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Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar una actividad formativa entre iguales para pacientes con cáncer de mama desde la perspectiva de género; conocer los resultados y profundizar en las experiencias de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios participantes.Método: Diseño multicéntrico mixto (Andalucía, 2017) con un cuestionario de evaluación pretest/postest con 102 pacientes formadas, midiendo hábitos de vida, limitaciones, uso y comunicación con los servicios sanitarios, y autocuidados; y con un análisis de contenido de entrevistas individuales y grupales (con 21 pacientes formadoras y 5 profesionales), centradas en experiencias, necesidades y propuestas de mejora. Resultados: Las pacientes describen una buena salud general, con mejoras en dieta (7 a 7,7 de prestest a postest), limitaciones (se redujeron de 1,93 a 1,64 puntos) y autoeficacia (aumentó de 6,46 a 7,42 puntos), con diferencias significativas por edad, estado civil y nivel de estudios (mayor mejoría entre los perfiles más vulnerables). Las participantes reflejaron los beneficios de la formación en los aspectos personal, relacional, psicoemocional y sociocultural, y expresaron cambios en sus modelos identitarios y de vivencias de roles de género tras la formación. Los ámbitos de mejora fueron las cuestiones organizativas, de evaluación y continuidad de la estrategia formativa. Conclusiones: La estrategia formativa es una experiencia con resultados positivos en la salud física, relacional y emocional de las participantes, y desde la perspectiva de género se constituye como una oportunidad, individual y compartida, para (re)negociar o deconstruir roles de género, en torno a la experiencia del cáncer de mama. Abstract: Objective: To evaluate a peer-training intervention for women with breast cancer, from a gender perspective: to discover the results of the intervention and examine in-depth the personal experiences of patients and health professionals participating in the training activity. Method: Mixed method multicentre design completed in 2017 in Andalusia (Spain), with a pre and post evaluation questionnaire with 102 patients, measuring life style, limitations, use of health services, communication with professionals and self-management; and content analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 21 patient-trainers and 5 health professionals, looking at experiences, needs and suggestions for improvement. Results: The patients described a good general health status, with improvements of: diet quality (7 in pre-test to 7.7 in post-test), limitations for daily life (from 1.93 to 1.64 points), self-efficacy (from 6.46 to 7.42 points). Age, civil status and level of education generated statistically significant differences, with more improvement in more vulnerable social profiles. Participants revealed the benefits of the peer-training at a personal, relational, psycho-emotional and socio-cultural level and expressed how the training changed their experiences around identity-construction and gender roles. The improvement dimensions related to organization, evaluation and continuity. Conclusions: The peer-training intervention is a positive experience for women's physical, relational and emotional health and, from a gender perspective, it represents an opportunity, at both individual and group level, to negotiate and deconstruct gender roles when living with breast cancer. Palabras clave: Enfermedad crónica, Educación del paciente como asunto, Participación del paciente, Enfermedades de la mama, Grupo paritario, Keywords: Chronic disease, Patient education as topic, Patient participation, Breast diseases, Peer group

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar una actividad formativa entre iguales para pacientes con cáncer de mama desde la perspectiva de género; conocer los resultados y profundizar en las experiencias de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios participantes. Métodos Diseño multicéntrico mixto (Andalucía, 2017) con un cuestionario de evaluación pretest/postest con 102 pacientes formadas, midiendo hábitos de vida, limitaciones, uso y comunicación con los servicios sanitarios, y autocuidados; y con un análisis de contenido de entrevistas individuales y grupales (con 21 pacientes formadoras y 5 profesionales), centradas en experiencias, necesidades y propuestas de mejora. Resultados Las pacientes describen una buena salud general, con mejoras en dieta (7 a 7,7 de prestest a postest), limitaciones (se redujeron de 1,93 a 1,64 puntos) y autoeficacia (aumentó de 6,46 a 7,42 puntos), con diferencias significativas por edad, estado civil y nivel de estudios (mayor mejoría entre los perfiles más vulnerables). Las participantes reflejaron los beneficios de la formación en los aspectos personal, relacional, psicoemocional y sociocultural, y expresaron cambios en sus modelos identitarios y de vivencias de roles de género tras la formación. Los ámbitos de mejora fueron las cuestiones organizativas, de evaluación y continuidad de la estrategia formativa. Conclusiones La estrategia formativa es una experiencia con resultados positivos en la salud física, relacional y emocional de las participantes, y desde la perspectiva de género se constituye como una oportunidad, individual y compartida, para (re)negociar o deconstruir roles de género, en torno a la experiencia del cáncer de mama. ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate a peer-training intervention for women with breast cancer, from a gender perspective: to discover the results of the intervention and examine in-depth the personal experiences of patients and health professionals participating in the training activity. Method Mixed method multicentre design completed in 2017 in Andalusia (Spain), with a pre and post evaluation questionnaire with 102 patients, measuring life style, limitations, use of health services, communication with professionals and self-management; and content analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 21 patient-trainers and 5 health professionals, looking at experiences, needs and suggestions for improvement. Results The patients described a good general health status, with improvements of: diet quality (7 in pretest to 7.7 in post-test), limitations for daily life (from 1.93 to 1.64 points), self-efficacy (from 6.46 to 7.42 points). Age, civil status and level of education generated statistically significant differences, with more improvement in more vulnerable social profiles. Participants revealed the benefits of the peer-training at a personal, relational, psycho-emotional and socio-cultural level and expressed how the training changed their experiences around identity-construction and gender roles. The improvement dimensions related to organization, evaluation and continuity. Conclusions The peer-training intervention is a positive experience for women's physical, relational and emotional health and, from a gender perspective, it represents an opportunity, at both individual and group level, to negotiate and deconstruct gender roles when living with breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the effect of the peer group education on the fear, anxiety and depression levels of the patients undergoing angiography. Methods In this clinical trial, 70 patients referred to Vali-E-Asr clinic of Fasa (Iran) for undergoing coronary angiography were selected by random sampling and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n=35) received the necessary instructions about coronary angiography by those in a trained peer group (Two former patients, having experienced in the procedure), while in the control group (n=35) the routine instructions were presented by the department’s nurses. The levels of fear, anxiety and depression of the patients were measured both before and after conducting this intervention. Results The mean score of the patients’ fear and anxiety after the intervention of the peers in the experimental group was reduced compared to that of the control group (p

OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol en jóvenes de una universidad privada de Cali - Colombia, y establecer su relación con factores familiares y sociales. METODOLOGIA: estudio de fuente secundaria con datos del "Estudio epidemiológico andino sobre consumo de drogas sintéticas en la población universitaria" del Observatorio Interamericano sobre Drogas (OID) de la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA), la Unión Europea y la Comunidad Andina. Participaron 548 jóvenes universitarios, seleccionados con un muestreo aleatorio estratificado. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida fue de 96%, en el último año fue de 89% y en el último mes de 67%. El consumo de alcohol actual y la edad de inicio son similares entre hombres y mujeres. La edad de inicio del consumo fue menor en quienes tienen familiares que se emborrachan frecuentemente y el consumo actual es mayor en quienes tienen amigos que lo hacen frecuentemente. El nivel de consumo de riesgo y perjudicial de alcohol es mayor en quienes tienen familiares y amigos que se embriagan frecuentemente. DISCUSION: los resultados del estudio muestran la influencia del consumo de alcohol de la familia y del grupo de pares en el consumo de los jóvenes participantes, de ahí que indican que ésta es una práctica frecuente y socialmente legitimada. Estos factores facilitan su aparición y mantenimiento. OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use in youth from a private university in Cali - Colombia, and its relation with familiar and social factors. METHODOLOGY: secondary source analysis, from a prevalence study. 548 college youth participated, selected through a randomized stratified sampling. RESULTS: the prevalence of alcohol use in life was 96%, last year was 89% and last month was 67%. Actual alcohol use and age of first use were similar between men and women. Age of first use was lower in youth with family members that get drunk frequently, and actual use of alcohol was higher in those with friends that get drunk frequently. Risky or hazardous alcohol use was higher in youth with family members and friends that get drunk frequently. DISCUSSION: the results from this study show the influence of alcohol use in family members and friends in youth's alcohol drinking; pointing out that this practice is socially legitimated, being common in youth's context, facilitating its appearance and maintenance.

pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e exploratória, com desenho transversal que investigou o papel da família, da espiritualidade e do entretenimento em moderar a relação da influência dos pares sobre o consumo de drogas entre estudantes universitários. A amostra foi composta por 250 estudantes de uma universidade pública brasileira de forma não probabilística. Foi elaborado um questionário com cinco escalas validadas que indagaram sobre a influência do grupo de pares, as relações familiares, o entretenimento, a espiritualidade e o consumo de drogas. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS versão 18 para a análise estatística. Verificou-se que 90,8% dos estudantes da amostra tinham pelo menos um amigo consumidor de drogas, e as mais consumidas foram álcool, tabaco e maconha. Estabeleceu-se associação significativa entre alguns fatores acadêmicos e culturais com o consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Recomenda-se a elaboração de estratégias preventivas, considerando a influência dos fatores culturais sobre o consumo de drogas entre os estudantes universitários. Investigación cuantitativa de tipo descriptiva-exploratoria, con diseño transversal que investigado el papel de la familia, la espiritualidad y entretenimiento en la moderá a la relación entre influencia de la pares y el consumo de drogas entre estudiantes universitarios. La muestra fue conformada por 250 estudiantes de una universidad pública brasileira de forma no probabilística. Fue elaborado un cuestionario con 5 escalas ya validadas, que interrogaba sobre la influencia del grupo de pares, las relaciones familiares, el entretenimiento, la espiritualidad y el consumo de drogas. Se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 18 para el análisis estadística. Los datos indicaran que el 90,8% de los estudiantes de la muestran reportaron tener por lo menos un amigo que consumía drogas, las drogas mas consumidas fueron alcohol, tabaco y marihuana. Se estableció asociación significativa entre algunos factores académicos y culturales con el consumo de drogas legales e ilegales Se recomienda que deben ser elaboradas estrategias preventivas considerando la influencia de los factores culturales sobre el consumo de drogas entre los estudiantes universitarios. A quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study, with a cross-sectional design aimed at investigated the role of the family, spirituality and entertainment in moderate relationship of influence of pairs and drug consuption among university students of one university. The sample was composed of 250 students from a public university in Brazil. A questionnaire was developed with 5 validated scales that interrogated about the influence of the peer group, the family relationships, the entertainment, the spirituality, and drug consumption. It was used SPSS version 18 for the statistical analysis. The data indicated that 90.8% of students had at least one friend who is drug consumer, most of them use alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. There was significant association between some academic and sociocultural factors and the consumption of licit and illicit drugs. We recommended that some preventive strategies should be elaborated considering the influence of sociocultural factors about drug consuption among university students.

This study is a multi-centric investigation on the role of family relations, spirituality and entertainment in moderating the relationship between peer influence and drug use (licit and illicit) among students from eight universities from five countries in Latin-America and three from the Caribbean. The sample was composed by 2198 university students from faculties of Social Sciences and Humanities/Health Sciences. Drug use was the dependent variable and the level of peer influence (number of friends who use drugs) was the independent variable. The results showed that problematic family relationship, high number of party-based entertainment and high number of friends on drugs use (peer influence) increased the odds of youths using illicit drugs. The only interaction statistically significant for licit and illicit drug use was party-based entertainment and friends on drugs. The use of licit drugs presented large variability among universities in the sample, potentially influenced by cultural/religious aspects. Trata-se de estudo multicêntrico, que analisa o papel das relações familiares, espiritualidade e entretenimento-festas como moderadores da relação entre a influência dos pares e o uso de drogas entre estudantes de oito universidades de cinco países da América Latina e três do Caribe. A amostra foi composta por 2198 estudantes de Faculdades de Ciências Sociais e de Ciências da Saúde. Uso de drogas foi a variável dependente e influência dos pares (número de amigos usando drogas), a independente. Os resultados mostraram que relações familiares problemáticas, participar de muitas festas e ter muitos amigos usando drogas aumentou a chance dos estudantes universitários da amostra usarem drogas ilícitas. A única interação estatisticamente significante para o uso de drogas lícitas ou ilícitas foi o entretenimento-festas/amigos usando drogas. O uso de drogas lícitas apresentou grande variabilidade entre as universidades da amostra, potencialmente influenciada por aspectos culturais/religiosos. Estudio multicéntrico que analiza el papel de las relaciones familiares, la espiritualidad y la diversión-fiestas como moderadores de la relación entre la influencia de pares y el uso de drogas entre estudiantes de ocho universidades de cinco países de America Latina y tres del Caribe. La muestra fue composta de 2198 estudiantes de Facultades de Ciencias Sociales y de Ciencias de la Salud. El Uso de drogas fue la variable dependiente y la influencia de pares (número de alumnos usando drogas) la independiente. Los resultados indicaron que las relaciones familiares problemáticas, participar de muchas fiestas y tener muchos amigos utilizando drogas aumentó la oportunidad de los estudiantes de la muestra a utilizaren drogas ilícitas. La única interacción estadísticamente significante para el uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas fue la diversión/fiestas/amigos usando drogas. El uso de drogas lícitas presenta grande variabilidad entre las universidades de la muestra, potencialmente influenciada por aspectos culturales/religiosos.

Enquadramento: No adolescente ocorrem metamorfoses físicas, psicológicas, comportamentais e sociais, sentindo-se mais autónomo, integrado e independente. Reproduzindo o mundo dos adultos, espelha no grupo de pares hábitos de consumo de substâncias psicoativas, mormente o tabaco, amplamente aceite como a causa principal de morbilidade e de mortalidade evitável no mundo, com consequências diretas e indiretas na saúde, a curto e longo prazo. Objetivos: Identificar as variáveis sociodemográficas e de contexto familiar; estimar o impacto das variáveis de contexto escolar e estilos de vida; analisar a relação entre as variáveis psicológicas (autoestima, autoconceito); identificar as atitudes que influem os conhecimentos e o consumo de tabaco. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correlacional, analítico e transversal, numa amostra de 971 adolescentes, aplicou-se o questionário sociodemográfico, de contexto escolar e estilos de vida; a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (Romano, Negreiro & Martins, 2007); o Inventário Clínico de Autoconceito (Vaz Serra, 1984) e a Escala do Consumo de Tabaco (Precioso, 2007). Resultados: Os 971 inquiridos são adolescentes entre os 14 e 21 anos, 43.4% têm idade inferior a 17 anos, são maioritariamente rapazes (50.8%), residem predominantemente em meio rural (66.4%) e coabitam com os pais (77.3%). Cerca de 39.0% frequentam o 10.º ano, revelam bom autoconceito (45.3%) e elevada autoestima (47.4%). A maioria (62.0%) é ou já foi consumidora de tabaco (63.0% raparigas vs 60.6% rapazes); fumaram o primeiro cigarro, em média, aos 13,8 anos, sendo os rapazes mais precoces (≤ 13 anos) que as raparigas ( ≥15 anos). O primeiro cigarro foi obtido na escola (35.5% raparigas vs rapazes 39.1%), principal local de oferta (56.8%) e a compra ocorreu na tabacaria ou no café (60.0%). Dos inquiridos, 17,7% (13.0% raparigas vs 22.0% rapazes) são fumadores diários, consumindo até sete cigarros (60.9% rapazes vs 58.3% raparigas). Como razão principal para fumar o primeiro cigarro, 74.3% apontam “Querer saber como era”. Conclusão: O tabagismo é um fenómeno complexo e globalizante com repercussões tanto na saúde individual dos fumadores como na saúde pública, pelo que permanece a urgência de implementação de políticas de educação para a saúde, com ações de sensibilização, prevenção e promoção de mudanças comportamentais e atitudinais, preditoras de estilos de vida saudável. ABSTRACT Framework: During adolescence, the teenager suffers metamorphosis at a physical, psychological, behavioral and social level, therefore feeling more autonomous, integrated and independent. While mimicking adult behavior among its peers, he/she tends to engage in the consumption of psychoactive substances, namely tobacco, widely accepted as the leading cause of morbidity as well as mortality avoidable worldwide, with both direct and indirect consequences in short and long term health. Goals: Identify the sociodemographic and familiar context variables; assess the impact of the school context and lifestyle variables; analyze the relation between the psychological variables (self-esteem, self-concept) and identify the attitudes, which influences the knowledge as well as the tobacco consumption. Methods: Quantitative, correlational, analytical and transversal study, within a sample of 971 adolescents was applied the sociodemographic questionnaire of school context and lifestyle; Self-Esteem Rosenberg Scale (Romano, Negreiro & Martins, 2007); Self-Concept Clinical Inventory (Vaz Serra, 1984) and the Tobacco Consumption Scale (Precioso, 2007). Results: The 971 inquired were adolescents from 14 to 21 years old, 43.3% were under 17 years old, mainly males (50.8%), living in the countryside (66.4%) with their parents (77.3%). About 39.0% are in the 10th grade, reveal good self-concept (45.3%) and high selfesteem (47.4%). The majority (62.0%) is or has been a tobacco consumer (63.0% girls vs 60.6% boys); they smoked their first cigarette with an average age of 13.8 years old, whilst male are more premature (≤13 years old) than female (≥15 years old). Their first smoke was in school (35.5% girls vs 39.1% boys), which is the main place of offering (56.8%) and they buy them in tobacco or coffee shops (60.0%) From the surveyed, 17.7% (13.0% girls vs 22.0% boys) are daily smokers, some smoking up to 7 cigarettes per day. The main reason to smoke their first cigarette is “Wishing to know how it felt like” (74.3%). Conclusion: Smoking is both a complex and global phenomenon with repercussions not only in individual health, but also in public health. The urgency to implement politics for health education, through awareness raising actions, prevention and promotion of behavioral changes as well as attitude, predictive of a healthy lifestyle.

O álcool é a droga lícita de maior prevalência entre estudantes universitários e consumida de forma recreacional. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar as normas percebidas sobre o uso de álcool entre estudantes universitários, contrastar a percepção dos estudantes em relação ao uso de álcool por seus pares com a atual prevalência do uso de álcool e comparar o próprio uso de álcool com a percepção do uso de álcool pelos pares. Utilizou-se a técnica (survey) com 275 estudantes de uma universidade pública do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), em 2008. A percepção dos estudantes sobre o uso de álcool pelos pares uma vez na vida e nos últimos doze meses foi acurada, porém, em relação aos últimos trinta dias houve percepção errônea (hiperestimativa). Os estudantes consomem bebidas alcoólicas de forma recreacional, principalmente em festas e bares, em companhia de amigos e pares. O consumo se mostra acima dos padrões estabelecidos. Alcohol is the most prevalent legal drug among university students, and it is used recreationally. The objectives of this study were to identify the perceived norms of alcohol use among university students, contrast the students' perception regarding peer alcohol use and the actual alcohol use prevalence, and compare the subjects' own alcohol use with their perception of peer alcohol use. A survey was performed on 275 students of a public university located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), in 2008. The students' perception about peer alcohol use once in a lifetime and over the last 12 years was correct; but their perception regarding the last 30 days was overestimated. Students consume alcoholic beverages recreationally, mainly at parties and bars with friends and peers. Alcohol use is above established standards. El alcohol es la droga lícita de mayor consumo entre estudiantes universitarios, siendo su consumo considerado como de diversión. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar las normas percibidas sobre el uso del alcohol entre estudiantes universitarios. Se deseaba comparar la percepción que los estudiantes tenían en relación al uso de alcohol entre sus pares con el uso real que los propios estudiantes hacían del alcohol. Se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta en 275 estudiantes, en una universidad pública de Río de Janeiro, en Brasil, en 2008. Se encontró que la percepción de los estudiantes sobre el uso del alcohol entre sus pares, en alguna vez en la vida y en los últimos doce meses, fue exacta, pero en relación a los últimos treinta días tuvieron una percepción errónea, esta fue sobreestimada. También, los estudiantes consumen bebidas alcohólicas para divertirse, principalmente en fiestas y bares en compañía de amigos y pares. Finalmente se encontró que el consumo es mayor que los estándares establecidos. Se recomienda prestar atención a los factores protectores.