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Presence and functional roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in wetland environment have gained a global importance in recent past. Wetlands build a low-oxygen atmosphere, forming a completely different ecological environment for AM fungi, known more to occur in terrestrial environment. Nevertheless, as many 101 of AM fungi species, belonging to 19 genera and 9 families have been observed in the rhizosphere of wetland plants. In order to obtain oxygen, AM fungi expand the aeration system of wetland plants, store oxygen through their own vesicles, or change the structure of AM to survive. Human activities negatively affect the wetland environment, thus, reducing the population of AM fungi, while certain AM fungi species still improved the survival and development of wetland plants. AM fungi regulate different physiological activities of wetland plants in response to waterlogging stress, including an enhancement of antioxidant defense system, increased proline accumulation, improved plant growth and root morphology, responses of nutrients and aquaporins, and suppression in ethanol accumulation. The current review briefly summarized different species of wetland plants forming AM structures, the population of AM fungi inhabiting the rhizosphere of wetland plant, AM fungi-colonization of wetland plants, and the effect of AM fungi on physiological functions of wetland plants to neutralize the negative impact of waterlogging in addition to outlook of researchable issues. This review also highlighted human impacts on AM fungi of wetland plants and the impact of AM fungi on wetland environments and wetland plants.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can benefit many plants, but their effects on walnuts are not yet known. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of five AMF species, namely, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Diversispora spurca, Glomus etunicatum, G. mosseae and G. versiforme on biomass production, chlorophyll contents, sugar fraction contents, and mineral element contents of walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings. The five AMF species colonized roots of walnut, established mycorrhizas in roots and hyphae in soil, and released easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein into soil, whilst D. spurca exhibited the best effect. All the AMF inoculations, except A. scrobiculata, stimulated shoot and root biomass production. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculations collectively increased leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll a+b concentrations, and thus promoted leaf sucrose accumulation, which provides an important mycorrhiza-carbon source to roots. AMF inoculations conferred a positive effect on leaf N, P, K, Mg, Fe, B, Zn and Cu contents, while they reduced leaf Mn contents. These results concluded that AMF were beneficial to the growth and physiological activities of walnut, which gives the support for the AMF application in walnut.

We theoretically and experimentally investigate the laser-detected magnetic resonance spectra dressed by a radio-frequency magnetic field in F g = 4 of D1 line of cesium atoms. The analytical expression of the transmission spectrum for magnetic resonance dressed by a radio-frequency magnetic field is derived and has substantial agreement with the transmission spectra observed in the experiment. The theoretical prediction of the ratio of the amplitudes of the two sidebands with the detuning is basically consistent with the experimental data, which confirms the validity of the analytical expression. The separation between the two sidebands under resonance shows a highly linear proportion to the amplitude of the dressing field, which may provide a useful scheme for the measurement of radio-frequency magnetic field and magnetic imaging.

The ultrastrongly coupling (USC) system has very important research significance in quantum simulation and quantum computing. In this paper, the ultranarrow spectrum of a circuit QED system with two qubits ultrastrongly coupled to a single-mode cavity is studied. In the regime of USC, the JC model breaks down and the counter-rotating terms in the quantum Rabi Hamiltonian leads to the level anti-crossing in the energy spectrum. Choosing a single-photon driving field at the point of avoided-level crossing, we can get an equivalent four-level dressed state model, in which the dissipation of the two intermediate states is only related to the qubits decay. Due to the electron shelving of these two metastable states, a narrow peak appears in the cavity emission spectrum. Furthermore, we find that the physical origin for the spectral narrowing is the vacuum-induced quantum interference between two transition pathways. And this interference effect couples the slowly decaying incoherent components of the density matrix into the equations of the sidebands. This result provides a possibility for the study of quantum interference effect in the USC system.

Augmented renal clearance presents as super-renal function with enhanced renal perfusion and glomerular hyperfiltration in many critically ill infants. This study was to compare vancomycin clearance (CL) between critically ill infants with augmented renal clearance and with normal renal function and to optimize the vancomycin dosage. Data were retrospectively obtained from infants treated in intensive care units. Population pharmacokinetics analysis was conducted using nonlinear mixed-effects model software. A total of 66 critically ill infants were included: 47 infants with augmented renal clearance and 19 infants with normal renal function. The median doses of vancomycin for infants with augmented renal clearance and with normal renal function were 48 and 47 mg/kg/day (P .05), respectively. The median CL in infants with augmented renal clearance was increased 1.96-fold compared with infants who had normal renal function (0.98 versus 0.5 L/h, P .001). Simulations indicated that the recommended dosage of 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 mg/kg/day would be appropriate in critically ill infants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 130-149, 150-169, 170-189, 190-209, and210 mL/min/1.73 m

We have theoretically and experimentally investigated the laser-detected magnetic resonance induced by radio-frequency two-photon processes in ${F}_{g}=4$ of ${D}_{1}$ line of cesium atoms. The effective Hamiltonian for the interaction between the two radio-frequency magnetic fields and sublevels at the ground state of ${F}_{g}=4$ is derived. By appropriately selecting the frequencies of the two radio-frequency fields, the Raman two-photon process and the cascade two-photon process can occur, which induce the magnetic resonance detected through laser transmission spectra. The theoretical calculation results fit well with the experimental data. Our results maybe apply for measuring the high bandwidth radio-frequency magnetic fields in space and studying the magnetic-induction tomography.

Endoscopes use small-size image sensors to achieve imaging, so the image is usually transmitted in high-speed serial signal or analog signal, which are susceptible to interference during transmission, resulting in stripe noise in the image. The endoscope designed in this paper is applied to the urinary system, and the ultra-compact image sensor OV6946 is used to realize in-vivo imaging. In medical endoscope system, stripe noise will seriously affect image quality, which affect the doctor’s diagnosis of the disease and even cause misdiagnosis to patients. Therefore, removing the stripe noise in endoscope image has great application value. Most of the stripe phenomenon in image is the introduction of specific frequency noise components. In order to make the stripe noise removal method universal, a real-time method to remove stripe noise is proposed on the basis of analyzing the characteristics of stripe noise. Fourier transform on each line of noise image is implemented in FPGA. The stripe noise spectrum is identified and suppressed in frequency domain to achieve the effect of real-time removal of stripe noise. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively suppress the stripe noise of OV6946 output image, preserve the edge and detail information of the image. At the same time, the processing time is only $4.143 \mu \mathrm{s}$ under the system clock of 300MHz, which can well meet the real-time requirements of endoscopic imaging.

The existing photodetectors at home and abroad are generally lack adjustable gain and bandwidth, which makes it difficult to optimize various parameters. A low noise differential photodetector is designed. Its main gain is adjustable in the range of 10k-l0M, bandwidth is adjustable in the range of DC-3Mhz, and compensation amplification gain is adjustable in the range of 1-10. The equivalent noise model of PIN (positive-intrinsic-negative) photodiode and its amplifier circuit is analyzed. The optimal signal-to-noise ratio is 47dB and the minimum resolvable optical power is 1nW. The output voltage amplitude is linear with the input light intensity. When the signal frequency is within 3MHz, the signal can be detected without distortion. While meeting the performance requirements, the adjustable parameters are easy to explore the influence of gain, bandwidth and other factors on the experimental results, which is flexible and easy to be applied and promoted in precision spectroscopy and quantum optics experiments.

As a beneficial endophytic fungus, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed in nature and can symbiotically grow with approx. 80% of terrestrial plants, helping host plants to grow and develop with increased tolerance to various stresses. One of the most important functions of AMF is to promote the uptake of P from the soil by the host plant. The available findings explain the role of mycorrhizal fungi. For example, AMF increase the phosphorus uptake area of plant roots by improving the root architecture, and the extraradical mycelium can extend beyond the phosphorus-deprived areas that are inaccessible to the root, helping to expand new phosphorus sources. AMF also increase the secretion of phosphatases and organic acids in plant roots to improve the soil environment for accelerating the conversion of insoluble phosphorus. The phosphorus transporter protein genes expression is induced by AMF to enhance host P acquisition. The review briefly outlines these potential mechanisms and suggests outlooks for future research.

By constructing a quantum filtering system to synthesize the spectral and spatial properties of stimulated radiation, the directionality of spectrally correlated nonclassical properties of resonance fluorescence from a three-body quantum antenna is investigated. The quantum antenna consists of three two-level quantum emitters, two of which are identical and strongly driven by an external laser field to radiate the collective resonance fluorescence with three distinct spectral components. The collective stimulated radiation is shaped by the remaining auxiliary emitter via its spontaneous emission, which is assumed to be resonant with the higher-frequency spectral component of the two identical emitters. Due to the presence of the auxiliary emitter, highly directional nonclassicality of the spectral correlations can be generated, which is the consequence of the internal interference of the source and the spatial interference of the radiation field. The electric dipole-dipole interaction between the undriven emitter and the dressed two-body radiating source plays a crucial role in breaking the rotational symmetry of nonclassical signals, which is embodied by various photon correlation functions with a frequency-resolved version for different spectral combinations. By correlating the two opposite sidebands, the frequency-resolved intensity-intensity correlation functions can signal highly directional nonclassicality, and the frequency-resolved two-mode entanglement along a specific emission direction can be tested by the frequency-resolved anomalous correlation function. While the directional nonclassical correlations between the central-frequency and the three-body collective higher-frequency components can be identified through the frequency-resolved intensity-field correlation function. These various frequency-resolved correlation functions characterize the spatial asymmetry of nonclassical properties of the collective stimulated radiation from different perspectives, including the particle properties and the quantum coherences of the filtered photons. When the three-body collective higher-frequency sidebands are correlated with the central band and the lower-frequency sideband, respectively, the schemes of using the auxiliary undriven emitter to generate optimal nonclassical correlations with well-defined directions are discussed analytically. In addition, the results obtained from the three-body quantum antenna and a dressed two-body quantum antenna are compared.

The intensity-amplitude correlation functions for a driven cavity QED system with two non-identical atoms are investigated in this paper. With the support of conditional homodyne detection, one can detect the time-dependent intensity-amplitude correlation functions experimentally. We find time-asymmetry in this correlation when the driving field is tuned to be resonant with the two-photon excitation state, which brings non-Gaussian fluctuations. The physical origin of these phenomena is the distinction of the third-order moment based on complete-collapse and partial-collapse, which corresponds to the measuring sequence of the intensity and amplitude. Finally, we also examined the nonclassical features of the system, which always exhibits photon bunching. The squeezing occurs in the region of weak driving and disappears with the increase of driving strength. Hence, a new classical inequality based on the technique of homodyne cross-correlation measurement is introduced to determine the nonclassicality of the non-Gaussian system in the region of unsqueezing.

We present a theoretical study of double-resonance alignment magnetometers using linearly polarized light, in which the effect of atomic high-order multipole moments is considered. Starting from the effective master equation of our system obtained by eliminating the excited state adiabatically, we derive the full evolution equations of the atomic multipole moments. The analytic solutions of resonance signals involving the four-order multipole moments effect are obtained by using the perturbation approach. We present that the four-order multipole moments effect is negligible in the weak laser field, and the results reduce to that obtained by a three-step approach. However, the role of four-order multipole moments coupled by two-order tensor moments is more significant with the increasing Rabi frequency of light, which cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, the analytic expressions of relaxation processes are also studied, which are a linear combination of the laser-induced equivalent relaxation rate Γ L and the spin-exchange collision rate Γ g . The expected domain of validity of the three-step approach on light power is roughly given by Γ L < 1 2 Γ g . In addition, the steady-state results of resonance signals are presented in a strong radio-frequency magnetic field; in that case, the physical mechanism of the splitting of resonance signals is discussed. These results are valid for arbitrary light power and for an arbitrarily oriented static magnetic field.

Multifold wave-particle quantum correlations are studied in strongly correlated three-photon emissions from the Mollow triplet via frequency engineering. The nonclassicality and the non-Gaussianity of the filtered field are discussed by correlating intensity signal and correlated balanced homodyne signals. Due to the non-Gaussian fluctuations in the Mollow triplet, new forms of the criterion of nonclassicality for non-Gaussian radiation are proposed by introducing intensity-dual quadrature correlation functions, which contain the information about strongly correlated three-photon emissions of the Mollow triplet. In addition, the time-dependent dynamics of non-Gaussian fluctuations of the filtered field is studied, which displays conspicuous asymmetry. Physically, the asymmetrical evolution of non-Gaussian fluctuations can be attributed to the different transition dynamics of the laser-dressed quantum emitter revealed by the past quantum state and conditional quantum state. Compared with the conventional three-photon intensity correlations that unilaterally reflect the particle properties of radiation, the multifold wave-particle correlation functions we proposed may convey more information about wave-particle duality of radiation, such as the quantum coherence of photon triplet and “which-path” in cascaded photon emissions in atomic systems.

We investigate the absorption spectra for the ${F}_{g}=1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=0$ transition of the ${D}_{2}$ line of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ excited by a linearly polarized light in the presence of a transverse magnetic field (TMF) in different directions. Using the theoretical methods in quantum optics, we obtain the analytical expressions for the atomic density-matrix elements and the absorption spectrum. We analyze the splitting proportional to the magnitude of the TMF in the coherent population trapping absorption spectrum and explain its physical origin. Then, the sensitivity of the resonance signal to the phase (in our case, to the angle between the TMF and the light polarization) is investigated. We show and explain the splitting of the bright resonance and find the simple dependence of the separation of this splitting on the magnitude and the direction of the TMF. Therefore, this system may provide a possible method for the measurement of the magnetic field vector. In addition, we study the coherence of the system based on an observable coherence measure, namely, robustness of coherence (ROC). We find that in the case where the absorption signal becomes difficult to detect, the change of the ROC spectrum becomes more obvious and the extreme points are well maintained. Therefore, this may provide a scheme for the measurement of the magnetic field which is complementary to that based on the absorption signal of the laser.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a manifestation of metabolic syndrome in the liver and is closely associated with diabetes; however, its pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), the hub of glucolipid metabolism, regulates the induction of fatty acid synthase (FASN), the key enzyme of de novo lipogenesis, by directly binding to carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) in its promoter. Investigations of histone modifications on NAFLD remain in their infancy. In the present study, by using ChIP, the association between histone modifications and FASN transcription was investigated and histone modifications in FASN modulated by ChREBP were measured. It was demonstrated that ChREBP induced FASN ChREBP-ChoRE binding to accelerate the expression of FASN, leading to hepatocellular steatosis by facilitating H3 and H4 acetylation, H3K4 trimethylation and the phosphorylation of H3S10, but inhibiting the trimethylation of H3K9 and H4K20 in FASN promoter regions of HepG2 and L02 cells. It was also found that ChREBP-ChoRE binding of FASN relied on histone acetylation and that the transcriptional activity of ChREBP on FASN is required, based on the premise that histone acetylation causes conformational changes in FASN chromatin. This indicated histone acetylation as a crucial mechanism involved in the transcription of FASN modulated by ChREBP. Consequently, the present study provides further insight into the pathophysiology and a novel therapeutic potential of NAFLD based on epigenetic mechanisms.

We demonstrate a simple technique to lock the frequency of a laser to an atomic transition with a new technique of subnatural linewidth spectroscopy. The coupled rubidium system exhibits an enhanced absorption spectrum of the probe beam with a subnatural linewidth. Compared with other techniques with an additional laser, our scheme only utilizes a single laser, which will be locked. The observed spectroscopic linewidth is down to about 3.5 MHz. The laser frequency fluctuation is about 226 kHz after locking on. The demonstrated scheme offers a convenient and low-cost technique for laser frequency stabilization and related precision measurements.

A DC current sensor based on an optically pumped atomic magnetometer is proposed. It has a high linearity in a wide operation range, since the magnetometer measures the absolute magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the current to be measured. The current sensor exhibits a high accuracy with a non-moment solenoid and magnetic shielding to suppress the influence from the environment. The absolute error of the measured current is below 0.08 mA when the range is from 7.5 mA to 750 mA. The relative error is 5.54 × 10−5 at 750 mA.

briefly introduce the operation characteristics of elevator, point out the existing problems of elevator calculation and propose to take different calculation method with respect to different purposes. For example, ensure the calculation of cross section of distribution circuit conductor of single elevator and rated capacity of distribution switch, the calculation of cross section of distribution circuit conductor of elevator group and rated capacity of distribution switch and load calculation of transformer capacity, so as to reach the purpose of energy-saving and emission reduction.

Aim: Platinum agents have shown to be effective in the treatment of colorectal cancer. We assessed whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GSTP1, ERCC1 Asn118Asn and ERCC2 Lys751Gln might predict the overall survival in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in a Chinese population. Methods: SNPs of GSTP1, ERCC1 Asn118Asn and ERCC2 Lys751Gln in 335 colorectal cancer patients were assessed using TaqMan nuclease assays. Results: At the time of final analysis on Nov. 2011, the median follow-up period was 37.7 months (range from 1 to 60 months). A total of 229 patients died during follow-up. Our study showed GSTP1 Val/Val (HR=0.44, 95% CI=0.18-0.98), ERCC1 C/C (HR=0.20, 95% CI=0.10-0.79) and ERCC2 G/G (HR=0.48, 95% CI=0.19-0.97) to be significantly associated with better survival of colorectal cancer. GSTP1 Val/Val, ERCC1 C/C and ERCC2 G/G were also related to longer survival among patients with colon cancer, with HRs (95% CIs) of 0.41 (0.16-0.91), 0.16 (0.09-0.74) and 0.34 (0.16-0.91), respectively. Conclusion: GSTP1, GSTP1, ERCC1 Asn118Asn and ERCC2 Lys751Gln genotyping might facilitate tailored oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients.

The radiofrequency-optical double magnetic resonance in cesium atoms filled in a vapor cell is investigated experimentally. One resonant signal involving spin-exchange collisions is observed in the MZ type magnetic resonance spectrum. We solve Liouville equations describing the dynamics of the system and analyze the role of the spin-exchange collisions in the atomic population distributions under resonant conditions. The theoretical calculations agree very well with the experimental results. In contrast with the normal magnetic resonance, the collision induced magnetic resonance exhibits the interesting saturation effect: both the signal amplitude and the signal linewidth are nearly constant when the laser intensity is above a moderate threshold value, which can be useful for precision measurements of the geomagnetic field.

The construction interfaces of RCCD have a distinct influence on the deformation of dams. The characters and rules on deformation of construction interfaces are studied. The methods simulating the deformation of the interfaces at different stages are proposed. A thickness analytic model and a no-thickness analytic model of construction interfaces are built. These models can reflect the elastic deformation, the attenuation creep deformation, the irreversible creep deformation and the accelerating creep deformation of interfaces. The example shows that these proposed models can simulate the deformation of the dam structure objectively. Especially, the results of the thickness analytic model which simulates the gradual changing regularities of interfaces can tally with those of monitoring in situ preferably. The methods proposed and the analytic models can be generalized and applied to general concrete dams, especially to the analysis on deformation rules of fault and interlayer in dam base.

To investigate the effect of gambogic acid (GA) on apoptosis in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line.H-29 cells were used for in vitro experiments in this study. Relative cell viability was assessed using MTT assays. Cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Hoechst 33342 staining, and quantified by flow cytometry. Cellular ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate gene and protein expression levels. For in vivo experiments, BALB/c nude mice received subcutaneous injections of HT-29 cells in the right armpit. When well-established xenografts were palpable with a tumor size of 75 mm(3), mice were randomly assigned to a vehicle (negative) control, positive control or GA treatment group (n = 6 each). The animals in the treatment group received one of three dosages of GA (in saline; 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) via the caudal vein twice weekly, whereas animals in the negative and positive control groups were given equal volumes of 0.9% saline or 10 mg/kg docetaxel, respectively, via the caudal vein once weekly.The cell viability assay showed that GA inhibited proliferation of HT-29 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner after treatment with GA (0.00, 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 or 10.00 μmol/L) for 24, 48 or 72 h. After 48 h, the percentage of apoptotic cells in cells treated with 0.00, 1.25, 2.50 and 5.00 μmol/L GA was 1.4% ± 0.3%, 9.8% ± 1.2%, 25.7% ± 3.3% and 49.3% ± 5.8%, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of HT-29 cells treated for 48 h with 2.5 μmol/L GA revealed apoptotic bodies and condensed and fragmented nuclei. Levels of caspase-8, -9 and -3 mRNAs were significantly increased after treatment with GA (1.25, 2.50 or 5.00 μmol/L) for 48 h (P0.05 for all). Protein levels of apoptosis-related factors Fas, FasL, FADD, cytochrome c, and Apaf-1 were increased in GA-treated cells, whereas levels of pro-caspase-8, -9 and -3 were significantly decreased (P0.05 for all). Furthermore, GA significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HT-29 tumors in a mouse xenograft model (P0.05).GA inhibits HT-29 proliferation via induction of apoptosis. The anti-cancer effects are likely mediated by death receptor (extrinsic) and mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathways.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a key regulator in the mechanisms of cell proliferation, survival and transformation to cancer, and autophagy also plays a critical role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether SCD1 mediates autophagy in HCC remains unknown. In this study, we observed significantly elevated SCD1 expression levels and evident suppression of autophagy in HCC, and the positive SCD1 expression and autophagy defect were independently correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. We also found that the inhibition of SCD1 by a pharmacological inhibitor reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis and autophagy of human HCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the pharmacological inhibition of AMPK supported the hypothesis that the induction of autophagy caused by SCD1 inhibition relied on AMPK stimulation. Furthermore, the human HCC cells death triggered by inhibition of SCD1 was partly involved in autophagy-induced apoptosis via AMPK signaling. Our findings reveal a novel role for SCD1 in the regulation of autophagy via AMPK signaling and provide mechanistic input for the clinical exploration that the combination of SCD1 inhibition with autophagy induction may be attractive for the management of HCC.

Anisotropic flow is an important observable in the study of the Quark-Gluon Plasma that is expected to be formed in heavy-ion collisions. With a multiphase transport (AMPT) model we investigate the elliptic($\emph{v}_{2}$), triangular($\emph{v}_{3}$), and quadrangular($\emph{v}_{4}$) flow of charged particles in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV. Then We compare our flow results with the published ALICE flow results. We found our AMPT simulated results are consistent with ALICE experimental data.

Two different schemes are proposed for deterministically generating a pure motion-entangled state for two well-separated ions trapped in a cavity. The first one is that through adjusting the amplitudes and the frequencies of transverse lasers, the two ions trapped in a bimodal cavity can unconditionally evolve into a two-mode squeezed vacuum state with the aid of the cavity dissipation. The second one is based on the interactions of two appropriate series of the driving laser pulses with the two ions trapped in a single-mode cavity, it allows us to produce a two-mode squeezed vacuum state for the trapped ions' center-of-mass motion.

The dynamical behavior of the entanglement and the squeezing in the system of two ions trapped in a lossy optical cavity is discussed, in which the vibrational mode of the first ion is coupled to the cavity field via a linear-mixing interaction and the vibrational mode of the second ion is coupled to the cavity field via an effective parametric interaction, respectively. It is found that when the effective strength ${r}_{1}$ of the coupling between the first ion and the cavity field is stronger than the strength ${r}_{2}$ of the coupling between the second ion and the cavity field, the motional state of the two ions develops into a robust two-mode mixed Gaussian entangled state and the two-mode squeezing of phonons appears. But the entanglement between the cavity mode and the vibrational mode of the second ion can only happen periodically in a small time range. When ${r}_{1}l{r}_{2}$, only the entanglement between the two vibrational modes appears but the two-mode squeezing does not exist. And the entanglement between the cavity mode and the motional mode of the second ion can also take place in a small time range.

The principle and technical characters of far infrared laser magnetic resonance (FIRLMR) spectrometer built up in China are introduced. A CO2 transversely pumped far infrared laser is adopted. In order to obtain high sensitivity, the sample absorption cell is placed in the FIR laser cavity and separated from laser gain cavity with thin polypropylene film. The spectrometer can be employed to study short lived free radicals. The spectra of many transient free radicals including CCH, CF and CH2 have been detected by the spectrometer. These transients are generated by mixing CH4 with the fluorine atoms produced with microwave discharge.

In this paper, we investigate the generation of entangled light via collectively interacting three-level cascade atoms in a two-mode cavity. It is found that the atomic collectivity can effectively increase the strength of the frequency down-conversion process in the system and lead to the significant enhancement of the entanglement between the two cavity modes, in comparison to the case of independent atoms.