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Background: A genome-wide assessment of nucleotide diversity in a polyploid species must minimize the inclusion of homoeologous sequences into diversity estimates and reliably allocate individual haplotypes into their respective genomes. The same requirements complicate the development and deployment of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in polyploid species. We report here a strategy that satisfies these requirements and deploy it in the sequencing of genes in cultivated hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum, genomes AABBDD) and wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, genomes AABB) from the putative site of wheat domestication in Turkey. Data are used to assess the distribution of diversity among and within wheat genomes and to develop a panel of SNP markers for polyploid wheat.Results: Nucleotide diversity was estimated in 2114 wheat genes and was similar between the A and B genomes and reduced in the D genome. Within a genome, diversity was diminished on some chromosomes. Low diversity was always accompanied by an excess of rare alleles. A total of 5,471 SNPs was discovered in 1791 wheat genes. Totals of 1,271, 1,218, and 2,203 SNPs were discovered in 488, 463, and 641 genes of wheat putative diploid ancestors, T. urartu, Aegilops speltoides, and Ae. tauschii, respectively. A public database containing genome-specific primers, SNPs, and other information was constructed. A total of 987 genes with nucleotide diversity estimated in one or more of the wheat genomes was placed on an Ae. tauschii genetic map, and the map was superimposed on wheat deletion-bin maps. The agreement between the maps was assessed.Conclusions: In a young polyploid, exemplified by T. aestivum, ancestral species are the primary source of genetic diversity. Low effective recombination due to self-pollination and a genetic mechanism precluding homoeologous chromosome pairing during polyploid meiosis can lead to the loss of diversity from large chromosomal regions. The net effect of these factors in T. aestivum is large variation in diversity among genomes and chromosomes, which impacts the development of SNP markers and their practical utility. Accumulation of new mutations in older polyploid species, such as wild emmer, results in increased diversity and its more uniform distribution across the genome. © 2010 Akhunov et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism was used in the construction of an expressed sequence tag map of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid source of the wheat D genome. Comparisons of the map with the rice and sorghum genome sequences revealed 50 inversions and translocations; 2, 8, and 40 were assigned respectively to the rice, sorghum, and Ae. tauschii lineages, showing greatly accelerated genome evolution in the large Triticeae genomes. The reduction of the basic chromosome number from 12 to 7 in the Triticeae has taken place by a process during which an entire chromosome is inserted by its telomeres into a break in the centromeric region of another chromosome. The original centromere-telomere polarity of the chromosome arms is maintained in the new chromosome. An intrachromosomal telomere-telomere fusion resulting in a pericentric translocation of a chromosome segment or an entire arm accompanied or preceded the chromosome insertion in some instances. Insertional dysploidy has been recorded in three grass subfamilies and appears to be the dominant mechanism of basic chromosome number reduction in grasses. A total of 64% and 66% of Ae. tauschii genes were syntenic with sorghum and rice genes, respectively. Synteny was reduced in the vicinity of the termini of modern Ae. tauschii chromosomes but not in the vicinity of the ancient termini embedded in the Ae. tauschii chromosomes, suggesting that the dependence of synteny erosion on gene location along the centromere-telomere axis either evolved recently in the Triticeae phylogenetic lineage or its evolution was recently accelerated.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally dominant crop and major source of calories and proteins for the human diet. Compared with its wild ancestors, modern bread wheat shows lower genetic diversity, caused by polyploidisation, domestication and breeding bottlenecks 1,2 . Wild wheat relatives represent genetic reservoirs, and harbour diversity and beneficial alleles that have not been incorporated into bread wheat. Here we establish and analyse extensive genome resources for Tausch's goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii), the donor of the bread wheat D genome. Our analysis of 46 Ae. tauschii genomes enabled us to clone a disease resistance gene and perform haplotype analysis across a complex disease resistance locus, allowing us to discern alleles from paralogous gene copies. We also reveal the complex genetic composition and history of the bread wheat D genome, which involves contributions from genetically and geographically discrete Ae. tauschii subpopulations. Together, our results reveal the complex history of the bread wheat D genome and demonstrate the potential of wild relatives in crop improvement., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Key Message: A total of 65 SNPs associated with resistance to tan spot and septoria nodorum blotch were identified in a panel of 180 cultivated emmer accessions through association mapping Tan spot and septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) are foliar diseases caused by the respective fungal pathogens Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Parastagonospora nodorum that affect global wheat production. To find new sources of resistance, we evaluated a panel of 180 cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) accessions for reactions to four P. tritici-repentis isolates Pti2, 86-124, 331-9 and DW5, two P. nodorum isolate, Sn4 and Sn2000, and four necrotrophic effectors (NEs) produced by the pathogens. About 8-36% of the accessions exhibited resistance to the four P. tritici-repentis isolates, with five accessions demonstrating resistance to all isolates. For SNB, 64% accessions showed resistance to Sn4, 43% to Sn2000 and 36% to both isolates, with Spain (11% accessions) as the most common origin of resistance. To understand the genetic basis of resistance, association mapping was performed using SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers generated by genotype-by-sequencing and the 9 K SNP Infinium array. A total of 46 SNPs were significantly associated with tan spot and 19 SNPs with SNB resistance or susceptibility. Six trait loci on chromosome arms 1BL, 3BL, 4AL (2), 6BL and 7AL conferred resistance to two or more isolates. Known NE sensitivity genes for disease development were undetected except Snn5 for Sn2000, suggesting novel genetic factors are controlling host-pathogen interaction in cultivated emmer. The emmer accessions with the highest levels of resistance to the six pathogen isolates (e.g., CItr 14133-1, PI 94634-1 and PI 377672) could serve as donors for tan spot and SNB resistance in wheat breeding programs., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal (Bgt), is a constant threat to global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Although ∼100 powdery mildew (Pm) resistance genes and alleles have been identified in wheat and its relatives, more is needed to minimize Bgt's fast evolving virulence. In tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.), wild emmer wheat [T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Körn. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Thell.] accessions from Israel have contributed many Pm resistance genes. However, the diverse genetic reservoirs of cultivated emmer wheat [T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell.] have not been fully exploited. In the present study, we evaluated a diverse panel of 174 cultivated emmer accessions for their reaction to Bgt isolate OKS(14)-B-3-1 and found that 66% of accessions, particularly those of Ethiopian (30.5%) and Indian (6.3%) origins, exhibited high resistance. To determine the genetic basis of Bgt resistance in the panel, genome-wide association studies were performed using 46,383 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genotype-by-sequencing and 4331 SNPs from the 9K SNP Infinium array. Twenty-five significant SNP markers were identified to be associated with Bgt resistance, of which 21 SNPs are likely novel loci, whereas four possibly represent emmer derived Pm4a, Pm5a, PmG16, and Pm64. Most novel loci exhibited minor effects, whereas three novel loci on chromosome arms 2AS, 3BS, and 5AL had major effect on the phenotypic variance. This study demonstrates cultivated emmer as a rich source of powdery mildew resistance, and the resistant accessions and novel loci found herein can be utilized in wheat breeding programs to enhance Bgt resistance in wheat., (© 2024 The Author(s). The Plant Genome published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Crop Science Society of America. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.)

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological and genetic features of confined placental mosaicism (CPM) and its effect on fetal intrauterine growth. Methods: Fourteen CPM cases of Haidian Maternal and Children Health Hospital were collected from May 2018 to March 2022. Clinicopathological examination on placental specimens and molecular genetic analysis were performed. Results: The age of the parturient women ranged from 27 to 34 years, with an average age of (30.0±3.54) years. The gestational weeks ranged from 35 +1 to 41 +2 weeks. There were 4 premature births and 10 term births, among which 6 were female and 8 were male fetuses. Nine cases (9/14) had adverse pregnancy outcomes, including 7 cases of fetal growth restriction. The weight of CPM placenta decreased, with 6 cases below the 10th percentile of weight standards and 5 cases between the 10th and 25th percentile. All 14 CPM placental specimens showed morphological changes of perfusion dysfunction to varying degrees, with mainly placental-maternal vascular malperfusion followed by placental-fetal vascular malperfusion. The mosaic chromosomes in different CPM cases varied, with 16-trisomy/monosomy mosaicism being the most common followed by 7-trisomy and 21-trisomy/monosomy mosaicism. The mosaic proportion was unequal in different parts of the same CPM placenta, with the mosaic proportion of umbilical cord, fetal membranes, fetal surface, maternal surface, and edge ranging from 1% to 70%. Conclusions: The mosaic chromosomes in different CPM cases vary, and the mosaic proportion is unequal in different parts of the same CPM placenta. The pathological morphology is mainly manifested as perfusion dysfunction, which can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as fetal growth restriction and preterm birth.

Sesquilignans PD is a natural phenylpropanoid compound that was isolated from Zanthoxylum nitidum var. tomentosum . In this study, we assessed the antitumor effect of PD on SK-Hep-1 and HepG2 cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results revealed that PD markedly inhibited the proliferation and migration of both liver cancer cells. Moreover, PD induced apoptosis, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in liver cancer cells. Notably, PD increased the protein levels of p-p38 MAPK and p-ERK1/2 in liver cancer cells. This is the first report on the anticancer effect of PD , which is mediated via increased ROS production and MAPK signaling activation.

Zanthoxylum nitidum is frequently used as a traditional Chinese medicine and food supplement. Our previous study revealed that its constituent compounds were able to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In our continuous exploration of bioactive compounds in Z. nitidum , we isolated ten alkaloids ( 1 - 10 ), including one new natural compound ( 1 ), and nine known alkaloids ( 2-10 ), from an ethanolic extract of the whole plant. The chemical structures were elucidated based on a combination of comprehensive NMR and HRESIMS analyses. Compounds 5, 8 and 10 exhibited significant antiproliferative effects against A549 cancer cell lines. We further elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferative activity of compound 8 in A549 human lung cancer cells. Compound 8 was found to induce cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase via p53 activation and CDK4/6 suppression. Compound 8 also effectively inhibited cell migration through the modulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as indicated by the expression of biomarkers, such as N-cadherin downregulation and E-cadherin upregulation. Compound 8 significantly suppressed the activation of the EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in A549 cells. These results indicate that alkaloid 8 from Z. nitidum has potential to be a lead antiproliferative compound in cancer cells.

To find a way to control the electron-bunching process and the bunch-emitting directions when an ultraintense, linearly polarized laser pulse interacts with a nanoscale target, we explored the mechanisms for the periodical generation of relativistic attosecond electron bunches. By comparing the simulation results of three different target geometries, the results show that for nanofoil target, limiting the transverse target size to a small value and increasing the longitudinal size to a certain extent is an effective way to improve the total electron quantity in a single bunch. Then the subfemtosecond electronic dynamics when an ultrashort ultraintense laser grazing propagates along a nanofoil target was analyzed through particle-in-cell simulations and semiclassical analyses, which shows the detailed dynamics of the electron acceleration, radiation, and bunching process in the laser field. The analyses also show that the charge separation field produced by the ions plays a key role in the generation of electron bunches, which can be used to control the quantity of the corresponding attosecond radiation bunches by adjusting the length of the nanofoil target.

This study was designed to investigate the correlation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and interleukin (IL)-37/IL-17 ratio with the incidence/treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Firstly, fifty-eight patients with RA treated at the first affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected as the RA group; forty-nine healthy volunteers were enrolled in the control group. RA patients were treated with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Next, the NLR, PLR, IL-37, IL-17 and 28-joint disease activity score using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) were deleted in two groups. Subsequently, Spearman correlation analysis was adopted for the correlations of various indicators before and after treatment in two groups. According to the analysis results, the levels of NLR, PLR, IL-37, and IL-17 before treatment in the RA group were higher than those in the control group ( P  < .05), but the difference in the IL-37/IL-17 level between the two groups was not significant ( P  > .05). After treatment, NLR, PLR, and IL-37/IL-17 levels were significantly reduced in RA patients ( P  < .05). NLR and PLR were significantly positively correlated with DAS28-ESR, ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP), of which represented the disease activity of RA. NLP was strongly correlated with IL-37/IL-17. Collectively, NLR, PLR, IL-37, and IL-17 are closely related to the occurrence of RA. In addition, NLR and IL-37/IL-17 are more suitable than PLR in reflecting the therapeutic effect. Therefore, IL-37/IL-17 can be considered as a new indicator for reflecting the treatment effectiveness of RA.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU)., Methods: Relevant studies were identified in the PubMed, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang databases. A meta-analysis was performed after screening based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction and literature quality evaluation., Results: In total, 19 studies involving 2181 participants were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that compared with patients with conventional rehabilitation measures, patients with pulmonary rehabilitation measures had a higher offline success rate (relative risk (RR) = 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.24; p  < 0.00001) and higher arterial oxygen partial pressure levels (mean difference (MD) = 8.96; 95%CI: 5.98, 11.94; p  < 0.0001) and these measures significantly shortened the duration of mechanical ventilation (standardised MD (SMD) = -1.08; 95%CI: -1.58, -0.59; p  < 0.0001) and ICU stay (SMD = -1.41; 95%CI: -1.94, -0.88; p  < 0.0001). Aspiration significantly reduced the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.24, 0.51; p  < 0.00001) and deep vein thrombosis (RR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.13, 0.76; p  = 0.01) in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation., Conclusion: Pulmonary rehabilitation measures can improve the success rate of weaning from mechanical ventilation in ICU patients, shorten the time of mechanical ventilation and ICU hospitalisation and reduce the incidence of related adverse reactions, but the impact on mortality requires further study., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background and Objectives: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is garnering increasing empirical interest as an intervention for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), although no studies of mindfulness as a standalone treatment have included a sample composed entirely of patients with BDD or a comparison group. The aim of this study was to investigate the improvement of MBCT intervention on the core symptoms, emotional dysfunction, and executive function of BDD patients, as well as the feasibility and acceptability of MBCT training., Method: Patients with BDD were randomized into an 8-week MBCT group (n = 58) or treatment-as-usual (TAU) control group (n = 58) and were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up., Results: Participants who received MBCT showed greater improvement on self-reported and clinician ratings of BDD symptoms, self-reported emotion dysregulation symptoms and executive function compared with TAU participants. Improvement for executive function tasks was partially supported. In addition, feasibility and acceptability of MBCT training were positive., Limitations: There is no systematic assessment of the severity of key potential outcome variables associated with BDD., Conclusion: MBCT may be a useful intervention for patients with BDD, improving patients' BDD symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and executive functioning., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Six pyrazolopyrimidine rhodium(III) or palladium(II) complexes, [Rh(L 1 )(H 2 O)Cl 3 ] (1), [Rh(L 2 )(CH 3 OH)Cl 3 ] (2), [Rh(L 3 )(H 2 O)Cl 3 ] (3), [Rh 2 (L 4 )Cl 6 ]·CH 3 OH (4), [Rh(L 5 )(CH 3 CN)Cl 3 ]·0.5CH 3 CN (5), and [Pd(L 5 )Cl 2 ] (6), were synthesized and characterized. These complexes showed high cytotoxicity against six tested cancer cell lines. Most of the complexes showed higher cytotoxicity to T-24 cells in vitro than cisplatin. Mechanism studies indicated that complexes 5 and 6 induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest through DNA damage, and induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress response. In addition, complex 5 also induced cell apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction. Complexes 5 and 6 showed low in vivo toxicity and high tumor growth inhibitory activity in mouse tumor models. The inhibitory effect of rhodium complex 5 on tumor growth in vivo was more pronounced than that of palladium complex 6., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diploid A-genome wheat (einkorn wheat) presents a nutrition-rich option as an ancient grain crop and a resource for the improvement of bread wheat against abiotic and biotic stresses. Realizing the importance of this wheat species, reference-level assemblies of two einkorn wheat accessions were generated (wild and domesticated). This work reports an einkorn genome database that provides an interface to the cereals research community to perform comparative genomics, applied genetics and breeding research. It features queries for annotated genes, the use of a recent genome browser release, and the ability to search for sequence alignments using a modern BLAST interface. Other features include a comparison of reference einkorn assemblies with other wheat cultivars through genomic synteny visualization and an alignment visualization tool for BLAST results. Altogether, this resource will help wheat research and breeding. Database URL  https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/pangenome., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are mediators of the aging process. The purpose of this work was to analyze the miRNA expression profiles of spermatozoa from men of different ages with normal fertility. Twenty-seven donors were divided into three groups by age (Group A, n = 8, age: 20-30 years; Group B, n = 10, age: 31-40 years; and Group C, n = 9, age: 41-55 years) for high-throughput sequencing analysis. Samples from 65 individuals (22, 22, and 21 in Groups A, B, and C, respectively) were used for validation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A total of 2160 miRNAs were detected: 1223 were known, 937 were newly discovered and unnamed, of which 191 were expressed in all donors. A total of 7, 5, and 17 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) were found in Group A vs B, Group B vs C, and Group A vs C comparisons, respectively. Twenty-two miRNAs were statistically correlated with age. Twelve miRNAs were identified as age-associated miRNAs, including hsa-miR-127-3p, mmu-miR-5100&#95;L+2R-1, efu-miR-9226&#95;L-2&#95;1ss22GA, cgr-miR-1260&#95;L+1, hsa-miR-652-3p&#95;R+1, pal-miR-9993a-3p&#95;L+2R-1, hsa-miR-7977&#95;1ss6AG, hsa-miR-106b-3p&#95;R-1, hsa-miR-186-5p, PC-3p-59611&#95;111, hsa-miR-93-3p&#95;R+1, and aeca-mir-8986a-p5&#95;1ss1GA. There were 9165 target genes of age-associated miRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the target genes identified revealed enrichment of protein binding, membrane, cell cycle, and so on. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of age-related miRNAs for target genes revealed 139 enriched pathways, such as signaling pathways regulating stem cell pluripotency, metabolic pathways, and the Hippo signaling pathway. This suggests that miRNAs play a key role in male fertility changes with increasing age and provides new evidence for the study of the mechanism of age-related male fertility decline., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © The Author(s)(2023).)

Obesity contributes to the progression of various chronic diseases, and shortens life expectancy. With abundant mitochondria, brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy through heat to limit weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Our previous studies have shown that aurantio-obtusin (AO), a bioactive ingredient in Chinese traditional medicine Cassiae semen significantly improves hepatic lipid metabolism in a steatotic mouse model. In the current study we investigated the effects of AO on lipid metabolism in the BAT of diet-induced obesity mice and in oleic acid and palmitic acid (OAPA)-stimulated primary mature BAT adipocytes. Obese mice were established by feeding a HFHS diet for 4 weeks, and then administered AO (10 mg/kg, i.g.) for another 4 weeks. We showed that AO administration significantly increased the weight of BAT and accelerated energy expenditure to protect the weight increase in the obese mice. Using RNA sequencing and molecular biology analysis we found that AO significantly enhanced mitochondrial metabolism and UCP1 expression by activating PPARα both in vivo and in vitro in the primary BAT adipocytes. Interestingly, AO administration did not improve metabolic dysfunction in the liver and white adipose tissue of obese mice after interscapular BAT excision. We demonstrated that low temperature, a trigger of BAT thermogenesis, was not a decisive factor for AO to stimulate the growth and activation of BATs. This study uncovers a regulatory network of AO in activating BAT-dependent lipid consumption and brings up a new avenue for the pharmaceutical intervention in obesity and related comorbidities., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Pharmacological Society.)

Six terpyridine ligands(L 1 -L 6 ) with chlorophenol or bromophenol moiety were obtained to prepare metal terpyridine derivatives complexes: [Ru(L 1 )(DMSO)Cl 2 ] (1), [Ru(L 2 )(DMSO)Cl 2 ] (2), [Ru(L 3 )(DMSO)Cl 2 ] (3), [Cu(L 4 )Br 2 ]·DMSO (4), Cu(L 5 )Br 2 (5), and [Cu(L 6 )Br 2 ]⋅CH 3 OH (6). The complexes were fully characterized. Ru complexes 1-3 showed low cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. Cu complexes 4-6 exhibited higher cytotoxicity against several tested cancer cell lines compared to their ligands and cisplatin, and lower toxicity towards normal human cells. Copper(II) complexes 4-6 arrested T-24 cell cycle in G1 phase. The mechanism studies indicated that complexes 4-6 accumulated in mitochondria of T-24 cells and caused significant reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of the intracellular ROS levels and the release of Ca 2+ , and the activation of the Caspase cascade, finally inducing apoptosis. Animal studies showed that complex 6 obviously inhibited the tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model bearing T-24 tumor cells without significant toxicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare no conflict of interest for this work., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To evaluate the association between immunoglobulin concentration and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults in Tianjin City. Methods: Based on the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIHealth) cohort from January 2010 to December 2018, subjects who had completed the measurement of baseline immunoglobulin concentration and blood glucose concentration and not been diagnosed with any type of diabetes at baseline were selected in this study. The collected data included the concentration of serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE), fasting blood glucose and other potential confounders. The subjects were divided into four groups from Q 1 to Q 4 according to the quartiles of baseline immunoglobulin concentration. The multivariable Cox regression model was used to assess the association between the baseline immunoglobulin concentration and T2DM. Results: A total of 6 315 subjects aged (50.1±10.0) years were included. About 390 subjects were newly diagnosed with T2DM during the follow-up period. The incidence rate was 16.8/1 000 person-years. After adjusting for age, sex, waist circumference, smoking status, drinking status, eosinophil ratio, metabolic syndrome, first-or second-degree family history, and reciprocal adjusting for other immunoglobulin concentrations, compared to the lowest quartile concentration group Q 1 , subjects in group Q 4 with the highest quartile of IgG concentration showed a lower risk of T2DM ( HR =0.71, 95% CI : 0.52-0.97), and subjects in group Q 4 with the highest quartile of IgM concentration also had a decreased risk of T2DM ( HR =0.66, 95% CI : 0.47-0.91). Subjects in group Q 4 with the highest quartile of IgA concentration had an increased risk of T2DM ( HR =1.56, 95% CI : 1.18-2.07). The risk of T2DM decreased with the increase of serum IgG and IgM concentrations ( P trend =0.018, P trend =0.010) and increased with the increase of serum IgA concentrations ( P trend <0.001). No association was found between the concentration of IgE and T2DM risk ( HR =0.99, 95% CI : 0.74-1.31, P trend =0.891). Conclusion: The concentration of IgG and IgM is negatively associated with the risk of T2DM, and the concentration of IgA is positively associated with the risk of T2DM in Tianjin City. The concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA could be a predictor of hyperglycemia and T2DM.

A mild and elegant multicomponent protocol for construction of CF 2 H-containing carbazoles was accomplished by visible-light photoredox catalysis with formation of two new C-C bonds in a single step to deliver a wide variety of structurally diverse difluoroalkylated carbazoles in moderate to good yields, featuring mild reaction conditions, synthetic simplicity, broad substrates, and good functional group tolerance.

As a continuation of our endeavors in discovering metal-based drugs with cytotoxic and antimetastatic activities, herein, we reported the syntheses of 11 new rhodium(III)-picolinamide complexes and the exploration of their potential anticancer activities. These Rh(III) complexes showed high antiproliferative activity against the tested cancer cell lines in vitro. The mechanism study indicated that Rh1 ([Rh( 3a )(CH 3 CN)Cl 2 ]) and Rh2 ([Rh( 3b )(CH 3 CN)Cl 2 ]) inhibited cell proliferation by multiple modes of action via cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy and inhibited cell metastasis via FAK-regulated integrin β1-mediated suppression of EGFR expression. Furthermore, Rh1 and Rh2 significantly inhibited bladder cancer growth and breast cancer metastasis in a xenograft model. These rhodium(III) complexes could be developed as potential anticancer agents with antitumor growth and antimetastasis activity.

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops for the global food security. Due to its narrow genetic base, modern bread wheat cultivars face challenges from increasing abiotic and biotic stresses. Since genetic improvement is the most sustainable approach, finding novel genes and alleles is critical for enhancing the genetic diversity of wheat. The tertiary gene pool of wheat is considered a gold mine for genetic diversity as novel genes and alleles can be identified and transferred to wheat cultivars. Aegilops geniculata and Ae. umbellulata are the key members of the tertiary gene pool of wheat and harbor important genes against abiotic and biotic stresses. Homoeologous-group five chromosomes (5U u and 5M g ) have been extensively studied from Ae. geniculata and Ae. umbellulata as they harbor several important genes including Lr57, Lr76, Yr40, Yr70, Sr53 and chromosomal pairing loci. In the present study, using chromosome DNA sequencing and RNAseq datasets, we performed comparative analysis to study homoeologous gene evolution in 5M g , 5U u, and group 5 wheat chromosomes. Our findings highlight the diversity of transcription factors and resistance genes, resulting from the differential expansion of the gene families. Both the chromosomes were found to be enriched with the "response to stimulus" category of genes providing resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. Phylogenetic study positioned the M genome closer to the D genome, with higher proximity to the A genome than the B genome. Over 4000 genes were impacted by SNPs on 5D, with 4-5% of those genes displaying non-disruptive variations that affect gene function., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Yadav, Rawat, Chhuneja, Kaur, Uauy, Lazo, Gu, Doležel and Tiwari.)

Endophytic fungi can promote host plant growth, enhance antioxidant defense enzyme activity, and induce the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondarymetabolites. Therefore, using endophytic fungi to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants or important crops is an effective means of regulation. Colletotrichum sp. AP12 has been reported to produce andrographolide compounds (ADCs). This study aimed to investigate the effects of AP12 and its elicitors on the growth, defense enzyme activity, accumulation, and transcription levels of key genes in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees ( A. paniculata ). Using fermentation method to prepare AP12 into the inactivated fermentation solution (IFS), fermentation solution (FS), inactivated mycelium solution (IMS), and mycelium solution (MS), and the results showed that all four fungal elicitor components (ECs) could promote A. paniculata growth, enhance antioxidant defense enzymes, and increase ADC content and yield, especially the IMS group that had the highest leaf area, whole plant dry weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, total lactone contents, and yields, which were 2.37-, 1.60-, 2.20-, 3.27-, 1.59-, and 2.65-fold of the control, respectively. The 14-deoxyandrographolide (NAD) in the host irrigated with MS was 3.35-fold that of the control. In addition, AP12-infected A. paniculata sterile seedlings could significantly increase ADC content and expression levels of key enzyme genes, especially on day 12, when the total lactone content of the host reached 88.881± 5.793 mg/g DW, while on day 6, CPS gene expression level reached 10.79-fold that of the control, in turn promoting the biosynthesis and accumulation of andrographolide. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus AP12 is beneficial to the growth and secondary metabolism of A. paniculata , which is helpful for the cultivation and application of the biological bacterial fertilizer in A. paniculata , providing a theoretical and research basis for the use of endophytic fungi as a microbial resource to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Xu, Li, Gu, Huang, Hu, Zheng, Hu and Du.)

Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a well established nephrotoxin and human carcinogen. Cytosolic NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) plays an important role in the nitro reduction of aristolochic acids, leading to production of aristoloactam and AA-DNA adduct. Application of a potent NQO1 inhibitor dicoumarol is limited by its life-threatening side effect as an anticoagulant and the subsequent hemorrhagic complications. As traditional medicines containing AAI remain available in the market, novel NQO1 inhibitors are urgently needed to attenuate the toxicity of AAI exposure. In this study, we employed comprehensive 2D NQO1 biochromatography to screen candidate compounds that could bind with NQO1 protein. Four compounds, i.e., skullcapflavone II (SFII), oroxylin A, wogonin and tectochrysin were screened out from Scutellaria baicalensis. Among them, SFII was the most promising NQO1 inhibitor with a binding affinity (K D  = 4.198 μmol/L) and inhibitory activity (IC 50  = 2.87 μmol/L). In human normal liver cell line (L02) and human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2), SFII significantly alleviated AAI-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. In adult mice, oral administration of SFII dose-dependently ameliorated AAI-induced renal fibrosis and dysfunction. In infant mice, oral administration of SFII suppressed AAI-induced hepatocellular carcinoma initiation. Moreover, administration of SFII did not affect the coagulation function in short term in adult mice. In conclusion, SFII has been identified as a novel NQO1 inhibitor that might impede the risk of AAI to kidney and liver without obvious side effect., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Pharmacological Society.)

A facile and highly efficient visible-light photoredox-catalyzed protocol for aryldifluoromethylation of acrylamides was developed using S -(difluoromethyl)sulfonium salt as the difluoromethyl source. With this method, pharmaceutically interesting CF 2 H-containing oxindoles were readily accessed from N -arylacrylamides, and this method featured mild reaction conditions, a broad scope of substrates, good tolerance of functional groups, and good to excellent yields. Control experiments revealed that this protocol proceeded through a difluoromethylation/cyclization cascade process.

Three copper(II) complexes C1-C3 were synthesized and fully characterized as chemodynamic therapy (CDT) anticancer agents. C1-C3 showed greater cytotoxicity than their ligands toward SK-OV-3 and T24 cells. Particularly, C2 showed high cytotoxicity toward T24 cells and low cytotoxicity toward normal human HL-7702 and WI-38 cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that C2 oxidized GSH to GSSG and produced ˙OH, which induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, finally leading to apoptosis of T24 cells. In addition, C2 inhibited autophagy by blocking autophagy flow, thereby closing the self-protection pathway of oxidative stress to enhance CDT. Importantly, C2 significantly inhibited T24 tumor growth with 57.1% inhibition in a mouse xenograft model. C2 is a promising lead as a potential CDT anticancer agent.

Key Message: Eleven wheat lines that are missing genes for the 1D-encoded omega-5 gliadins will facilitate breeding efforts to reduce the immunogenic potential of wheat flour for patients susceptible to wheat allergy. Efforts to reduce the levels of allergens in wheat flour that cause wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis are complicated by the presence of genes encoding omega-5 gliadins on both chromosomes 1B and 1D of hexaploid wheat. In this study, we screened 665 wheat germplasm samples using gene specific DNA markers for omega-5 gliadins encoded by the genes on 1D chromosome that were obtained from the reference wheat Chinese Spring. Eleven wheat lines missing the PCR product corresponding to 1D omega-5 gliadin gene sequences were identified. Two of the lines contained the 1BL·1RS translocation. Relative quantification of gene copy numbers by qPCR revealed that copy numbers of 1D omega-5 gliadins in the other nine lines were comparable to those in 1D null lines of Chinese Spring, while copy numbers of 1B omega-5 gliadins were like those of Chinese Spring. 2-D immunoblot analysis of total flour proteins from the selected lines using a specific monoclonal antibody against the N-terminal sequence of omega-5 gliadin showed no reactivity in regions of the blots containing previously identified 1D omega-5 gliadins. Interestingly, RP-UPLC analysis of the gliadin fractions of the selected lines indicated that the expression of omega-1,2 gliadins was also significantly reduced in seven of the lines, implying that 1D omega-5 gliadin and 1D omega-1,2 gliadin genes are tightly linked on the Gli-D1 loci of chromosome 1D. Wheat lines missing the omega-5 gliadins encoded by the genes on 1D chromosome should be useful in future breeding efforts to reduce the immunogenic potential of wheat flour., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Key Message: Fifteen and eleven loci, with most loci being novel, were identified to associate with seedling and adult resistances, respectively, to the durum-specific races of leaf rust pathogen in cultivated emmer. Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), constantly threatens durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. A Pt race BBBQD detected in California in 2009 poses a potential threat to durum production in North America because resistance source to this race is rare in durum germplasm. To find new resistance sources, we assessed a panel of 180 cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) accessions for seedling resistance to BBBQD and for adult resistance to a mixture of durum-specific races BBBQJ, CCMSS, and MCDSS in the field, and genotyped the panel using genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) and the 9 K SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) Infinium array. The results showed 24 and nine accessions consistently exhibited seedling and adult resistance, respectively, with two accessions providing resistance at both stages. We performed genome-wide association studies using 46,383 GBS and 4,331 9 K SNP markers and identified 15 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seedling resistance located mostly on chromosomes 2B and 6B, and 11 QTL for adult resistance on 2B, 3B and 6A. Of these QTL, one might be associated with leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene Lr53, and two with the QTL previously reported in durum or hexaploid wheat. The remaining QTL are potentially associated with new Lr genes. Further linkage analysis and gene cloning are necessary to identify the causal genes underlying these QTL. The emmer accessions with high levels of resistance will be useful for developing mapping populations and adapted durum germplasm and varieties with resistance to the durum-specific races., (© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

CF 2 H moiety has a significant potential utility in drug design and discovery, and the incorporation of CF 2 H into biologically active molecules represents an important and efficient strategy for seeking lead compounds and drug candidates. On the other hand, quinoxalin-2-one is of great interest to pharmaceutical chemists as a common skeleton frequently occurring in plenty of natural products and bioactive compounds. Herein, we reported a practical and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 3-CF 2 H-quinoxalin-2-ones. Thus, in the presence of 3 mol% of photocatalyst and S -(difluoromethyl)sulfonium salt as difluoromethyl radical sources, a wide range of quinoxalin-2-ones readily underwent a visible-light redox-catalyzed difluoromethylation reaction, to deliver structurally diverse 3-difluoromethyl-quinoxalin-2-ones. We believe that this would facilitate increasing chances and possibilities for seeking potential lead compounds and drug candidates and further boost the development of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals.

Although some nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat immune receptor (NLR) proteins conferring resistance to specific viruses have been identified in dicot plants, NLR proteins involved in viral resistance have not been described in monocots. We have used map-based cloning to isolate the CC-NB-LRR (CNL) Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) resistance gene barley stripe resistance 1 (BSR1) from Brachypodium distachyon Bd3-1 inbred line. Stable BSR1 transgenic Brachypodium line Bd21-3, barley (Golden Promise) and wheat (Kenong 199) plants developed resistance against BSMV ND18 strain. Allelic variation analyses indicated that BSR1 is present in several Brachypodium accessions collected from countries in the Middle East. Protein domain swaps revealed that the intact LRR domain and the C-terminus of BSR1 are required for resistance. BSR1 interacts with the BSMV ND18 TGB1 protein in planta and shows temperature-sensitive antiviral resistance. The R 390 and T 392 residues of TGB1 ND (ND18 strain) and the G 196 and K 197 residues within the BSR1 P-loop motif are key amino acids required for immune activation. BSR1 is the first cloned virus resistance gene encoding a typical CNL protein in monocots, highlighting the utility of the Brachypodium model for isolation and analysis of agronomically important genes for crop improvement., (© 2022 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2022 New Phytologist Foundation. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.)

Objective: To understand the associations between internet addiction, screen time (computer/mobile devices use and television watching time) and depressive symptoms in adults. Methods: A total of 6 932 adults aged <60 years from the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Sgstemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort of 2013-2019 were surveyed. The information about their computer/mobile devices use and television watching time were collected by using a self-reported questionnaire. The depressive symptoms were assessed using the self-rating depression scale (SDS). The adults surveyed were divided into two groups: non-depressive symptom group (SDS score <45) and depressive symptom group (SDS score ≥45). The associations between internet addiction, screen time and depressive symptoms were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models, with adjusting for multiple confounders. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, the hazard ratios ( HR s) of depressive symptom in the adults who had internet addiction before, had light internet addiction and had moderate or severe internet addiction were 0.83 (95% CI : 0.56-1.23) , 1.20 (95% CI : 1.03-1.41) for light and 1.48 (95% CI : 1.16-1.89), respectively, compared with those without internet addiction. The linear trend test results of the association between internet addiction and depressive symptoms was significant (trend P <0.001). Compared with the adults who used computer/mobile devices for <1 hour/day, the HR s of depressive symptoms in those who used computer/mobile devices for >1 hour, >3 hours, >5 hours and >10 hours were 0.59 (95% CI : 0.40-0.88), 0.58 (95% CI : 0.40-0.85), 0.52 (95% CI : 0.36-0.76) and 0.69 (95% CI : 0.45-1.05) respectively, a U-shaped association was found between computer/mobile devices use time and depressive symptoms (trend P <0.001). Compared with the adults who never watch TV, the HR of depressive symptoms was 1.36 (95% CI :1.09-1.69) for those watching TV for ≥3 hours/day in crude model and 1.34 (95% CI : 1.07-1.68) for those watching TV for ≥3 hours/day in adjusted model (trend P <0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that internet addiction and television watching time were associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, while computer/mobile device use time was associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms.

Targeting metabolic reprogramming to treat cancer could increase overall survival and reduce side effects. Here, we put forward a strategy using arene-ruthenium(II)/osmium(II) complexes to potentiate the anticancer effect of metformin (Met.) via glucose metabolism reprogramming. Complexes 1-6 with oxoglaucine derivatives as ligands were synthesized and their anti-tumor activities were tested under hypoglycemia. Results indicated that 2 and 5 potentiated the anticancer effects of Met. under hypoglycemia, exhibiting lower toxicity, slower blood glucose decline and inhibition of early tumor liver metastasis. Combination of 5 with Met. could be used as a new strategy to treat cancer under hypoglycemia through glucose metabolism reprogramming., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Understanding neuropsychological mechanisms of mindfulness meditation (MM) has been a hot topic in recent years. This review was conducted with the goal of synthesizing empirical relationships via the genomics, circuits and networks between MM and mental disorders. We describe progress made in assessing the effects of MM on gene expression in immune cells, with particular focus on stress-related inflammatory markers and associated biological pathways. We then focus on key brain circuits associated with mindfulness practices and effects on symptoms of mental disorders, and expand our discussion to identify three key brain networks associated with mindfulness practices including default mode network, central executive network, and salience network. More research efforts need to be devoted into identifying underlying neuropsychological mechanisms of MM on how it alleviates the symptoms of mental disorders., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are well known for their insecticidal activities against Lepidopteran, Dipteran, and Coleopteran species. In our previous work, we showed that trypsin-digested full-length Cry7Ab4 protoxin did not have insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella larvae but strongly inhibited their growth. In this paper, we expressed and purified recombinant active Cry7Ab4 toxic core from Escherichia coli for bioassay and identified its binding proteins. Interestingly, Cry7Ab4 toxic core exhibited activity to delay the pupation of P. xylostella larvae. Using protein pull-down assay, several proteins, including basic juvenile hormone-suppressible protein 1-like (BJSP-1), were identified from the midgut juice of P. xylostella larvae as putative Cry7Ab4-binding proteins. We showed that feeding P. xylostella larval Cry7Ab4 toxic core upregulated the level of BJSP-1 mRNA in the hemocytes and fat body and decreased the free juvenile hormone (JH) level in larvae. BJSP-1 interacted with Cry7Ab4 and bound to free JH in vitro . A possible mechanism of Cry7Ab4 in delaying the pupation of P. xylostella larvae was proposed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Lu, Jin, Li, Yu, Wen, Gu, Lin and Yu.)

The highly conserved Sal1 encodes a bifunctional enzyme with inositol polyphosphate-1-phosphatase and 3' (2'), 5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase activity and has been shown to alter abiotic stress tolerance in plants when disrupted. Precise gene editing techniques were used to generate Sal1 mutants in hexaploid bread wheat. The CRISPR (Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) Cas9 system with three guide RNAs (gRNAs) was used to inactivate six Sal1 homologous genes within the Bobwhite wheat genome. The resulting mutant wheat plants with all their Sal1 genes disabled had slimmer stems, had a modest reduction in biomass and senesced more slowly in water limiting conditions, but did not exhibit improved yield under drought conditions. Our results show that multiplexed gRNAs enabled effective targeted gene editing of the Sal1 gene family in hexaploid wheat. These Sal1 mutant wheat plants will be a resource for further research studying the function of this gene family in wheat.

Liver fibrosis is the common consequence of almost all liver diseases and has become an urgent clinical problem without efficient therapies. Recent evidence has shown that hepatocytes-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in liver pathophysiology, but little is known about the role of damaged hepatocytes-derived EVs in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and following fibrosis. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) from Ligusticum wallichii Franchat exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities including liver protection. In this study, we investigated whether TMP exerted liver-protective action through regulating EV-dependent intercellular communication between hepatocytes and HSCs. Chronic liver injury was induced in mice by CCl 4 (1.6 mg/kg, i.g.) twice a week for 8 weeks. In the last 4 weeks of CCl 4 administration, mice were given TMP (40, 80, 160 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 , i.g.). Acute liver injury was induced in mice by injection of a single dose of CCl 4 (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.). After injection, mice were treated with TMP (80 mg/kg) every 24 h. We showed that TMP treatment dramatically ameliorated CCl 4 -induced oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation as well as acute or chronic liver fibrosis. In cultured mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs), treatment with CCl 4 or acetaminophen resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from injured hepatocytes to adjacent hepatocytes and HSCs through EVs, mediating hepatocyte damage and fibrogenic responses in activated HSCs; pretreatment of MPHs with TMP (25 μM) prevented all these pathological effects. Transplanted serum EVs from TMP-treated mice prevented both initiation and progression of liver fibrosis caused by CCl 4 . Taken together, this study unravels the complex mechanisms underlying the protective effects of TMP against mtDNA-containing EV-mediated hepatocyte injury and HSC activation during liver injury, and provides critical evidence inspiring the development of TMP-based innovative therapeutic agents for the treatment of liver fibrosis., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to CPS and SIMM.)

Objective: To summarize the clinicopathological factors related to perinatal fetal death and to evaluate importance of fetal autopsy and placental pathology. Methods: The clinicopathological data of 105 perinatal fetal deaths in Beijing Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital from November 2012 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Relevant literature was also reviewed. Results: The maternal age of the deceased fetuses ranged from 22 to 43 years with the average (31.35±4.04 years), and the gestational weeks were 28-40 +6 weeks. Among them, 101 were singleton cases and 4 twin cases. 103 fetuses died in uterus and 2 died during delivery. Relevant factors analysis of the 105 perinatal fetal deaths showed that 86 cases (81.9%, 86/105) were related to umbilical cord/placental abnormality, 10 cases (9.5%, 10/105) uterine infection, 6 cases (5.7%, 6/105) fetal factors, 1 case was fetal maternal blood transfusion syndrome, 1 case twin blood transfusion syndrome, and 1 case died of complete uterine rupture. Among the 86 cases related to umbilical cord/placental abnormality, the diagnosis was most often based on the gross examination of placenta. The most common cause of death was umbilical cord torsion with thin root, followed by placental abruption, tight umbilical cord winding, vascular rupture and umbilical cord true knot. The morphology of placenta revealed mainly functional changes. Among the 10 cases related to intrauterine infections, the placenta generally showed lobular placental edema. The morphological characteristics of ascending infection were mainly acute chorioamnionitis, and the morphological characteristics of blood-borne infection were mainly acute or chronic villitis, as well as villous interstitial inflammation. Identification of viral inclusions suggested viral etiology, while the final diagnosis was relied on laboratory testing. Among the 6 cases related to fetal abnormality, the diagnostic value of placenta was limited and the diagnosis could be made with fetal autopsy. Conclusion: The causes of perinatal fetal death are complex, diverse, and often the synergistic result of multiple factors. Fetal autopsy and placental pathology are the key technical means to identify the cause of death and deserve more attention and utilization.

Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants are abundant, and their metabolites often have antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor effects and can produce secondary metabolites identical or similar to those of their hosts, which can mitigate the problem of insufficient supply of medicinal plants. In this study, we screened endophytic fungi for strains that produce the same diterpene lactones as Andrographis paniculata based on their biological activity. Firstly, the dominant group of endophytic fungi of Andrographis paniculata was screened and pathogenicity was studied using Koch's rule. Secondly, DPPH, ABTS, OH, PTIO radical scavenging, and FRAP assays were used to detect the antioxidant activity of the extracellular extracts of the strains, and total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the strains with high antioxidant capacity were determined. S. aureus , B. subtilis , E. coli , and P. aeruginosa were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the mycelial extracts of the strains. Finally, the secondary metabolites of the mycelial extracts of the strains were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that 32 strains of Andrographis paniculata were relatively isolated > 70% and non-pathogenic. Extracellular extracts of strains AP-1 and AP-4 showed vigorous antioxidant activity, and AP-4, AP-12, AP-47, and AP-48 showed antibacterial activity against four strains of bacteria. The HPLC results indicated that the mycelial extracts of AP-4 and AP-12 contained diterpene lactones. The two endophytic fungi were recognized as Colletotrichum sp. The study successfully obtained diterpene lactones from the endophytic fungus of Andrographis paniculata and confirmed the feasibility of using endophytic fungal strains to produce active substances consistent with the host. It was also useful for exploring endophytic fungi and medicinal plants. The relationship provides theoretical guidance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Li, Xu, Huang, Zheng, Liu, Hu, Gu and Du.)

Four mononuclear terpyridine complexes [Cu(H-L a )Cl 2 ]·CH 3 OH (1), [Cu(H-L a )Cl]ClO 4 (2), [Cu(H-L b )Cl 2 ]·CH 3 OH (3), and [Cu(H-L b )(CH 3 OH)(DMSO)](ClO 4 ) 2 (4) were prepared and fully characterized. Complexes 1-4 exhibited higher cytotoxic activity against several tested cancer cell lines especially BEL-7402 cells compared to cisplatin, and they showed low toxicity towards normal human liver cells. ICP-MS detection indicated that the copper complexes were accumulated in mitochondria. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the copper complexes induced G0/G1 arrest and altered the expression of the related proteins of the cell cycle. All copper complexes reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential while increasing the intracellular ROS levels and the release of Ca 2+ . They also up-regulated Bax and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression levels, caused cytochrome c release and the activation of the caspase cascade, and induced mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. Animal studies demonstrated that complex 1 suppressed tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model bearing BEL-7402 tumor cells.

Three ruthenium(III) complexes with pyrazolopyrimidine [Ru(L n )(H 2 O)Cl 3 ] (1-3, n = 1-3) were prepared and characterized. These Ru(III) compounds show strong cytotoxicity against six cancer cell lines and low toxicity to normal human liver cells. Particularly, they exhibited stronger cytotoxicity to SK-OV-3 cells than cisplatin. Mechanism studies revealed that complex 1 inhibited tumor cell invasion and suppressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis by elevating the levels of intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) and free calcium (Ca 2+ ), and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψ ). It also activated the caspase cascade, accompanied with upregulation of cytochrome c , Bax, p53, Apaf-1 and downregulation of Bcl-2. Moreover, complex 1 caused cell cycle arrest at S phase by inhibiting the expression of CDC 25, cyclin A2 and CDK 2 proteins, and induced DNA damage by interacting with DNA and inhibiting the topoisomerase I enzyme. Complex 1 exhibited efficient in vivo anticancer activity in a model of SK-OV-3 tumor xenograft.

Objective: To investigate the pathological characteristics of singleton placenta with abnormal shape and its influence on the outcome of maternal-fetal pregnancy. Methods: The clinicopathological data of singleton placentas with abnormal shape from January 2014 to December 2020 in the Department of Pathology, Haidian Maternal and Children Health Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results: There were 130 singleton placentas with abnormal shape in this cohort, including 48 succenturiate placentas, 12 bilobed placentas, 50 marginate placentas, 13 circumvallate placentas, 3 annular placentas, 2 membranous placentas and 2 fenestrated placentas. Gestational age ranged from 29 +5 to 40 +4 weeks. There were 51 cases of premature rupture of membranes, 11 cases of placenta previa, 5 cases of placental abruption, 15 cases of placental adhesion/implantation and 27 cases of postpartum hemorrhage. There were 46 preterm fetuses,28 fetuses with fetal growth restriction, 22 fetuses with intrauterine distress, and 1 fetus with intrauterine death. Grossly, the placental lobules of succenturiate placentas had apparent size difference, while two lobules of bilobate placenta were more consistent. The chorionic plate size was smaller than the bottom plate of circumvallate placenta, the folded fetal membrane in the rim of placenta was thickened (termed marginate placenta if there was no thickening). The membranous placenta was characterized by a thin, large membrane-like shape. Annular placenta showed characteristic hollow cylinder, ring or horseshoe-shape. Fenestrated placenta was characterized by tissue defects near central area. Microscopically, functional/morphologic changes were the main manifestations of inadequate maternal-fetal perfusion, including villous infarction, distal villous dysplasia and excessive villous maturation. Conclusions: The abnormal shaped singleton placentas showed variable extent of inadequate maternal-fetal perfusion, which may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as premature delivery, fetal growth restriction, intrauterine distress or fetal death.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most notorious diseases for being asymptomatic at early stage and high mortality rate thereafter. However, either chemotherapy or targeted therapy has rarely achieved success in recent clinical trials for pancreatic cancer. Novel therapeutic regimens or agents are urgently in need. Ibr-7 is a novel derivative of ibrutinib, displaying superior antitumour activity in pancreatic cancer cells than ibrutinib. In vitro studies showed that ibr-7 greatly inhibited the proliferation of BxPC-3, SW1990, CFPAC-1 and AsPC-1 cells via the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and substantial suppression of mTOR/p70S6K pathway. Moreover, ibr-7 was able to sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine through the efficient repression of TRIM32, which was positively correlated with the proliferation and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, knockdown of TRIM32 diminished mTOR/p70S6K activity in pancreatic cancer cells, indicating a positive feedback loop between TRIM32 and mTOR/p70S6K pathway. To conclude, this work preliminarily explored the role of TRIM32 in the malignant properties of pancreatic cancer cells and evaluated the possibility of targeting TRIM32 to enhance effectiveness of gemcitabine, thereby providing a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aegilops tauschii is the donor of the D subgenome of hexaploid wheat and an important genetic resource. The reference-quality genome sequence Aet v4.0 for Ae. tauschii acc. AL8/78 was therefore an important milestone for wheat biology and breeding. Further advances in sequencing acc. AL8/78 and release of the Aet v5.0 sequence assembly are reported here. Two new optical maps were constructed and used in the revision of pseudomolecules. Gaps were closed with Pacific Biosciences long-read contigs, decreasing the gap number by 38,899. Transposable elements and protein-coding genes were reannotated. The number of annotated high-confidence genes was reduced from 39,635 in Aet v4.0 to 32,885 in Aet v5.0. A total of 2245 biologically important genes, including those affecting plant phenology, grain quality, and tolerance of abiotic stresses in wheat, was manually annotated and disease-resistance genes were annotated by a dedicated pipeline. Disease-resistance genes encoding nucleotide-binding site domains, receptor-like protein kinases, and receptor-like proteins were preferentially located in distal chromosome regions, whereas those encoding transmembrane coiled-coil proteins were dispersed more evenly along the chromosomes. Discovery, annotation, and expression analyses of microRNA (miRNA) precursors, mature miRNAs, and phasiRNAs are reported, including miRNA target genes. Other small RNAs, such as hc-siRNAs and tRFs, were characterized. These advances enhance the utility of the Ae. tauschii genome sequence for wheat genetics, biotechnology, and breeding., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Genetics Society of America.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) species. AD not only influences the life quality of the patients but also heavily burdens the families and society. Therefore, it is an urgent mission to research and develop some new anti-amyloid aggregation drugs. In recent years, there were research and development of engineered nanostructures as Aβ amyloid inhibitors have attracted extensive attention and become a new frontier in nanomedicine. The effects of nanostructural surface properties (e.g., morphology, charge, hydrophobicity) on inhibition of Aβ aggregation are modulated by adsorbed Aβ peptides. Nevertheless, chirality has been seldom considered in recognition of Aβ species and modulation of Aβ aggregations. Moreover, a more relevant question for chiral inhibitors is little known about the molecular mechanism of how to interface chiral effects Aβ targeting recognition and effective mitigation of amyloidosis at the molecular level. Herein, we review recent experimental and theoretical results acquired in the specific areas of artificial chiral nanostructure inhibitors. This article will be essential to provide a microlevel insight into the effects of chiral nanointerfaces on amyloidosis processes as well as the development of chiral inhibitor drugs against Aβ fibrillation.

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) account for only 10% of total wheat storage proteins, but play an important role in the processing quality of wheat flour. Therefore, identifying HMW-GS alleles associated with good end-use quality provides important information for wheat breeders. To rapidly, accurately and reproducibly identify HMW-GS, we established an optimized reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method. Separation parameters were optimized using an ACQUITY UPLC Protein BEH C 4 column and stepwise ACN gradient, and the separation patterns and retention times (RTs) of 22 subunits were comparatively analyzed in 16 standard wheat cultivars. All HMW-GS proteins were well separated within about 5.5 min, and all analyses were complete within 12 min. We distinguished the 16 subunits based on RT, although three subunits in 1Bx (1Bx7/1Bx7 OE and 1Bx17) and three subunits in 1By (1By8*, 1By9 and 1By15) had overlapping RTs; these were differentiated by SDS-PAGE. To distinguish 1Bx7 and 1Bx7 OE , which differ in protein abundance, RP-UPLC was combined with PCR analysis of DNA junction markers. The optimized method was successfully applied to determine HMW-GS alleles in a large collection of bread wheat germplasm (1787 lines). This protocol is an appropriate option for selecting lines harboring favorable HMW-GS alleles in wheat breeding.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and affects dopaminergic neurons. Autophagy often shows a circadian rhythm pattern under physiological conditions across 24 h. Abnormal autophagy and circadian dysfunction are two characteristics of PD. Whether the rhythm of autophagy is altered in PD has not yet been reported. Therefore, in this study, we collected peripheral blood samples at 6:00 h and 18:00 h from PD patients and age-matched controls, and analyzed the mRNA expressions of ULK1, BECN1, LAMP2, AMPK, and SNCA using real-time quantitative PCR. Blood samples analysis found that BECN1 and LAMP2 levels were decreased in patients with PD. Simultaneously, the rhythm of autophagy in PD is not consistent with that in the Control group, which may be a manifestation of the abnormal biological rhythm of PD., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)