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3. Assimilation of water-vapour airborne lidar observations: Impact study on the COPS precipitation forecasts

Author

Schultz, David, Bielli, S., Grzeschik, M., Richard, E., Flamant, C., Champollion, C., Kiemle, C., Dorninger, M., Brousseau, P., Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Montpellier, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik [Wien] (IMGW), Universität Wien, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, AROME, 0207 environmental engineering, Mesoscale meteorology, Impact study, 02 engineering and technology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 01 natural sciences, WALES, LEANDRE 2, Differential absorption lidar, Precipitation, Arome, 020701 environmental engineering, VERA, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Wales, Numerical weather prediction, Above ground, Lidar, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Leandre 2, Vera, Water vapor
Abstract

The Convective and Orographically-driven Precipitation Study (COPS) carried out in summer 2007 over northeastern France and southwestern Germany provided a fairly comprehensive description of the low-troposphere water-vapour field, thanks in particular to the deployment of two airborne differential absorption lidar systems. These lidar observations were assimilated using the 3D-Var assimilation system of the Application of Research to Operations at MEsoscale (AROME) numerical weather prediction mesoscale model. The assimilation was carried out for the period 4 July-3 August by running a three-hour forward intermittent assimilation cycle. First, the impact of the lidar observations was assessed by comparing the analyses with a set of more than 200 independent soundings. The lidar observations were found to have a positive impact on the analyses by reducing the dry bias in the first 500 m above ground level and by diminishing the root-mean-square error by roughly 15% in the first km. Then the impact of the lidar observations was assessed by comparing the precipitation forecasts (obtained with and without the lidar observations for the period 15 July-2 August) with the gridded precipitation observations provided by the Vienna Enhanced Resolution Analysis. In general, the impact was found to be positive but not significant for the 24 h precipitation and positive and significant for the 6 h precipitation, with an improvement lasting up to 24 h. Some selected case studies show that the improvement was obtained through a better depiction of convection initiation or through a more accurate positioning of the precipitation systems. © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society.

Published
2012
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4. Assimilation of water vapour airborne lidar observations: Impact study on the COPS precipitation forecasts

Author

Bielli, Soline, Grzeschik, M., Richard, Evelyne, Flamant, Cyrille, Champollion, C., and Kiemle, C.

Subjects
Lidar, WALES, LEANDRE 2, AROME, VERA
Abstract

The Convective and Orographically-driven Precipitation Study (COPS) carried out in summer 2007 over northeastern France and southwestern Germany provided a fairly comprehensive description of the low-troposphere water-vapour field, thanks in particular to the deployment of two airborne differential absorption lidar systems. These lidar observations were assimilated using the 3D-Var assimilation system of the Application of Research to Operations at MEsoscale (AROME) numerical weather prediction mesoscalemodel. The assimilation was carried out for the period 4 July�3 August by running a three-hour forward intermittent assimilation cycle. First, the impact of the lidar observations was assessed by comparing the analyses with a set of more than 200 independent soundings. The lidar observations were found to have a positive impact on the analyses by reducing the dry bias in the first 500 m above ground level and by diminishing the root-mean-square error by roughly 15% in the first km. Then the impact of the lidar observations was assessed by comparing the precipitation forecasts (obtained with and without the lidar observations for the period 15 July�2 August) with the gridded precipitation observations provided by the Vienna Enhanced Resolution Analysis. In general, the impact was found to be positive but not significant for the 24 h precipitation and positive and significant for the 6 h precipitation, with an improvement lasting up to 24 h. Some selected case studies show that the improvement was obtained through a better depiction of convection initiation or through a more accurate positioning of the precipitation systems.

Published
2012

6. The Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS): the scientific strategy, the field phase, and research highlights RID G-9506-2011

Author

Wulfmeyer, V, Behrendt, A, Kottmeier, C, Corsmeier, U, Barthlott, C, Craig, Gc, Hagen, M, Althausen, D, Aoshima, F, Arpagaus, M, Bauer, Hs, Bennett, L, Blyth, A, Brandau, C, Champollion, C, Crewell, S, Dick, G, Di Girolamo, P, Dorninger, M, Dufournet, Y, Eigenmann, R, Engelmann, R, Flamant, C, Foken, T, Gorgas, T, Grzeschik, M, Handwerker, J, Hauck, C, Holler, H, Junkermann, W, Kalthoff, N, Kiemle, C, Klink, S, Konig, M, Krauss, L, Long, Cn, Madonna, F, Mobbs, S, Neininger, B, Pal, S, Peters, G, Pigeon, G, Richard, E, Rotach, Mw, Russchenberg, H, Schwitalla, T, Smith, V, Steinacker, R, Trentmann, J, Turner, Dd, van Baelen, J, Vogt, S, Volkert, H, Weckwerth, T, Wernli, H, Wieser, A, and Wirth, M

Published
2011

7. Incorporating dynamic root growth enhances the performance of Noah-MP at two contrasting winter wheat field sites

Author

Gayler, S., Wöhling, T., Grzeschik, M., Ingwersen, J., Wizemann, H.-D., Warrach-Sagi, K., Högy, P., Attinger, Sabine, Streck, T., Wulfmeyer, V., Gayler, S., Wöhling, T., Grzeschik, M., Ingwersen, J., Wizemann, H.-D., Warrach-Sagi, K., Högy, P., Attinger, Sabine, Streck, T., and Wulfmeyer, V.

Abstract

Interactions between the soil, the vegetation, and the atmospheric boundary layer require close attention when predicting water fluxes in the hydrogeosystem, agricultural systems, weather, and climate. However, land-surface schemes used in large-scale models continue to show deficiencies in consistently simulating fluxes of water and energy from the subsurface through vegetation layers to the atmosphere. In this study, the multiphysics version of the Noah land-surface model (Noah-MP) was used to identify the processes, which are most crucial for a simultaneous simulation of water and heat fluxes between land surface and the lower atmosphere. Comprehensive field data sets of latent and sensible heat fluxes, ground heat flux, soil moisture, and leaf area index from two contrasting field sites in South-West Germany are used to assess the accuracy of simulations. It is shown that an adequate representation of vegetation-related processes is the most important control for a consistent simulation of energy and water fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. In particular, using a newly implemented submodule to simulate root growth dynamics has enhanced the performance of Noah-MP. We conclude that further advances in the representation of leaf area dynamics and root/soil moisture interactions are the most promising starting points for improving the simulation of feedbacks between the subsoil, land surface and atmosphere in fully coupled hydrological and atmospheric models.

Published
2014

8. Catchments as reactors: a comprehensive approach for water fluxes and solute turnover

Author

Grathwohl, P., Rügner, Hermann, Wöhling, T., Osenbrück, Karsten, Schwientek, M., Gayler, S., Wollschläger, Ute, Selle, Benny, Pause, Marion, Delfs, Jens-Olaf, Grzeschik, M., Weller, Ulrich, Ivanov, M., Cirpka, O.A., Maier, Ulrich, Kuch, B., Nowak, W., Wulfmeyer, V., Warrach-Sagi, K., Streck, T., Attinger, Sabine, Bilke, Lars, Dietrich, Peter, Fleckenstein, Jan, Kalbacher, Thomas, Kolditz, Olaf, Rink, Karsten, Samaniego, Luis, Vogel, Hans-Jörg, Werban, Ulrike, Teutsch, Georg, Grathwohl, P., Rügner, Hermann, Wöhling, T., Osenbrück, Karsten, Schwientek, M., Gayler, S., Wollschläger, Ute, Selle, Benny, Pause, Marion, Delfs, Jens-Olaf, Grzeschik, M., Weller, Ulrich, Ivanov, M., Cirpka, O.A., Maier, Ulrich, Kuch, B., Nowak, W., Wulfmeyer, V., Warrach-Sagi, K., Streck, T., Attinger, Sabine, Bilke, Lars, Dietrich, Peter, Fleckenstein, Jan, Kalbacher, Thomas, Kolditz, Olaf, Rink, Karsten, Samaniego, Luis, Vogel, Hans-Jörg, Werban, Ulrike, and Teutsch, Georg

Abstract

Sustainable water quality management requires a profound understanding of water fluxes (precipitation, run-off, recharge, etc.) and solute turnover such as retention, reaction, transformation, etc. at the catchment or landscape scale. The Water and Earth System Science competence cluster aims at a holistic analysis of the water cycle coupled to reactive solute transport, including soil–plant–atmosphere and groundwater–surface water interactions. To facilitate exploring the impact of land-use and climate changes on water cycling and water quality, special emphasis is placed on feedbacks between the atmosphere, the land surface, and the subsurface. A major challenge lies in bridging the scales in monitoring and modeling of surface/subsurface versus atmospheric processes. The field work follows the approach of contrasting catchments, i.e. neighboring watersheds with different land use or similar watersheds with different climate. This paper introduces the featured catchments and explains methodologies of WESS by selected examples.

Published
2013

10. Assimilation of water-vapour airborne lidar observations: impact study on the COPS precipitation forecasts.

Author

Bielli, S., Grzeschik, M., Richard, E., Flamant, C., Champollion, C., Kiemle, C., Dorninger, M., and Brousseau, P.

Abstract

The Convective and Orographically-driven Precipitation Study (COPS) carried out in summer 2007 over northeastern France and southwestern Germany provided a fairly comprehensive description of the low-troposphere water-vapour field, thanks in particular to the deployment of two airborne differential absorption lidar systems. These lidar observations were assimilated using the 3D-Var assimilation system of the Application of Research to Operations at MEsoscale (AROME) numerical weather prediction mesoscale model. The assimilation was carried out for the period 4 July-3 August by running a three-hour forward intermittent assimilation cycle. First, the impact of the lidar observations was assessed by comparing the analyses with a set of more than 200 independent soundings. The lidar observations were found to have a positive impact on the analyses by reducing the dry bias in the first 500 m above ground level and by diminishing the root-mean-square error by roughly 15% in the first km. Then the impact of the lidar observations was assessed by comparing the precipitation forecasts (obtained with and without the lidar observations for the period 15 July-2 August) with the gridded precipitation observations provided by the Vienna Enhanced Resolution Analysis. In general, the impact was found to be positive but not significant for the 24 h precipitation and positive and significant for the 6 h precipitation, with an improvement lasting up to 24 h. Some selected case studies show that the improvement was obtained through a better depiction of convection initiation or through a more accurate positioning of the precipitation systems. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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12. Cutting edge: the human cytomegalovirus UL40 gene product contains a ligand for HLA-E and prevents NK cell-mediated lysis.

Author

Ulbrecht M, Martinozzi S, Grzeschik M, Hengel H, Ellwart JW, Pla M, and Weiss EH

Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, Antibodies, Monoclonal metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Fibroblasts immunology, Fibroblasts metabolism, Fibroblasts virology, Humans, K562 Cells, Ligands, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligopeptides, Open Reading Frames immunology, Peptide Fragments immunology, Peptide Fragments isolation & purification, Peptides immunology, Protein Processing, Post-Translational immunology, Transfection, Viral Proteins genetics, HLA-E Antigens, Cytomegalovirus immunology, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic immunology, HLA Antigens metabolism, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I metabolism, Immunosuppressive Agents pharmacology, Killer Cells, Natural immunology, Viral Proteins immunology, Viral Proteins metabolism
Abstract

Human CMV has evolved multiple strategies to interfere with immune recognition of the host. A variety of mechanisms target Ag presentation by MHC class I molecules resulting in a reduced class I cell-surface expression. This down-regulation of class I molecules is expected to trigger NK cytotoxicity, which would have to be counteracted by the virus to establish long-term infection. Here we describe that the human CMV open reading frame UL40 encodes a canonical ligand for HLA-E, identical with the HLA-Cw03 signal sequence-derived peptide. Expression of UL40 in HLA-E-positive target cells conferred resistance to NK cell lysis via the CD94/NKG2A receptor. Generation of the UL40-derived HLA-E ligand was also observed in TAP-deficient cells. The presence of a functional TAP-independent HLA-E ligand in the UL40 signal sequence implicates this viral gene as an important negative regulator of NK activity.

Published
2000
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