CORTI'S organ, HYDRAULIC couplings, MULTI-degree of freedom, BASILAR membrane, FINITE element method
Abstract

The effect of different forms of longitudinal coupling on the active response of the cochlea are analysed using an elemental approach, based on a previous finite element model of the guinea pig cochlea that has three mechanical degrees of freedom. The overall basilar membrane (BM) admittance can be readily calculated using the elemental method, and since this is the only aspect of the organ of Corti dynamics that couples into the fluid, it is a useful indicator of its overall behaviour. As has been shown in previous studies, mechanical longitudinal coupling in the TM, together with 3D fluid coupling, are most important in obtaining a coupled BM frequency response that is both tall and broad, as observed in experimental data. An intuitive and efficient method is used for representing the longitudinal coupling in the fluid, by decomposing the 3D fluid coupling in the wavenumber domain into a local near-field mass loading of the organ of Corti and the analytically simpler 1D fluid coupling, representing long range fluid-structure coupling. The 3D fluid coupling is also necessary to obtain a phase variation that is consistent with experimental measurements. The model of the organ of Corti can be represented as a mechanical three degree of freedom system, and when it is locally reacting all the mechanical elements, and hence the BM admittance, are independent of the wavenumber. When longitudinal coupling is introduced in the TM, the stiffness and damping associated with the TM shear motion then depends on the wavenumber. Similarly, when the near field fluid coupling is associated with the BM mass in the mechanical model, this too is now a function of wavenumber. The model can then be used to calculate a wavenumber-dependent BM admittance, which can be combined with the simple analytical equation for 1D fluid coupling to give the dispersion equation for the waves in the coupled cochlea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. MoH 2024 - test

Author

Charaziak, Karolina, primary, Grosh, Karl, additional, Verhulst, Sarah, additional, Meaud, Julien, additional, and Grosh, Karl OSF, additional

Published
2023
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15. List of contributors

Author

Abe, Masashi, primary, Ahlstrom, Jon D., additional, Albon, Julie, additional, Allickson, Julie, additional, Almeida-Porada, Graça, additional, Altschuler, Richard A., additional, Anderson, Daniel G., additional, Annabi, Nasim, additional, Arcidiacono, Judith, additional, Ashammakhi, Nureddin, additional, Atala, Anthony, additional, Athanasiou, Kyriacos A., additional, Awad, Hani A., additional, Badylak, Stephen F, additional, Balachander, Gowri, additional, Balkan, Wayne, additional, Bara, Jennifer J., additional, Barry, Michael P., additional, Baskaran, Harihara, additional, Bedell, Matthew L., additional, Belcher, Donald Andrew, additional, Berry, David B., additional, Bhat, Hina, additional, Bhat, Zuhaib F., additional, Bhatia, Sangeeta N., additional, Blackburn, Catherine Clare, additional, Blocki, Anna, additional, Blum, Kevin M., additional, Bochenek, Matthew A., additional, Bonassar, Lawrence J., additional, Bonventre, Joseph V., additional, Borrelli, Mimi R., additional, Bowles, Robby D., additional, Bradshaw, Amy D., additional, Bratt-Leal, Andres M., additional, Breuer, Christopher K., additional, Brewster, Luke, additional, Brey, Eric M., additional, Briquez, Priscilla S., additional, Buckwalter, J.A., additional, Burg, Karen J.L., additional, Burg, Timothy C., additional, Byambaa, Batzaya, additional, Chandra, Prafulla K., additional, Chen, Amanda X., additional, Chen, Fa-Ming, additional, Chen, Shaochen, additional, Chesterman, Julian, additional, Chhabra, Arnav, additional, Chong, Seow Khoon, additional, Clark, Richard A.F., additional, Cleary, Muriel A., additional, Coleman, M., additional, Cotsarelis, George, additional, Crystal, Ronald G., additional, Dagnelie, Gislin, additional, Darabi, Mohammad Ali, additional, Davidson, Jeffrey M., additional, Davidson, Joseph, additional, De Coppi, Paolo, additional, Delcassian, Derfogail, additional, de Vos, Paul, additional, Dominijanni, Anthony, additional, Donahue, Ryan, additional, Drain, Allison P., additional, Duvall, Craig L., additional, Dziki, Jenna L., additional, Elgalad, Abdelmotagaly, additional, Eng, George, additional, Falanga, Vincent, additional, Farhang, Niloofar, additional, Ferreira, Lino, additional, Fink, Donald W., additional, Fleming, Heather E., additional, Fong, Peter, additional, Frey, Mark R., additional, Gay, Denise, additional, Gerecht, Sharon, additional, Gersbach, Charles A., additional, Gibbs, D.M.R., additional, Gidwani, Simran, additional, González Morales, Shaimar R., additional, Goyal, Ritu, additional, Grant, Maria B., additional, Gray, Andrea, additional, Greisler, Howard P., additional, Grikscheit, Tracy C., additional, Grosh, Karl, additional, Guilak, Farshid, additional, Guo, Jason L., additional, Han, Yingli, additional, Hare, Joshua M., additional, Hassanbhai, Ammar Mansoor, additional, Hatzistergos, Konstantinos, additional, Hay, David C., additional, He, Xiao-Tao, additional, Henderson, Timothy, additional, Hickerson, Darren, additional, Hickerson, Darren H.M., additional, Hmadcha, Abdelkrim, additional, Hochman-Mendez, Camila, additional, Huang, Chao, additional, Hubbell, Jeffrey A., additional, Huelsmann, Joern, additional, Huh, Jun Tae, additional, Hunsberger, Joshua G., additional, Iannucci, Leanne E., additional, Inoue, Haruhisa, additional, Jackson, John, additional, Jiang, Yangzi, additional, Kalinichenko, Vladimir V., additional, Kanczler, J.M., additional, Karp, Jeffrey M., additional, Kasper, F. Kurtis, additional, Khademhosseini, Ali, additional, Kim, Ji Hyun, additional, Kimbrel, Erin A., additional, Klimanskaya, Irina, additional, Kohn, Joachim, additional, Kumar, Sunil, additional, Kyriakides, Themis R., additional, Lake, Spencer P., additional, Lam, Johnny, additional, Langer, Robert, additional, Lanza, Robert, additional, Leach, Timothy S., additional, Lee, Benjamin W., additional, Lee, Iris, additional, Lee, Sang Jin, additional, Li, David, additional, Li, Linheng, additional, Liu, Qian, additional, Ljubimov, Alexander V., additional, Lo, Chi, additional, Longaker, Michael T., additional, López-Beas, Javier, additional, Loring, Jeanne F., additional, Luo, Ying, additional, MacArthur, Ben D., additional, Madigan, Nicolas N., additional, Madry, Henning, additional, Magalhaes, Renata S., additional, Manley, Nancy Ruth, additional, Mansbridge, Jonathan, additional, Mao, Jeremy J., additional, Marshall, K.M., additional, Martin, J.A., additional, Martins-Green, M., additional, Maselli, Kathryn M., additional, Maxfield, Mark W., additional, McCracken, Kyle W., additional, Melville, James, additional, Mikos, Antonios G., additional, Millán, José del R., additional, Mirotsou, Maria, additional, Montoro, Daniel T., additional, Murphy, Matthew P., additional, Murphy, Sean V., additional, Musillo, Michael, additional, Muthukumaran, Padmalosini, additional, Navara, Adam M., additional, Nelson, Christopher E., additional, Niklason, Laura E., additional, Nowell, Craig Scott, additional, O’Keefe, Regis J., additional, O’Neill, Kathy E., additional, Oreffo, Richard O.C., additional, Ortiz, Ophir, additional, Palmer, Andre Francis, additional, Perdikis, Serafeim, additional, Petreaca, M., additional, Plikus, Maksim V., additional, Porada, Christopher D., additional, Post, Mark, additional, Prokop, Aleš, additional, Puri, Raj K., additional, Qian, Pengxu, additional, Radisic, Milica, additional, Raredon, Micha Sam Brickman, additional, Richie, Ellen Rothman, additional, Rouse, Paul, additional, Sadri-Ardekani, Hooman, additional, Saltzman, W. Mark, additional, Sampaio, Luiz C., additional, Schlieve, Christopher R., additional, Sha, Su-Hua, additional, Sharpe, Paul T., additional, Shastri, V. Prasad, additional, Shi, Yanhong, additional, Shupe, Thomas, additional, Sirabella, Dario, additional, Skardal, Aleksander, additional, Slack, J.M.W., additional, Sloan, Stephen R., additional, Soker, Shay, additional, Soria, Bernat, additional, Soria-Juan, Bárbara, additional, Stockdale, Frank E., additional, Stover, Josh, additional, Stransky, Thomas, additional, Stronks, H. Christiaan, additional, Stumpf, Patrick S., additional, Sung, Kyung Eun, additional, Swarr, Daniel, additional, Szkolnicka, Dagmara, additional, Takahashi, Jun, additional, Tang, D.K.O., additional, Tang, Winson, additional, Taylor, Doris A., additional, Teng, Yao, additional, Teoh, Swee Hin, additional, Smith, Anthony J., additional, Treffeisen, Elsa, additional, Tuan, Rocky S., additional, Vacanti, Joseph P., additional, van der Weele, Cor, additional, Vincent, Matthew, additional, Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana, additional, Wahlberg, Lars U., additional, Wan, Derrick C., additional, Wang, Anne, additional, Wang, Dan, additional, Wang, Qiwei, additional, Wang, Yanling, additional, Wang, Yu-li, additional, Wang, Zhanwen, additional, Weaver, Valerie M., additional, Wells, J.A., additional, Welter, Jean F., additional, Wen, Feng, additional, Weston, Jake, additional, Whitsett, Jeffrey A., additional, Williams, James K., additional, Windebank, Anthony J., additional, Wong, Mark Eu-Kien, additional, Worgall, Stefan, additional, Wu, Iwen, additional, Wu, Rui-Xin, additional, Xie, Virginia Y., additional, Xing, Malcolm, additional, Yamada, Kenneth M., additional, Yamanaka, Shinya, additional, Yoo, James J., additional, Young, Simon, additional, Yu, Claire, additional, Yu, Hanry, additional, Yuan, Yifan, additional, Zacharias, William, additional, Zakko, Jason, additional, Zhang, Ai, additional, Zhang, Yuanyuan, additional, Zhang, Zheng, additional, Zhao, Chunfeng, additional, Zhao, Yimu, additional, and Zoloth, Laurie, additional

Published
2020
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31. The nematode C. elegans senses airborne sound

Author

Iliff, Adam J., primary, Wang, Can, additional, Ronan, Elizabeth A., additional, Hake, Alison E., additional, Guo, Yuling, additional, Li, Xia, additional, Zhang, Xinxing, additional, Zheng, Maohua, additional, Liu, Jianfeng, additional, Grosh, Karl, additional, Duncan, R. Keith, additional, and Xu, X.Z. Shawn, additional

Published
2021
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35. Including physiologically based nonlinearity in a cochlear model

Author

Jiang, Xiaoai and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
Cochlea -- Properties, Science and technology
Abstract

The outer hair cell (OHC) is known to be the main source of nonlinear activity in the cochlea. In this work, we used a one-dimensional fluid model of the cochlea coupled to a nonlinear model of the mechanical to electric coupling of the OHC and the basilar membrane (BM). The nonlinearity arises from the electromotility and the voltagedependent stiffness of the OHC, and from the displacement dependence of the conductance of the stereocilia. We used a reciprocal nonlinear piezoelectric model of the OHC in combination with a model of stereocilia conductance depending on BM displacement (which resulted in a nonlinear circuit model). The mechanical properties of the various components of the model were motivated from physiological components of the cochlea. Simulations showed realistic gains in the activity, response saturation at high force level, and two-tone forcing generated distortion products while the shape of the filtering function was not as accurately replicated. We conclude that a cochlear model with a simple 1D fluid representation in combination with nonlinear OHC-stereocilia electromechanical response characteristic qualitatively predicts the compression property of the cochlea and can be used as a tool to investigate the relative importance of the various nonlinearities. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4000765]

Published
2010

40. Cochlea-based RF channelizing filters

Author

Galbraith, Christopher J., White, Robert D., Cheng, Lei, Grosh, Karl, and Rebeiz, Gabriel M.

Subjects
Cochlea -- Models, Manifolds (Mathematics) -- Evaluation, Electric filters -- Design and construction, Business, Computers and office automation industries, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A new type of contiguous-channel RF multiplexing filter has been developed. The filter topology is derived from an electrical-mechanical analogy of the mammalian cochlea, and this channelizer retains the desirable features of the cochlea including multiple-octave frequency coverage, a large number of output channels, and an enhanced high-order upper stop-band response. Results of two 20-channel, 20-90-MHz channelizer prototypes, one with constant fractional bandwidth channels and another with constant absolute bandwidth channels, are presented and agree well with theory. Index Terms--Channelizer, cochlea, filter, manifold, multiplexer.

Published
2008

45. Energy conserving equations of motion for gear systems

Author

Oh, Sejoong, Grosh, Karl, and Barber, James R.

Subjects
Energy conservation, Science and technology
Abstract

A system of two meshing gears exhibits a stiffness that varies with the number of teeth in instantaneous contact and the location of the corresponding contact points. A classical Newtonian statement of the equations of motion leads to a solution that contradicts the fundamental principle of mechanics that the change in total energy in the system is equal to the work done by the external forces, unless the deformation of the teeth is taken into account in defining the direction of the instantaneous tooth interaction force. This paradox is avoided by using a Lagrange's equations to derive the equations of motion, thus ensuring conservation of energy. This introduces nonlinear terms that are absent in the classical equations of motion. In particular, the step change in stiffness associated with the introduction of an additional tooth to contact implies a step change in strain energy and hence a corresponding step change in kinetic energy and rotational speed. The effect of these additional terms is examined by dynamic simulation, using a system of two involute spur gears as an example. It is shown that the two systems of equations give similar predictions at high rotational speeds, but they differ considerably at lower speeds. The results have implications for gear design, particularly for low speed gear sets.

Published
2005

46. Investigation of curved polymeric piezoelectric active diaphragms

Author

Bailo, Kelly C., Brei, Diann E., and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
Piezoelectric transducers -- Models, Microphones -- Design and construction, Microphones -- Materials, Science and technology
Abstract

Piezoelectric active diaphragms hold promise as an alternative to using passive diaphragms driven by voice coils for sound generation and noise cancellation applications. This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the acoustic response for curved polymeric piezoelectric active diaphragms. Simple analytical models were derived and experimentally validated to predict the structural dynamic and acoustic responses for generic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) constant curvature active diaphragms with variable geometric parameters (width, radius, subtended angle, thickness). These models are useful for design purposes and for capturing the overall behavioral trends. To analyze the acoustic response mechanisms further, three-dimensional numerical models were also developed and experimentally validated. Parametric studies based upon these models reveal the potential of high acoustic outputs (over 100 dB in the far field) from optimized geometric configurations with subtended angles differing from the conventionally utilized flat, semicircular or circular configurations. These studies, corroborated by experiments on a variety of active diaphragm prototypes, conclude that the acoustic output is governed by the structural ring resonance, which can be designed such that the most efficient acoustic radiation is within the particular frequency range of operation. [DOI: 10.1115/1.1547461]

Published
2003

47. Dynamics of a flexible beam contacting a linear spring at low frequency excitation: experiment and analysis

Author

Fegelman, Karen J.L. and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
Acoustic emission testing -- Usage, Frequency response (Dynamics) -- Research, Science and technology
Abstract

A detailed study of one-, two-, and three-impact per period motion of a vibro-impacting, pinned beam is presented involving experimental results, as well as one- and multidegree-of-freedom theoretical models. The details of the impact event are examined and correlated to the qualitative appearance of the frequency response. In addition, it is noted that the multi-degree-of-freedom model is necessary in order to predict response at high frequencies. This study is unique in that the model system includes a pinned boundary condition, the forcing frequency is considerably lower than the fundamental in-contact natural frequency, and the frequency analysis extends into a range important for acoustic predictions. [DOI: 10.1115/1.1426073]

Published
2002

48. Design of ultrasonic array elements for acoustic power considerations

Author

Lin, Yuan and Grosh, Karl

Subjects
Ultrasonics -- Research, Transducers -- Research, Electronic components industry -- Research, Electronics industry -- Research, Electronics industry, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A design methodology is proposed for maximizing the acoustic power radiated by a fluid-loaded ultrasonic array element. Acoustic power and acoustic power sensitivities with respect to the piezoelectric element thickness and matching layer thickness were computed using finite element modeling.

Published
2002

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