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[ES] En el ámbito empresarial, la innovación se posiciona como un pilar fundamental para el avance y la competitividad en el mercado. Es evidente que persistir en la aplicación de métodos obsoletos es una práctica contraproducente que no va a generar resultados alternativos. Este principio, arraigado en la investigación científica y empresarial, subraya la importancia de explorar nuevas ideas y enfoques para alcanzar el éxito empresarial. Además, en la actualidad, la rápida evolución de Internet y las tecnologías de la información están transformando los patrones culturales relacionados con la búsqueda, adquisición y consumo de productos, debido al fácil acceso que ofrecen estas herramientas a las personas. En este contexto, las subvenciones gubernamentales desempeñan un papel crucial al proporcionar apoyo financiero y recursos a las empresas. A través de la inversión en innovación mediante subvenciones, los gobiernos pueden estimular la productividad, fomentar la creación de empleo en sectores que emplean alta tecnología y conocimiento intensivo, así como promover un emprendimiento sostenible. El presente trabajo final de grado (TFG) se enfoca en analizar el impacto de las subvenciones destinadas al impulso de planes empresariales para nuevas empresas innovadoras y al desarrollo de las capacidades innovadoras de las pymes en dos regiones de España: la Comunidad Valenciana y Galicia. Estas regiones destacan por su dinámico entorno empresarial y su constante búsqueda de mejora y adaptación a nuevas tendencias y demandas del mercado. La finalidad principal de este estudio reside en el interés de examinar el comportamiento de las pymes una vez reciben la ayuda dineraria para tratar de mejorar sus estados financieros, evaluando sus ingresos y resultados del ejercicio mediante la realización de un trabajo de campo en el que se utilizará herramientas informáticas aprendidas a lo largo del grado. La importancia de esta investigación radica en comprender el impacto de las s, [EN] In the business environment, innovation is positioned as a fundamental mainstay for progress and competitiveness in the market. Persisting in the application of obsolete methods is a counterproductive practice that will not generate alternative results. This principle, rooted in scientific and business research, underscores the importance of exploring new ideas and approaches to achieve business success. Moreover, today, the rapid evolution of the Internet and information technologies is transforming cultural patterns related to the search, acquisition and consumption of products, due to the easy access these tools offer to individuals. In this context, government subsidies play a crucial role in providing financial support and resources to companies. By investing in innovation through subsidies, governments can stimulate productivity, foster job creation in high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors and promote sustainable entrepreneurship. This Bachelor¿s Degree Final Project (TFG) focuses on analyzing the impact of subsidies aimed at promoting business plans for innovative start-ups and the development of innovative capabilities of SMEs in two regions of Spain: Valencian Community and Galicia. These regions stand out for their dynamic business environment and their constant search for improvement and adaptation to new trends and market demands. The main purpose of this study lies in the interest of examining the behavior of SMEs once they receive the financial aid to try to improve their financial statements, evaluating their income and results of the year by conducting a fieldwork in which computer tools learned throughout the degree will be used.The importance of this research lies in understanding the impact of subsidies both for the beneficiary companies and for the financing decisions of future projects by public institutions in the field of innovation and entrepreneurship., [CA] En l'àmbit empresarial, la innovació es posiciona com un pilar fonamental per a l'avanç i la competitivitat en el mercat. És evident que persistir en l'aplicació de mètodes obsolets és una pràctica contraproduent que no generarà resultats alternatius. Este principi, arrelat en la investigació científica i empresarial, subratlla la importància d'explorar noves idees i enfocaments per a aconseguir l'èxit empresarial. A més, en l'actualitat, la ràpida evolució d'Internet i les tecnologies de la informació estan transformant els patrons culturals relacionats amb la cerca, adquisició i consum de productes, a causa del fàcil accés que oferixen estes ferramentes a les persones. En este context, les subvencions governamentals exercixen un paper crucial en proporcionar suport financer i recursos a les empreses. A través de la inversió en innovació mitjançant subvencions, els governs poden estimular la productivitat, fomentar la creació d'ocupació en sectors que empren alta tecnologia i coneixement intensiu, així com promoure una emprenedoria sostenible. El present treball final de grau (*TFG) s'enfoca a analitzar l'impacte de les subvencions destinades a l'impuls de plans empresarials per a noves empreses innovadores i al desenvolupament de les capacitats innovadores de les pimes en dos regions d'Espanya: la Comunitat Valenciana i Galícia. Estes regions destaquen pel seu dinàmic entorn empresarial i la seua constant cerca de millora i adaptació a noves tendències i demandes del mercat. La finalitat principal d'este estudi residix en l'interés d'examinar el comportament de les pimes una vegada reben l'ajuda dinerària per a tractar de millorar els seus estats financers, avaluant els seus ingressos i resultats de l'exercici mitjançant la realització d'un treball de camp en el qual s'utilitzarà ferramentes informàtiques apreses al llarg del grau. La importància d'esta investigació radica a comprendre l'impacte de les subvencions tant per a les empreses beneficiàries com per

Composite indicators are a remarkably useful tool in policy ana- lysis and public communication for assessing phenomena, such as Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE), that cannot be expressed by means of a simple indicator. The objective of this study is to pro- pose and compare three MCA-DEA models from a “Benefit of Doubt” (BoD) approach in order to build KBE Composite Indicators. To show the effectiveness of the models, this paper proposes a case study of 36 European countries to assess the degree of development of KBE. The results revealed differences with respect to the optimal weights assigned to the sub-indica- tors, the discriminating power, the operability, and the participa- tory nature of the models. Model 1 yielded high scores for every country and low discriminating power. Model 2 favored the most efficient countries in terms of KBE and allows for the incorpor- ation of expert knowledge, thereby giving flexibility to the pro- cess. Model 3 made it possible to construct composite indicators from an optimal balance approach and yielded low results overall. These results demonstrate the necessity to analyze the different choices for measuring KBE in order to determine which indicator is more suitable for each context., Depto. de Economía Financiera y Actuarial y Estadística, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

El proyecto avanza en la identificación de las variables digitales válidas para predecir la deserción universitaria en sus distintas áreas de conocimiento. También avanza en un esquema de diagnóstico individualizado para las distintas fases de la deserción académica, que posteriormente puede ser convertido en lenguaje de máquina para su uso por parte de los profesores, para identificar situaciones de riesgo de abandono y realizar intervenciones para evitarlo.

[EN] Few studies have been conducted on indigenous social entrepreneurship practices in Latin America. The purpose of this paper is to examine the development of indigenous social entrepreneurship practices in Colombia drawing on postcolonial theory and in particular Bhabha's mimicry and hybridity theoretical framework. Using participatory video research, this work draws upon evidence from a multiple case study of five indigenous communities (Curripaco, Puinave, Yanacona, Misak and Wayuu) in three geographic regions. The analysis of the multiple case study using NVIVO, discovered that indigenous social enterprises operate as hybrid organisations that are influenced by their cultural practices, as well as the dominant Western forms legitimised by SE norms (mimicry). This paper brings into attention the importance of the hybrid forms of businesses and community's sustainable development.

[ES] A finales del año 2019 en China aparece un nuevo virus. Este sería el causante del conocido como COVID-19, el virus llevó al país a una situación nueva hasta el momento que más tarde se expandiría por Europa y el mundo entero. Más tarde, ya comenzado 2020 llegaría el virus a Europa y a finales del mes de febrero llegaría a territorio nacional. El 14 de marzo se declaró en España el primer de estado de alarma causado por el coronavirus con efectos inmediatos sobre la vida de las personas, apareciendo ya las primeras restricciones. En el presente trabajo Final de Grado se expondrán las consecuencias económicas de esta pandemia y como las diferentes políticas llevadas a cabo por el ejecutivo español y las diferentes autonomías han afectado a la economía en su conjunto, tratando de comprobar si existe relación entre la dureza de las medidas y el impacto económico. Desde una perspectiva económica, se analizará como las principales variables reales de la economía han sido afectadas por las distintas medidas del gobierno central y de los diversos gobiernos autonómicos. La gran mayoría de las variables comentadas han sido sustraídas de fuentes como el Instituto Nacional de Estadística o Ministerio de Hacienda. Para extraer los datos de los diferentes trabajos académicos se han usado los diferentes repositorios online, como Riunet, Dialnet o Google Schoolar. Finalmente, el trabajo se centrará en el sector que más ha sufrido las políticas de confinamiento desde un inicio, el sector servicios. Pese a que la economía en su totalidad ha padecido el coronavirus, el sector terciario ha sido el más perjudicado. Además, se demostrará que a aquellas comunidades donde el sector servicios tiene un mayor peso en el Producto Interior Bruto son las que más retroceso en el mismo han sufrido. Siendo los resultados en general negativos, pero muy dispares entre regiones., [EN] At the end of 2019 in China a new virus appears. This would be the cause of the one known as COVID-19, the virus led the country to a new situation so far that would later spread throughout Europe and the whole world. Later, at the beginning of 2020, the virus would arrive in Europe and at the end of February it would reach the national territory. On March 14, the first State of Alarm caused by the coronavirus was declared in Spain, with immediate effects on people's lives, with the first restrictions appearing. In this Final Degree thesis, the economic consequences of this pandemic will be presented and how the different policies carried out by the Spanish government and the different autonomous regions have affected the economy, trying to check if there is a relationship between the hardness of the measures and the economic impact. From an economic perspective, it ill be analyzed how the main real variables of the economy have been affected by the different measures of the central government and the various autonomous governments. Most of the variables discussed have been taken from sources such as the National Institute of Statistics or the Ministry of Finance. To extract the data from the different academic works, the different online repositories have been used, such as Riunet, Dialnet or Google Schoolar. Finally, the work will focus on the sector that has suffered the most from the confinement policies from the beginning, the service sector. Although the economy has suffered from the coronavirus, the tertiary sector has been the most affected. In addition, it will be shown that those communities where the service sector has a greater weight in the Gross Domestic Product are the ones that have suffered the greatest setback. The results are generally negative, but very disparate between regions., [CA] A la fi de l'any 2019 a la Xina apareix un nou virus. Aquest seria el causant del conegut com a COVID-19, el virus va portar al país a una situació nova fins al moment que més tard s'expandiria per Europa i el món sencer. Més tard, ja començat 2020 arribaria el virus a Europa i a la fi del mes de febrer arribaria a territori nacional. El 14 de març es va declarar a Espanya el primer d'Estat d'Alarma causat pel coronavirus amb efectes immediats sobre la vida de les persones, apareixent ja les primeres restriccions. En el present treball Final de Grau s'exposaran les conseqüències econòmiques d'aquesta pandèmia i com les diferents polítiques dutes a terme per l'executiu espanyol i les diferents autonomies han afectat l'economia en el seu conjunt, tractant de comprovar si existeix relació entre la duresa de les mesures i l'impacte econòmic. Des d'una perspectiva econòmica, s'analitzarà com les principals variables reals de l'economia han sigut afectades per les diferents mesures del govern central i dels diversos governs autonòmics. La gran majoria de les variables comentades han sigut sostretes de fonts com l'Institut Nacional d'Estadística o Ministeri d'Hisenda. Per a extraure les dades dels diferents treballs acadèmics s'han usat els diferents repositoris en línia, com Riunet, Dialnet o Google Schoolar. Finalment, el treball se centrarà en el sector que més ha patit les polítiques de confinament des d'un inici, el sector serveis. Malgrat que l'economia íntegrament ha patit el coronavirus, el sector terciari ha sigut el més perjudicat. A més, es demostrarà que a aquelles comunitats on el sector serveis té un major pes en el Producte Interior Brut són les que més reculada en el mateix han patit. Sent els resultats en general negatius, però molt dispars entre regions.

[ES] La industria 4.0 está llamada a constituir uno de los mayores cambios hacia la automatización y la mejora de la productividad que ha experimentado el sector industrial desde principios del siglo XXI. La transformación requerirá del almacenamiento y análisis de grandes cantidades de datos, del control y gestión de sistemas robóticos y de una comunicación confiable y rápida capaz de conectar grandes cantidades de dispositivos. En este sentido, el 5G se erige como la novedosa tecnología de comunicaciones clave para cubrir estas necesidades. Sin embargo, en el mercado actual no existen ni soluciones estandarizadas ni empresas que tengan la experiencia para llevar a cabo la integración entre operadores de telecomunicaciones e industria. El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado realiza el análisis de FIVECOMM, una startup pionera que trata de cubrir esta necesidad. Esta empresa, fruto de la colaboración entre institutos de investigación e inversores privados, ha surgido con el propósito de posicionarse como agente clave en el mercado de las telecomunicaciones de próxima generación. Por eso, se analizará las oportunidades de mercado que puede ofrecer para la empresa el mercado del 5G, concretamente el despliegue de redes 5G privadas para el uso empresarial como nuevo modelo de negocio., [EN] Industry 4.0 is set to be one of the biggest shifts towards automation and productivity improvement that the industrial sector has experienced since the beginning of the 21st century. The transformation will require the storage and analysis of large amounts of data, the control and management of robotic systems, and reliable and fast communication capable of connecting large numbers of devices. In this sense, 5G stands as the key novel communications technology to meet these needs. However, in the current market there are neither standardized solutions nor companies that have the experience to carry out the integration between telecommunications operators and industry. This Final Degree Project analyzes FIVECOMM, a pioneer startup that tries to cover this need. This company, the result of collaboration between research institutes and private investors, has emerged with the purpose of positioning itself as a key player in the next generation telecommunications market. Therefore, the market opportunities that the 5G market can offer for the company will be analyzed, specifically the private 5G networks deployment for industrial use cases as a new business model., [CA] La indústria 4.0 està cridada a constituir un dels majors canvis cap a l'automatització i la millora de la productivitat que ha experimentat el sector industrial des de principis del segle XXI. La transformació requerirà de l'emmagatzematge i anàlisi de grans quantitats de dades, del control i gestió de sistemes robòtics i d'una comunicació de confiança i ràpida capaç de connectar grans quantitats de dispositius. En aquest sentit, el 5G s'erigeix com la nova tecnologia de comunicacions clau per a cobrir aquestes necessitats. No obstant això, en el mercat actual no existeixen ni solucions estandarditzades ni empreses que tinguen l'experiència per a dur a terme la integració entre operadors de telecomunicacions i indústria. El present Treball de Fi de Grau realitza l'anàlisi de FIVECOMM, una startup pionera que tracta de cobrir aquesta necessitat. Aquesta empresa, fruit de la col·laboració entre instituts d'investigació i inversors privats, ha sorgit amb el propòsit de posicionar-se com a agent clau en el mercat de les telecomunicacions de pròxima generació. Per això, s'analitzarà les oportunitats de mercat que pot oferir per a l'empresa el mercat del 5G, concretament el desplegament de xarxes 5G privades per a l'ús empresarial com a nou model de negoci.

Composite indicators are a remarkably useful tool in policy analysis and public communication for assessing phenomena, such as Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE), that cannot be expressed by means of a simple indicator. The objective of this study is to propose and compare three MCA-DEA models from a “Benefit of Doubt” (BoD) approach in order to build KBE Composite Indicators. To show the effectiveness of the models, this paper proposes a case study of 36 European countries to assess the degree of development of KBE. The results revealed differences with respect to the optimal weights assigned to the sub-indicators, the discriminating power, the operability, and the participatory nature of the models. Model 1 yielded high scores for every country and low discriminating power. Model 2 favored the most efficient countries in terms of KBE and allows for the incorporation of expert knowledge, thereby giving flexibility to the process. Model 3 made it possible to construct composite indicators from an optimal balance approach and yielded low results overall. These results demonstrate the necessity to analyze the different choices for measuring KBE in order to determine which indicator is more suitable for each context.

This article is (c) Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for this version to appear here (please insert the web address here). Emerald does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limites, [EN] Purpose - This study contributes to the limited literature on crowdlending by providing a data-driven analysis of the sector. Asynthetic DP2 indicator is proposed to identify the leaders of the crowdlending market, the key factors behind their success and the medium-term competitive implications. Design/methodology/approach - The study examines 17 crowdlending platforms and eight performance indicators. The information provided by these indicators is aggregated using a synthetic indicator based on the P-2 Distance (DP2) method. Findings - Mintos, Evoestate, Peerberry, Bondster and Fellow Finance are the leading platforms. This method reveals the key variables in the identification of market leaders, namely year-on-year variation in the number of investors and year-on-year variation in lending per investor. The leaders in terms of lending volumes should not take their current situation for granted. Small and medium-sized platforms are pushing hard and may overtake the incumbents as market leaders. Practical implications - Financial intermediation through crowdlending is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to traditional models. Changes in the sector are expected in the coming years due to the rise of platforms with a moderate amount of lending and solid year-on-year improvement. To become leaders and to attract both lenders and borrowers, platforms are encouraged to improve the information that they provide. Originality/value - This paper offers the first analysis of market leadership in the crowdlending sector. It analyses the competitive market of the crowdlending sector based on its actors and key factors. These factors explain the differences in the market position of different platforms. Based on this analysis, the trends in this sector can be identified. This study is exploratory, so it offers empirical data that can be useful in the development of theories that apply to the sector.

Investment in natural capital is increasingly necessary and urgent considering the increasing loss of global bio- diversity and the associated social and economic losses. Ecosystem services are tools for quantifying the stock of natural capital and there is great concern about their assessment and valuation. However, there remains a substantial gap between the large amount of information available about ecosystem services and the infor- mation required to support decisions and this undermines the efficiency of their management. Multi-criteria analysis techniques can be very useful to efficiently develop decision-making processes to properly channel investment and optimize the costs associated with conservation. This paper proposes an innovative mixed methodology for multi-criteria analysis to assign priorities to ecosystem services in protected areas in terms of importance and vulnerability. The model was applied by a group of experts to prioritize 20 ecosystem services in the Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park. In order to collect and analyze the individual valuations, a mixed method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Goal Programming (GP) was used, and to aggregate the valuation criteria, a Joint Relevance Index (JRI) was used, which presents the relative importance of each service in an aggregated way. The results show that conservation policies should be primarily directed towards lifecycle maintenance and water conditions. Depending on the vulnerability of the services, conservation poli- cies should be channeled towards provisioning services related to wild animals and wild plants. Considering the relative importance of services in the park, priority should be oriented to lifecycle maintenance, water conditions and intellectual interaction with the environment., Depto. de Economía Financiera y Actuarial y Estadística, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

[EN] This study examines brands' vulnerability to fake news. The rapid spread of online misinformation poses challenges to brand managers, whose brands are cocreated online, sometimes to the detriment of the brand. There is a need to identify the information sources that are likely to be trustworthy and to promote positive consumer attitudes toward brands. The data for this study were taken from a Flash Eurobarometer of 26,576 respondents across 28 European countries. Cluster analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data and unveil users' attitudes toward fake news. The findings show that users' attitudes toward fake news differ among European countries. Younger and tech-savvy users are more likely to recognize fake news and are consequently able to evaluate digital information sources without relying on policy interventions to limit the impact of fake news. Brand managers can use the findings of this study to better understand different kinds of users' susceptibility to fake news and reshape their social media branding strategies accordingly. It is hoped that this paper will encourage further research on brand management in relation to fake news and promote the widespread adoption of best practices in social media communication.

[EN] The need to innovate in order to adapt to continuous changes in the environment affects all production units, but this may be particularly true of the health sector, which is key to ensuring healthy lives. However, the day-to-day running of a country absorbs nearly all its economic resources, with health innovation being consistently overlooked and only coming to the fore in isolated cases of public emergencies. This research has a twofold objective. First, it analyses the efficiency of national expenditure on research and development (R&D) in the health sector and the changes in productivity that occurred in the period 2009-2017, using DEA-Bootstrap and the Global Malmquist Index. Second, regression models are used to quantify the relative importance of said efficiency for the health status of the population, introducing other aspects that a priori could also be expected to affect this status. The sample is composed of 23 European OECD countries, and a biennial data analysis is carried out to ensure the results are stable over time, as well as to study the particular case of each of the countries analysed. The results reveal that efficiency is not determined by the volume of resources allocated to health innovation. The budget that Norway assigns to R&D in the health sector is only a quarter that of Germany's, but it more efficiently transforms that spending into quality of life. In addition, the level of happiness, the country's wealth, and spending on health are the factors that have the greatest effect on the perceived health status of the European population.

[EN] This article provides fresh insights into the link between brand equity and firm-level productivity, including the direct effect and the potential interaction effect with research and development (R&D) and human capital. A panel data model using Chinese listed companies' accounting data from 2012 to 2017 is constructed to test our hypotheses. The main findings are as follows: First, both the direct effects and the potential interaction effects with R&D and human capital are significant. Second, a larger direct effect exists in large enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and manufacturing sector enterprises when considering firm heterogeneity. Third, when it comes to the interaction effect, firms are able to use R&D and human capital to enhance the impact of brand equity on firm productivity, while this effect is insignificant in non-state-owned and service sector enterprises. Overall, our results suggest brand equity will play an important role in future growth in China, and proper attention should be devoted to it in terms of policy and regulation.

[EN] Tourist activity has a number of impacts on the destinations in which it takes place, among which are the environmental ones. A particular problem is the increase in water demand and wastewater production, which can compromise the balance of ecosystems. As many authors point out, there is a research gap in the comparative analysis between available water resources and the demand associated with tourism. In this respect, the main objective of this work is, on the one hand, to assess the water needs linked to the tourism industry and the capacity of natural resources to meet such a demand and, on the other hand, to estimate the economic cost of the water supply associated with the growing tourist demand in a territory, such as the island of Ibiza in Spain. It has been determined that the resources available are not sufficient to meet the water demand of the resident population at this destination, which is why it is necessary to resort to producing desalinated water. Therefore, the additional requirements associated with tourism must be met fully with desalinated water, which results in an increased cost of water management for the region. This paper also points at water losses in distribution networks and tourism seasonality as two phenomena that aggravate this issue.