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Objective In situ leaching is a uranium extraction process in which a solution reacts with uranium-bearing minerals in a saturated aquifer and then uranium in the flowing solution is extracted through exchange. To understand the internal structure and seepage path of the 512 deposits, Methods representative wallrock and ore cores of the deposit were selected for CT scanning, and the pore throat parameters were obtained via image noise reduction filtering, image segmentation to extract pores, and the construction of pore network models. The changes in the absolute permeability, tortuosity and seepage velocity are simulated with Avizo software. Results The results showed that the porosity of the wallrock was 15.42%, the connected porosity was 9.61%, the ore porosity was 15.18%, the connected porosity was 13.82%, and the water permeability was better than that of the wallrock. The high-density materials in the wallrock are metal minerals, accounting for approximately 0.54%, and most of the high-density minerals in the ore are secondary uranium minerals, accounting for 1.06%. It can be fully in contact with the solution during the leaching process. Conclusion There is strong heterogeneity inside the pores, which causes the flow rate to gradually decrease in the flow path. The number of large pores connecting the wallrock and ore is greater than that of small pores, indicating that large pores are the main factors determining the degree of pore development. According to the velocity streamlines, although there is a blockage area in the wallrock and ore, the circulation area is dominant.

In recent decades, the Mountain Excavation and City Construction (MECC) activities have become the main way of acquiring land for construction in densely populated cities. In China, for example, Lanzhou City is one of the typical cities for MECC, which has significantly changed the landscape and resulted in the surface deformation. To monitor accurately surface deformation, the height changes cannot be ignored, as it changes from meters to more than 70 m due to the MECC. In this study, a new time-series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) algorithm is proposed to stepwise estimate the ground height changes and deformation, where the onset of height changes is firstly detected automatically for each pixel. Then height changes and deformation are estimated with different SAR datasets for different pixels. Experimental test on Lanzhou city shows that the ground height changes vary between 70 m and −80 m from October 2014 to May 2022, and the correlation between the multi-track results is over 0.89. Meanwhile, the correlation with the ICESat-2 height changes results reaches 0.94. In addition, two-dimensional (2D) deformation is recovered by fusing ascending and descending deformation, where subsidence with slight rebound phenomena is revealed at the center of the landfill area. Finally, finite difference model (FDM) is employed to simulate the land filling process, which can well explain the 2D surface deformation.

The orthorectified Sentinel-2 images have systematic offset errors in areas with large surface elevation changes in the cases of open pit mining, land collapse and glacier movement, which can lead to the misinterpretation of geological features classification from one scene image, or bias of deformation results from multiple images. Such systematic offset errors are mainly caused by the outdated digital elevation model (DEM) during the orthorectification processing. In turn, the systematic offsets can be applied to estimate the surface elevation changes. We first deduce the pixel offset of orthorectified Sentinel-2 image caused by outdated DEM based on imaging geometry, new DEM and projection equations. The sum of two offsets by two Sentinel-2 images from adjacent orbits are verified by the results calculated directly by pixel offset tracking (POT) algorithm to the same images. The correlation coefficient R2 between two offsets amounts to 0.95, and the standard deviation of their difference is of 4.04 m. Second, the offsets by POT algorithm between two adjacent orbits are used to derive the time series elevation changes. Finally, the surface elevation changes are validated using the ICESat-2 point cloud and the SRTM DEM. Results show that the standard deviation of height change difference is around 4.13 m. This method is able to reveal the historical surface elevation changes related to the geophysical or anthropogenic process.

In this study, the advertisement calls of Leptobrachella suiyangensis and Leptobrachella bashaensis are described. The advertisement call of L. suiyangensis includes simple and complex calls, with four different call types and a dominant frequency ranging 4.13–4.82 kHz. The advertisement call of L. bashaensis consists of a single note, with a dominant frequency 6.03–6.46 kHz. We compare the advertisement calls with other species in the genus Leptobrachella, and discuss the definitions of primary advertisement calls and secondary advertisement calls. Our results provide basic data for further acoustic, taxonomic and ecological studies in the genus Leptobrachella.

The wild species Thinopyrum intermedium (genome JJJSJSStSt) serves as a valuable germplasm resource providing novel diseases resistance and agronomically important genes for wheat improvement. Two wheat-Th. intermedium partial amphiploids, TAI7045 (2n = 56) and 78784 (2n = 56), exhibit high resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew, and their chromosome constitutions have been characterized. With the aim to transfer novel resistance genes from Th. intermedium, the crosses of common wheat line MY11 with TAI7045 and 78784 were produced, and their individual F2-F5 progenies were characterized using sequential non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) and molecular markers. We identified a set of wheat-Th. intermedium addition lines, involving the chromosomes 1St-JS, 2St, 2St-JS, 3St, 4J, 4St, 5St, 5J.St, 6JS.J, and 7JS. Above all, the stable wheat-Th. intermedium small segmental translocation lines with chromosomes 4DS.4DL-4StL-4DL-4JL and 4DS.4DL-4StL-4DL were selected. Combining data from specific marker amplification and resistance evaluation, we mapped the gene(s) for resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in the 233.56–329.88 Mb region of the long arm of the 4St chromosome from the reference Th. intermedium genome. The new wheat-Th. intermedium introgressions will be used as novel germplasm for breeding purposes.

Land subsidence (LS) is a global phenomenon that has affected several urban centres around the world such as Jakarta (Indonesia), Mexico City (Mexico), Xi’an (China), and Iron County (US). It has mainly been attributed to anthropogenic activities such as groundwater exploitation, especially in unconsolidated aquifer systems rich in highly compressible clay and silt. The platy clay minerals rearrange into horizontal stacks after dewatering, leading to a volume change due to overburden. In this study, land subsidence is investigated in the Quetta and Mastung districts, Balochistan, Pakistan, by employing Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and groundwater level (GWL) variations. This study represents the first attempt in Pakistan to measure the long-term land subsidence by fusing GNSS and InSAR data for improved validity. InSAR data from the Sentinel-1 satellite in the Ascending (195 scenes) and Descending (183 scenes) tracks were used to analyse LS from December 2015 to December 2022. High-accuracy Trimble NetRS GNSS receivers were used in five locations from October 2006 to December 2022. An average subsidence ranging from 3.2 cm/y to 16 cm/y was recorded in the valley mainly due to the GWL decline and clay-rich sediments, which are prone to compaction due to dewatering. An accumulative LS of 2 m was recorded by the permanent GNSS station in central Quetta from October 2008 to January 2023 (14.2 years). An acceleration in the subsidence from 12 cm/y to 16.6 cm/y after 2016 was recorded by the continuous GNSS. Additionally, the InSAR and GNSS values were compared for validation, resulting in a good correlation between both techniques. A GWL decline ranging from 1.7 m to 6 m was recorded by the piezometers in Quetta during the period 1987–2022. Large- and small-scale fissures were observed in the study area during the surveys. These fissures are responsible for damage to the city’s infrastructure and aquifer contamination. The subsidence profile also agrees with the subsurface lithology. Our assessment concludes that Quetta may be the fastest-sinking metropolitan city in Pakistan. The overexploitation of groundwater and the population explosion may be the main contributing factors for the land subsidence.

This work employs synthetic aperture radar interferometry technology to investigate infrastructure deformation in which discontinuous and irregular interferometric fringes make phase unwrapping (PhU) challenging. This study aimed to improve the reliability and practicability of PhU through the number of redundant observations to optimize PhU networks. The proposed PhU networks optimization strategy can improve the efficiency of PhU and accuracy. In addition, we evaluated the reliability of selected networks based on two popular methods. Finally, we used the Edgelist PhU method to demonstrate the reliability of optimized networks. Experiments were carried out on the Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River high-speed railway bridge, China, and on buildings deformation in Xi'an, China, the results of which indicate that the proposed method can effectively balance the accuracy and efficiency of PhU.

Colistin is highly promising against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria clinically. Bacteria are resistant to colistin mainly through mcr and chromosome-mediated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis-related locus variation. However, the current understanding cannot fully explain the resistance mechanism in mcr-negative colistin-resistant strains. Significantly, the contribution of efflux pumps to colistin resistance remains to be clarified. This review aims to discuss the contribution of efflux pumps and their related transcriptional regulators to colistin resistance in various bacteria and the reversal effect of efflux pump inhibitors on colistin resistance. Previous studies suggested a complex regulatory relationship between the efflux pumps and their transcriptional regulators and LPS synthesis, transport, and modification. Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), and Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) all achieved the reversal of colistin resistance, highlighting the role of efflux pumps in colistin resistance and their potential for adjuvant development. The contribution of the efflux pumps to colistin resistance might also be related to specific genetic backgrounds. They can participate in colistin tolerance and heterogeneous resistance to affect the treatment efficacy of colistin. These findings help understand the development of resistance in mcr-negative colistin-resistant strains.

An elite hexaploid triticale Yukuri from Australia was used as a bridge for transferring valuable genes from Secale cereale L. into common wheat for enriching the genetic variability of cultivated wheat. Non-denaturing-fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) identified that Yukuri was a secondary triticale with a complete set of rye chromosomes and a 6D(6A) substitution. Seed protein electrophoresis showed that Yukuri had a unique composition of glutenin subunits. A set of Yukuri-derived wheat-rye introgression lines were created from a Yukuri x wheat population, and all lines were identified by ND-FISH with multiple probes and validated by diagnostic molecular marker analysis. A total of 59 wheat-rye introgression lines including modified chromosome structural variations of wheat, and new complex recombinant chromosomes of rye were detected through ND-FISH and Oligo-FISH painting based on oligonucleotide pools derived from wheat-barley genome collinear regions. Wheat lines carrying the 1R chromosome from Yukuri displayed resistance to both stripe rust and powdery mildew, while the lines carrying the 3RL and 7RL chromosome arms showed stripe rust resistance. The chromosome 1R-derived lines were found to exhibit a significant effect on most of the dough-related parameters, and chromosome 5R was clearly associated with increased grain weight. The development of the wheat-rye cytogenetic stocks carrying disease resistances and superior agronomic traits, as well as the molecular markers and FISH probes will promote the introgression of abundant variation from rye into wheat improvement programs.

The synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technique is an effective means to monitor ground deformation with high spatial resolution over large areas. However, it is still difficult to obtain the spatially continuous deformation map due to SAR decorrelation or SAR distortion, which greatly limits the usage of the InSAR deformation map, especially for spatiotemporal characterizing and mechanism inversion. Some conventional methods (e.g., spatial interpolation) rely only on the deformation measurements without considering the influence factors, leading to the inaccuracy of the deformation prediction. So, we propose a multifactor-based machine learning model, namely the K-RFR model, that combines K-means clustering and random forest regression algorithm to reconstruct a continuous deformation map, where the influence factors on ground deformation are considered, such as land use, geological engineering, and under groundwater extraction. We take the city of Xi’an, China, as the study area where SBAS-InSAR was used to obtain the ground deformation maps from 2012 to 2015. Fourteen influence factors are employed, including confined water level, change of confined water, phreatic water level, change of phreatic water, rainfall, ground fissures, stratigraphic lithology, landform, hydrogeology, engineering geology, type of land use, soil type, GDP, and DEM, where the K-means clustering method is used to reduce the influence of spatial heterogeneity. The study area is divided into three homogeneous regions and modeled independently, where the mean squared errors of region I–III are 2.9 mm, 2.3 mm, and 3.9 mm, respectively, and the mean absolute errors are 2.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 2.8 mm, respectively. Finally, the continuous ground deformation maps of Xi’an from 2012 to 2015 are reconstructed. We compared the new method with two interpolation methods. Results show that the correlation coefficient between prediction and InSAR measurements of the new model is 0.94, whereas the ordinary Kriging method is 0.69, and the IDW method is only 0.63. This study provides an effective means to predict the continuous surface deformation over a large area.

As a perennial herb in Triticeae, Elymus dahuricus is widely distributed in Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia. It has been used as high-quality fodders for improving degraded grassland. The genomic constitution of E. dahuricus (2n = 6x = 42) has been revealed as StStHHYY by cytological approaches. However, the universal karyotyping nomenclature system of E. dahuricus is not fully established by traditional fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). In this study, the non-denaturing fluorescent in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) using 14 tandem-repeat oligos could effectively distinguish the entire E. dahuricus chromosomes pairs, while Oligo-FISH painting by bulked oligo pools based on wheat-barley collinear regions combined with GISH analysis, is able to precisely determine the linkage group and sub-genomes of the individual E. dahuricus chromosomes. We subsequently established the 42-chromosome karyotype of E. dahuricus with distinctive chromosomal FISH signals, and characterized a new type of intergenomic rearrangement between 2H and 5Y. Furthermore, the comparative chromosomal localization of the centromeric tandem repeats and immunostaining by anti-CENH3 between cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and E. dahuricus suggests that centromere-associated sequences in H subgenomes were continuously changing during the process of polyploidization. The precise karyotyping system based on ND-FISH and Oligo-FISH painting methods will be efficient for describing chromosomal rearrangements and evolutionary networks for polyploid Elymus and their related species.

Rye 6R-derived stripe rust resistance gene Yr83 in wheat background was physically mapped to fraction length (FL) 0.87-1.00 on the long arm by non-denaturing-fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH), Oligo-FISH painting and 6R-specific PCR markers.Stripe rust resistance gene Yr83 derived from chromosome 6R of rye (Secale cereale) “Merced” has displayed high resistance to both Australian and Chinese wheat stripe rust isolates. With the aim to physically map Yr83 to a more precise region, new wheat- 6R deletion and translocation lines were produced from derived progenies of the 6R(6D) substitution line. The non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) patterns of 6R were established to precisely characterize the variations of 6R in different wheat backgrounds. Comparative ND-FISH analysis localized the breakpoints of 6RL chromosomes relative to Oligo-pSc200 and Oligo-pSc119.2 rich sites in deletion lines. Molecular marker and resistance analyses confirmed that Yr83 is physically located at the fraction length (FL) 0.87-1.00 of 6RL and covers the corresponding region of 806-881 Mb in the reference genome of Lo7. Oligo-FISH painting demonstrated that the region carrying Yr83 is syntenic to the distal end of long arm of homoeologous group 7 of the Triticeae genome. The developed wheat-6R lines carrying the Yr83 gene will be useful for breeding for rust resistance.

Thinopyrum intermedium (JJJsJsStSt, 2n = 6x = 42), a member of tertiary gene pool of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42), provides several beneficial genes for wheat improvement. In this study, line CH51 was developed from the BC1F8 progeny of a partial wheat-Th. intermedium amphiploid TAI8335 (2n = 56) and wheat cultivar (cv.) Jintai 170. Somatic metaphase chromosome counting showed that CH51 had stable 42 chromosomes. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis showed that CH51 had 40 wheat chromosomes and two Th. intermedium chromosomes involving translocation between Js- and St-genome chromosomes. Non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) analysis revealed that CH51 lacked a pair of wheat chromosome 6B. Wheat 55K SNP array analysis verified that chromosome 6B had the highest percentage of missing SNP loci in both CH51 and Chinese Spring (CS) nullisomic 6B-tetrasomic 6D (CS-N6BT6D) and had the highest percentage of polymorphic SNP loci between CH51 and cv. Jintai 170. We identified that CH51 was a wheat-Th. intermedium T6StS.6JsL (6B) disomic substitution line. Disease resistance assessment showed that CH51 exhibited high levels of resistance to the prevalent Chinese leaf rust and stripe rust races in the field. Therefore, the newly developed line CH51 can be utilized as a potential germplasm in wheat disease resistance breeding.

Abstract Background The identification of chromosomes among Avena species have been studied by C-banding and in situ hybridization. However, the complicated results from several cytogenetic nomenclatures for identifying oat chromosomes are often contradictory. A universal karyotyping nomenclature system for precise chromosome identification and comparative evolutionary studies would be essential for genus Avena based on the recently released genome sequences of hexaploid and diploid Avena species. Results Tandem repetitive sequences were predicted and physically located on chromosomal regions of the released Avena sativa OT3098 genome assembly v1. Eight new oligonucleotide (oligo) probes for sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were designed and then applied for chromosome karyotyping on mitotic metaphase spreads of A. brevis, A. nuda, A. wiestii, A. ventricosa, A. fatua, and A. sativa species. We established a high-resolution standard karyotype of A. sativa based on the distinct FISH signals of multiple oligo probes. FISH painting with bulked oligos, based on wheat-barley collinear regions, was used to validate the linkage group assignment for individual A. sativa chromosomes. We integrated our new Oligo-FISH based karyotype system with earlier karyotype nomenclatures through sequential C-banding and FISH methods, then subsequently determined the precise breakage points of some chromosome translocations in A. sativa. Conclusions This new universal chromosome identification system will be a powerful tool for describing the genetic diversity, chromosomal rearrangements and evolutionary relationships among Avena species by comparative cytogenetic and genomic approaches.

It was reported that the chromosome 6R of rye (Secale cereale L.) carries stripe rust resistance gene Yr83, and the region with the candidate resistance gene(s) still needs to be narrowed down. This study confirmed that the chromosome 6RLAr derived from rye AR106BONE contains stripe rust resistance gene(s). A wheat-rye T6BS.6RLAr translocation chromosome, a wheat-rye small-segment translocation T6RLAr-6AS.6AL, and three kinds of deleted T6BS.6RLAr translocations, T6BS.6RLAr-1, T6BS.6RLAr-2, and T6BS.6RLAr-3, were identified. Translocations T6BS.6RLAr, T6BS.6RLAr-2, and T6RLAr-6AS.6AL were highly resistant to stripe rust and T6BS.6RLAr-1 and T6BS.6RLAr-3 were highly susceptible. The molecular markers specific to 6RL determined that the three regions of the 6RLAr arm from 732,999,830 bp to the telomere, from 735,010,030 to 848,010,414 bp, and from 848,011,262 bp to the telomere were deleted from T6BS.6RLAr-1, T6BS.6RLAr-2, and T6BS.6RLAr-3, respectively. T6BS.6RLAr-2 and T6RLAr-6AS.6AL contained the segment that was deleted in T6BS.6RLAr-3. Therefore, it can be concluded that about 37 Mb segment from 848,011,262 bp to the telomere carried stripe rust resistance gene(s), and it was smaller than that with the Yr83 gene. Gene annotation indicated that about 37 Mb region contains 43 potential resistance genes, and 42 of them are nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR)-like resistance protein genes. The results in this study narrowed down the size of the region with candidate stripe rust resistance gene(s) on the 6RL arm, and the T6RLAr-6AS.6AL is a promising small-segment translocation for improvement of wheat cultivars.

A new species of the genus Megophrys is described from Guizhou Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses supported the new species as an independent clade nested into the Megophrys. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 49.3–58.2 mm in males); vomerine ridges present distinctly, vomerine teeth present; tongue feebly notched behind; tympanum distinctly visible, oval; two metacarpal tubercles in hand; toes with one-third webbing and wide lateral fringes; heels overlapped when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between tympanum and eye when leg stretched forward; an internal single subgular vocal sac present in male; in breeding male, the nuptial pads with large and sparse black nuptial spines present on the dorsal bases of the first two fingers.

Here we documented up-to-date information on breeding ecology of Buffy Laughingthrush (Garrulax berthemyi), an endemic species of China, and a sympatric coordinal Red-tailed Laughingthrush (Trochalopteron milnei), in southwestern China. Furthermore, we compared breeding ecology of these two sympatric species. No significant differences were found in clutch size, egg size, nest size, nest height, nest habitat and predation rate between these two species except nests depth, nests cover and eggs color. The Red-tailed Laughingthrush nestlings differed from those of the Buffy Laughingthrush in gape morphology and the extent of down. Observation of breeding behavior showed that cooperative breeding might exist in the population of Buffy Laughingthrush.

Simple, rapid, and accurate detection of myoinositol (MI) concentration in blood is crucial in diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome, neurological disorders, and cancer. A novel electrochemical detection (IED) method was established to quantify MI in human serum using a disposable unmodified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the first time. MI was detected indirectly by the reaction product of myoinositol dehydrogenase (IDH) and cofactor β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Good linear calibration curves were obtained at the concentration range from 5.0 μM to 500.0 μM (R2 = 0.9981) with the lower limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 1.0 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively. Recoveries were calculated at three spiked concentrations, and the values were between 90.3 and 106%, with relative standard deviation values of 3.2–6.2% for intraday precision and 7.1–9.0% for interday precision. The SPCE-electrochemical biosensor is simple, accurate, and without modification, showing great potential for point-of-care testing (POCT) of serum MI in clinical samples.

ObjectiveHemolysis, icterus, and lipemia (HIL) of blood samples have been a concern in hospitals because they reflect pre-analytical processes' quality control. However, very few studies investigate the influence of patients' gender, age, and department, as well as sample-related turnaround time, on the incidence rate of HIL in fasting serum biochemistry specimens.MethodsA retrospective, descriptive study was conducted to investigate the incidence rate of HIL based on the HIL index in 501,612 fasting serum biochemistry specimens from January 2017 to May 2018 in a tertiary university hospital with 4,200 beds in Sichuan, southwest China. A subgroup analysis was conducted to evaluate the differences in the HIL incidence rate by gender, age and department of patients, and turnaround time of specimens.ResultsThe incidence rate of hemolysis, lipemia and icterus was 384, 53, and 612 per 10,000 specimens. The male patients had a significantly elevated incidence of hemolysis (4.13% vs. 3.54%), lipemia (0.67% vs. 0.38%), and icterus (6.95% vs. 5.43%) than female patients. Hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus incidence rate were significantly associated with the male sex with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.174 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.140-1.208], 1.757 (95%CI: 1.623-1.903), and 1.303 (95%CI: 1.273-1.333), respectively, (PConclusionEvaluation of HIL incidence rate and HIL-related influence factors in fasting serum biochemistry specimens are impartment to interpret the results more accurately and provide better clinical services to patients.

Abstract Background There are no current national estimates of the candidaemia burden in China, and epidemiological candidaemia data from the underdeveloped region of China are lacking. Methods A 7-year retrospective study was carried out to analyse the prevalence, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, risk factors and inpatient mortality of candidaemia among paediatric and adult patients in a regional tertiary teaching hospital in China. Results During the seven-year study period, a total of 201 inpatients with candidaemia were identified. The median age of the patients was 65 years (range, 1 day to 92 years), and 114 of the patients (56.7%) were male. The mean annual incidence of candidaemia was 0.26 cases per 1000 admissions (0.42 cases per 1000 paediatric admissions vs 0.24 cases per 1000 adult admissions, P 0.05). The all-cause mortality rate was 20.4% (paediatric patients: 11.4% vs adult patients:22.3%, P > 0.05). Fewer univariate predictors of poor outcomes were identified for paediatric patients than for adult patients (4 vs 11 predictors). Respiratory dysfunction and septic shock were independent predictors of 30-day mortality for all patients. Conclusions The epidemiological data of candidaemia in paediatric and adult patients are only different in the distributions of Candida species and the mean annual incidence of candidaemia. Flucytosine and amphotericin B can be used as first-choice agents when no antifungal susceptibility test results are available.

Abstract Background Introgression of chromatin from Secale species into common wheat has for decades been a successful strategy for controlling the wheat diseases. The wild Secale species, Secale africanum Stapf., is a valuable source for resistance to foliar disease of wheat. A wheat-S. africanum chromosome 6Rafr substitution line displayed resistance to both powdery mildew and stripe rust at the adult-plant stage. Results Wheat-S. africanum chromosome 6Rafr deletion and translocation lines were produced and identified by sequential non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) using multiple Oligo-based probes. Different ND-FISH patterns were observed between S. cereale 6R and S. africanum 6Rafr. With reference to the physical map of the draft genome sequence of rye inbred line Lo7, a comprehensive PCR marker analysis indicated that insertions and deletions had occurred by random exchange between chromosomes 6R and 6Rafr. A survey of the wheat- S. africanum 6Rafr lines for disease resistance indicated that a powdery mildew resistance gene(s) was present on the long arm of 6Rafr at FL0.85–1.00, and that a stripe rust resistance gene(s) was located in the terminal region of 6RafrS at FL0.95–1.00. The wheat-S. africanum 6Rafr introgression lines also displayed superior agronomic traits, indicating that the chromosome 6Rafr may have little linkage drag in the wheat background. Conclusions The combination of molecular and cytogenetic methods allowed to precisely identify the chromosome rearrangements in wheat- S. africanum 6Rafr substitution, deletion and translocation lines, and compare the structural difference between chromosomes 6R and 6Rafr. The wheat- S. africanum 6Rafr lines containing gene(s) for powdery mildew and stripe rust resistance could be used as novel germplasm for wheat breeding by chromosome engineering.

Thinopyrum intermedium (2n = 6x = 42, JJJsJsStSt) has been hybridized extensively with common wheat and has proven to be a valuable germplasm source for improving disease resistance, quality attributes, and yield potential in wheat. We characterized new disease resistant wheat-Th. intermedium derivatives A1082 and A5-5 using sequential multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (mc-FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), PCR-based landmark unique gene (PLUG) and intron targeting (IT) markers. A1082 was identified as a wheat-Th. intermedium 3J disomic addition line, and A5-5 was a T4BS·5JsL homozygous Robertsonian translocation line. Seventy-one and 106 pairs of primers amplified Th. intermedium-specific bands allowing chromosomes 3J and 5Js to be tracked, respectively. A new oligonucleotide probe, Oligo-6H-2-100, was developed for FISH labeling of the subterminal region of the long arm of chromosome 5Js. Both lines were highly resistant to stripe rust pathogen races prevalent in Chinese field screening nurseries. A5-5 also displayed a significant increase in tiller number compared to its wheat parent. The new lines can be exploited as useful germplasms for wheat improvement. Keywords: Disease resistance, FISH, GISH, Stripe rust, Triticum aestivum

Thinopyrum intermedium (2n = 6x = 42, JJJSJSStSt) has been hybridized extensively with common wheat and proven to be a valuable germplasm source for improving disease resistance and yield potential of wheat. A novel disease-resistant wheat-Th. intermedium double substitution line X479, carrying 1St(1B) and 4St-4JS (4B), was identified using multi-color non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH). With the aim of transferring Thinopyrum-specific chromatin to wheat, a total of 573 plants from F2 and F3 progenies of X479 crossed with wheat cultivar MY11 were developed and characterized using sequential ND-FISH with multiple probes. Fifteen types of wheat-Thinopyrum translocation chromosomes were preferentially transmitted in the progenies, and the homozygous wheat-1St, and wheat-4JSL translocation lines were identified using ND-FISH, Oligo-FISH painting and CENH3 immunostaining. The wheat-4JSL translocation lines exhibited high levels of resistance to stripe rust prevalent races in field screening. The gene for stripe rust resistance was found to be physically located on FL0–0.60 of the 4JSL, using deletion lines and specific DNA markers. The new wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines can be exploited as useful germplasms for wheat improvement.

Aegilops sharonensis, a wild relative of wheat, harbors diverse disease and insect resistance genes, making it a potentially excellent gene source for wheat improvement. In this study, we characterized and evaluated six wheat-A. sharonensis derivatives, which included three disomic additions, one disomic substitution + monotelosomic addition and two disomic substitution + disomic additions. A total of 51 PLUG markers were developed and used to allocate the A. sharonensis chromosomes in each of the six derivatives to Triticeae homoeologous groups. A set of cytogenetic markers specific for A. sharonensis chromosomes was established based on FISH using oligonucleotides as probes. Molecular cytogenetic marker analysis confirmed that these lines were a CS-A. sharonensis 2Ssh disomic addition, a 4Ssh disomic addition, a 4Ssh (4D) substitution + 5SshL monotelosomic addition, a 6Ssh disomic addition, a 4Ssh (4D) substitution + 6Ssh disomic addition and a 4Ssh (4D) substitution + 7Ssh disomic addition line, respectively. Disease resistance investigations showed that chromosome 7Ssh of A. sharonensis might harbor a new powdery mildew resistance gene, and therefore it has potential for use as resistance source for wheat breeding.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is rich in tandem repeats, and this is helpful in studying its karyotypic evolution. Some tandem repeats have not been assembled into the wheat genome sequence. Alignment using the blastn tool in the B2DSC web server indicated that the genomic sequence of 5B chromosome (IWGSC RefSeq v2.1) does not contain the tandem repeat pTa-275, and the tandem repeat (GA)26 distributed throughout the whole 5B chromosome. The nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) using the oligonucleotide (oligo) probes derived from pTa-275 and (GA)26 indicated that one signal band of pTa-275 and two signal bands of (GA)26 appeared on the 5B chromosome of Chinese Spring wheat, indicating the aggregative distribution patterns of the two kinds of tandem repeats. Single-copy FISH indicated that the clustering region of pTa-275 and the two clustering regions of (GA)26 were located in ~160–201 Mb, ~153–157 Mb, and ~201–234 Mb intervals, respectively. Using ND-FISH and single-copy FISH technologies, the translocation breakpoint on the 5BS portion of the translocation T7BS.7BL-5BS, which exists widely in north-western European wheat cultivars, was located in the region from 157,749,421 bp to 158,555,080 bp (~0.8 Mb), and this region mainly contains retrotransposons, and no gene was found. The clustering regions of two kinds of tandem repeats on wheat chromosome 5B were determined and this will be helpful to improve the future sequence assembly of this chromosome. The sequence characteristics of the translocation breakpoint on the translocation T7BS.7BL-5BS obtained in this study are helpful to understand the mechanism of wheat chromosome translocation.

Thinopyrum intermedium possesses many desirable agronomic traits that make it a valuable genetic source for wheat improvement. The precise identification of individual chromosomes of allohexaploid Th. intermedium is a challenge due to its three sub-genomic constitutions with complex evolutionary ancestries. The non-denaturing fluorescent in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) using tandem-repeat oligos, including Oligo-B11 and Oligo-pDb12H, effectively distinguished the St, J and JS genomes, while Oligo-FISH painting, based on seven oligonucleotide pools derived from collinear regions between barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), was able to identify each linkage group of the Th. intermedium chromosomes. We subsequently established the first karyotype of Th. intermedium with individual chromosome recognition using sequential ND-FISH and Oligo-FISH painting. The chromosome constitutions of 14 wheat–Th. intermedium partial amphiploids and addition lines were characterized. Distinct intergenomic chromosome rearrangements were revealed among Th. intermedium chromosomes in these amphiploids and addition lines. The precisely defined karyotypes of these wheat–Th. intermedium derived lines may be helpful for further study on chromosome evolution, chromatin introgression and wheat breeding programs.

The construction of the 28-chromosome karyotype of Dasypyrum breviaristatum was undertaken using multicolor non-denaturing fluorescent in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) and Oligo-FISH painting protocols. A novel wheat-D. breviaristatum line D2138 contained 44 chromosomes including a pair of D. breviaristatum 6VbS.2VbL translocation chromosomes. Individual F2 and F3 progenies of a cross between D2138 with wheat lines CM62, MY11 and JM22, respectively, were characterized using ND-FISH and molecular markers. A relatively high chromosome alteration rate within wheat and D. breviaristatum 6VbS and 2VbL was observed in the three progeny populations, suggesting that chromosome 6VbS.2VbL has a gametocidal-like gene. The different types of translocation and deletion lines allowed localization of D. breviaristatum-specific gliadin coding genes on sub-telomeric regions of 6VbS by PCR and acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The positive effect of the D. breviaristatum 6VbS on agronomic and quality characters was also demonstrated. The new wheat-D. breviaristatum 6VbS and 2VbL translocation lines will be useful as novel germplasm for breeding purposes.

Artificial islands and land reclamation are one of the most important ways to expand urban space in coastal cities. Long-term consolidation of reclaimed material and compaction of marine sediments can cause ground subsidence, which may threaten the buildings and infrastructure on the reclaimed lands. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the land subsidence and predict the future deformation trend to mitigate the damage and take measures for the land reclamation and any infrastructure. In this paper, a total of 125 SAR images acquired by the C-band Sentinel-1A satellite between June 2017 and September 2021 are collected. The small baseline subsets (SBAS) SAR interferometry (InSAR) method is first conducted to detect the land deformation in Xiamen and Zhangzhou cities of Fujian Province, China, and the distributed scatterers (DS)-InSAR method is used to recover the complete deformation history of some typical areas including Xiamen Airport in Dadeng Island and Shuangyu Island. Then, the sequential estimation and the geotechnical model are jointly applied to demonstrate the current and future evolution of land subsidence of the constructed roads on Shuangyu Island. The results show that the maximum cumulative deformation reaches 425 mm of Xiamen Xiang’an Airport and 626 mm of Shuangyu Island, and the maximum deformation is predicted to be as large as 1.1 m by 2026 of Shuangyu Island. This research will provide important guidelines for the design and construction of Xiamen Xiang’an Airport and Shuangyu Island to prevent and control land subsidence.

Tamusu area in Inner Mongolia is one of the favorable site candidates for high level radioactive waste (HLW) repository, which requires a stable regional tectonic environment. Field investigation, mossbauer spectroscopy, major elements, carbon and oxygen isotope and quartz micro morphology of fault gouge and host rock of three faults in the site candidate were conducted. The results show that the F2 and F7 faults on the north and south sides of the site candidate are in a relatively stable state with good sealing and weak activity. Part of the F4 fault is located in the site candidate, and the deportment of a small amount of pyrite in the fault zone and the difference of carbon and oxygen isotopes indicate that it may have experienced material exchange with the deep zone. Attention should be paid to induced earthquake risk.

Geochemical characterization studies and batch leaching experiments were conducted to explore the effects of a CO2 + O2 leaching system on uranium (U) recovery from ores obtained from an eastern limb of Zinda Pir Anticline ore deposit in Pakistan. The mineralogy of the ore was identified by Electron Probe Micro-analyzer (EPMA) and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), showing that pitchblende is the main ore mineral. XRD was also used along with EPMA and SEM characterization data. Experimental results indicate that U mobility was readily facilitated in the CO2 + O2 system with Eh 284 mV and pH 6.24, and an 86% recovery rate of U3O8 was obtained. U speciation analysis implied the formation of UO2 (CO3)22− in the pregnant solution. The plausible mechanism may be attributed to the dissolved CO2 gas that forms carbonate/bicarbonate ion releasing oxidized U from the ore mineral. However, U recovery in the liquid phase was shown to decrease by higher U(VI) initial concentration, which may be due to the saturation of Fe adsorption capacity, as suggested by an increase in Fe concentration with increasing initial U(VI) concentration in the solid phase. However, further studies are needed to reveal the influencing mechanism of U(VI) initial concentration on U recovery in the solid phase. This study provides new insights on the feasibility and validity of the site application of U neutral in situ leaching.

Mutations induced by radiation are widely used for developing new varieties of plants. To better understand the frequency and pattern of irradiation-induced chromosomal rearrangements, we irradiated the dry seeds of Chinese Spring (CS)-Dasypyrum villosum nullisomic-tetrasomic (6A/6D) addition (6V) line (2n = 44), WD14, with 60Co-γ-rays at dosages of 100, 200, and 300 Gy. The M0 and M1 generations were analyzed using Feulgen staining and non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) by using oligonucleotide probes. Abnormal mitotic behavior and chromosomes with structural changes were observed in the M0 plants. In all, 39 M1 plants had structurally changed chromosomes, with the B genome showing the highest frequency of aberrations and tendency to recombine with chromosomes of the D genome. In addition, 19 M1 plants showed a variation in chromosome number. The frequency of chromosome loss was considerably higher for 6D than for the alien chromosome 6V, indicating that 6D is less stable after irradiation. Our findings suggested that the newly obtained γ-induced genetic materials might be beneficial for future wheat breeding programs and functional gene analyses.

A novel Dasypyrum species, Dasypyrum breviaristatum, serves as a valuable source of useful genes for wheat improvement. The development and characterization of new wheat—D. breviaristatum introgression lines is important to determine the novel gene(s) on specific chromosome(s). We first used multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify the individual D. breviaristatum Vb chromosomes in a common wheat—D. breviaristatum partial amphiploid, TDH-2. The FISH patterns of D. breviaristatum chromosomes were different from those of D. villosum chromosomes. Lines D2146 and D2150 were selected from a cross between wheat line MY11 and wheat—D. breviaristatum partial amphiploid TDH-2, and they were characterized by FISH and PCR-based molecular markers. We found that D2150 was a monosomic addition line for chromosome 5Vb of D. breviaristatum, while D2146 had the 5VbL chromosome arm translocated with wheat chromosome 5AS. Molecular marker analysis confirmed that the introduced D. breviaristatum chromosome 5VbL translocation possessed a duplicated region homoeologous to 5AS, revealing that the 5AS.5VbL translocation may not functionally compensate well. The dwarfing and the pre-harvest re-growth habits observed in the wheat—D. breviaristatum chromosome 5Vb derivatives may be useful for future development of perennial growth wheat lines.

Systematic study of the surface chemical properties of uranium minerals is necessary to improve the uranium ore extracting process. The presented work aims to argue geochemistry and acid hydrometallurgy accessibility of uraninite from the Mianhuakeng (MHK) granite-hosted uranium deposit, South China, which provides insight on this ore extracting domain. Mineralogy, geochemical composition, U–Th–Pb chemical age, and uranium deportment of the uraninite were systematically analyzed by using scanning electron microscope with energy dispersion spectrum (SEM-EDS), an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that uraninite was intergrowth with coffinite, probably due to uraninite being partly metasomatized into coffinite along the fissures. The major element content of uraninite such as for UO2, SiO2, and CaO were 79.46 ± 2.03 wt%, 6.19 ± 1.36 wt%, and 5.09 ± 0.80 wt%, respectively. Single-point U–Th–Pb chemical ages for uraninite grains were calculated with the EPMA data, and the results showed ages ranging from a few million to dozens of million years, indicating Pb loss after uraninite formed. Uranium deportment in uraninite generally existed in the forms of UO2, U3O8, and UO3, and mostly showed high valence states suggested by XPS. Uranium on the surface of the uraninite grain was partially oxidized by sulfuric acid leaching, which led to tetravalent uranium converting to hexavalent uranium, suggesting uraninite in the MHK uranium deposit is accessible to be leached by sulfuric acid.

Non-denaturing FISH (ND-FISH) technology has been widely used to study the chromosomes of Triticeae species because of its convenience. The oligo probes for ND-FISH analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosomes are still limited. In this study, the whole genome shotgun assembly sequences (IWGSC WGA v0.4) and the first version of the reference sequences (IWGSC RefSeq v1.0) of Chinese Spring (T. aestivum L.) were used to find new tandem repeats. One hundred and twenty oligo probes were designed according to the new tandem repeats and used for ND-FISH analysis of chromosomes of wheat Chinese Spring. Twenty nine of the 120 oligo probes produce clear or strong signals on wheat chromosomes. Two of the 29 oligo probes can be used to conveniently distinguish wheat A-, B-, and D-genome chromosomes. Sixteen of the 29 oligo probes only produce clear or strong signals on the subtelomeric regions of 1AS, 5AS, 7AL, 4BS, 5BS, and 3DS arms, on the telomeric regions of 1AL, 5AL, 2BS, 3BL, 6DS, and 7DL arms, on the intercalary regions of 4AL and 2DL arms, and on the pericentromeric regions of 3DL and 6DS arms. Eleven of the 29 oligo probes generate distinct signal bands on several chromosomes and they are different from those previously reported. In addition, the short and long arms of 6D chromosome have been confirmed. The new oligo probes developed in this study are useful and convenient for distinguishing wheat chromosomes or specific segments of wheat chromosomes.

As an important relative of wheat (Triticum aestivum L), Dasypyrum breviaristatum contains novel high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) encoded by Glu-1Vb genes. We identified new wheat—D. breviaristatum chromosome introgression lines including chromosomes 1Vb and 1VbL.5VbL by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with molecular markers. We found that chromosome changes occurred in the wheat—D. breviaristatum introgression lines and particularly induced the deletion of 5BS terminal repeats and formation of a new type of 5B-7B reciprocal translocation. The results imply that the D. breviaristatum chromosome 1Vb may contain genes which induce chromosomal recombination in wheat background. Ten putative high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) genes from D. breviaristatum and wheat—D. breviaristatum introgression lines were isolated. The lengths of the HMW-GS genes in Dasypyrum were significantly shorter than typical HMW-GS of common wheat. A new y-type HMW-GS gene, named Glu-Vb1y, was characterized in wheat—D. breviaristatum 1Vb introgression lines. The new wheat—D. breviaristatum germplasm displayed reduced plant height, increased tillers and superior grain protein and gluten contents, improved gluten performance index. The results showed considerable potential for utilization of D. breviaristatum chromosome 1Vb segments in future wheat improvement.

The unique 75 K γ-secalins encoded by Sec2 loci in Secale species is composed of almost half rye storage proteins. The chromosomal location of Sec2 loci in wild Secale species, Secale africanum, was carried out by the wheat—S. africanum derivatives, which were identified by genomic in situ hybridization and multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. The Sec2 gene-specific PCR analysis indicated that the S. cereale Sec2 was located on chromosome 2R, while the S. africanum Sec2 was localized on chromosome 6Rafr of S. africanum. A total of 38 Sec2 gene sequences were isolated from S. africanum, S. cereale and S. sylvestre by PCR-based cloning. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. africanum Sec2 diverged from S. cereale Sec2 approximately 2–3 million years ago. The illegitimate recombination of chromosome 2R–6R involving the Sec2 loci region may accelerate sequence variation during evolutionary process from wild to cultivated Secale species.

A new wheat-Thinopyrum translocation line CH13-21 was selected from the progenies derived from a cross between wheat-Th. intermedium partial amphiploid TAI7047 and wheat line Mianyang11. CH13-21 was characterized by using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), multicolor-GISH (mc-GISH), multicolor-fluorescence in situ hybridization (mc-FISH) and chromosome-specific molecular markers. When inoculated with stripe rust and powdery mildew isolates, CH13-21 displayed novel resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust which inherited from its Thinopyrum parent. The chromosomal counting analyses indicated that CH13-21 has 42 chromosomes, with normal bivalent pairing at metaphase I of meiosis. GISH probed by Th. intermedium genomic DNA showed that CH13-21 contained a pair of wheat-Th. intermedium translocated chromosomes. Sequential mc-FISH analyses probed by pSc119.2 and pAs1 clearly revealed that chromosome arm 6BS of CH13-21 was replaced by Thinopyrum chromatin in the translocation chromosome. The molecular markers analysis further confirmed that the introduced Th. intermedium chromatin in CH13-21 belonged to the long arm of homoeologous group 6 chromosome. Therefore, CH13-21 was a new T6BS.6Ai#1L compensating Robertsonian translocation line. It concludes that CH13-21 is a new genetic resource for wheat breeding programs providing novel variation for disease resistances.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. It is essential to discover more sources of stripe rust resistance genes for wheat breeding programs. Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) is a powerful tool for the construction of high-density genetic maps. In this study, a set of 200 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between wheat cultivars Chuanmai 42 (CH42) and Chuanmai 55 (CH55) was used to construct a high-density genetic map and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for stripe rust resistance using SLAF-seq technology. A genetic map of 2828.51 cM, including 21 linkage groups, contained 6732 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNP). Resistance QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1B, 2A, and 7B; Qyr.saas-7B was derived from CH42, whereas Qyr.saas-1B and Qyr.saas-2A were from CH55. The physical location of Qyr.saas-1B, which explained 6.24−34.22% of the phenotypic variation, overlapped with the resistance gene Yr29. Qyr.saas-7B accounted for up to 20.64% of the phenotypic variation. Qyr.saas-2A, a minor QTL, was found to be a likely new stripe rust resistance locus. A significant additive effect was observed when all three QTLs were combined. The combined resistance genes could be of value in breeding wheat for stripe rust resistance.

To determine the composition of chromosome aberrations in a wheat‒Dasypyrum breviaristatum substitution line with seeds treated by a dose of gamma-rays (200 Gy), sequential non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) with multiple oligonucleotide probes was used to screen individual plants of the mutagenized progenies. We identified 122 types of chromosome rearrangements, including centromeric, telomeric, and intercalary chromosome translocations from a total of 772 M1 and 872 M2 plants. The frequency of reciprocal translocations between B- and D-chromosomes was higher than that between A- and D-chromosomes. Eight translocations between D. breviaristatum and wheat chromosomes were also detected. The 13 stable plants with multiple chromosome translocations displayed novel agronomic traits. The newly developed materials will enhance wheat breeding programs through wheat‒Dasypyrum introgression and also facilitate future studies on the genetic and epigenetic effects of translocations in wheat genomics.

The wild species, Thinopyrum intermedium. (Genome StStJSJSJJ), serves as a valuable germplasm resource providing novel genes for wheat improvement. In the current study, non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) with multiple probes and comparative molecular markers were applied to characterize two wheat-Th. intermedium chromosome additions. Sequential ND-FISH with new labeled Th. intermedium specific oligo-probes were used to precisely determine the chromosomal constitution of Th. intermedium, wheat—Th. intermedium partial amphiploids and addition lines Hy36 and Hy37. The ND-FISH results showed that the added JS-St translocated chromosomes in Hy36 had minor Oligo-5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) signals at the short arm, while a pair of J-St chromosomes in Hy37 had major Oligo-pTa71 and minor Oligo-5S rDNA signals. The 90K SNP array and PCR-based molecular markers that mapped on wheat linkage group 5 and 3 facilitated the identification of Thinopyrum chromosome introgressions in the addition lines, and confirmed that added chromosomes in Hy36 and Hy37 were 5JSS.3StS and 5JS.3StS, respectively. Complete coding sequences at the paralogous puroindoline-a (Pina) loci from Th. intermedium were cloned and localized on the short arm of chromosome 5JS of Hy36. Line Hy36 showed a reduction in the hardness index, which suggested that Th. intermedium-specific Pina gene sequences may be associated with the softness trait in wheat background. The molecular cytogenetic identification of novel wheat—Th. intermedium derivatives indicated that the frequent chromosome rearrangement occurred in the progenies of wheat-Thinopyrum hybridization. The new wheat-Thinopyrum derived lines may increase the genetic diversity for wheat breeding.

A large proportion of the genomes of grasses is comprised of tandem repeats (TRs), which include satellite DNA. A mini-satellite DNA sequence with a length of 44 bp, named Ta-3A1, was found to be highly accumulated in wheat genome, as revealed by a comprehensive sequence analysis. The physical distribution of Ta-3A1 in chromosomes 3A, 5A, 5B, 5D, and 7A of wheat was confirmed by nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) after labeling the oligonucleotide probe. The analysis of monomer variants indicated that rapid sequence amplification of Ta-3A1 occurred first on chromosomes of linkage group 5, then groups 3 and 7. Comparative ND-FISH analysis suggested that rapid changes occurred in copy number and chromosomal locations of Ta-3A1 among the different species in the tribe Triticeae, which may have been associated with chromosomal rearrangements during speciation and polyploidization. The labeling and subsequent use of Ta-3A1 by ND-FISH may assist in the precise identification and documentation of novel wheat germplasm engineered by chromosome manipulation.

Wild barley eibi1 mutant with HvABCG31 gene mutation has low capacity to retain leaf water, a phenotype associated with reduced cutin deposition and a thin cuticle. To better understand how such a mutant plant survives, we performed a genome-wide gene expression analysis. The leaf transcriptomes between the near-isogenic lines eibi1 and the wild type were compared using the 22-k Barley1 Affymetrix microarray. We found that the pleiotropic effect of the single gene HvABCG31 mutation was linked to the co-regulation of metabolic processes and stress-related system. The cuticle development involved cytochrome P450 family members and fatty acid metabolism pathways were significantly up-regulated by the HvABCG31 mutation, which might be anticipated to reduce the levels of cutin monomers or wax and display conspicuous cuticle defects. The candidate genes for responses to stress were induced by eibi1 mutant through activating the jasmonate pathway. The down-regulation of co-expressed enzyme genes responsible for DNA methylation and histone deacetylation also suggested that HvABCG31 mutation may affect the epigenetic regulation for barley development. Comparison of transcriptomic profiling of barley under biotic and abiotic stresses revealed that the functions of HvABCG31 gene to high-water loss rate might be different from other osmotic stresses of gene mutations in barley. The transcriptional profiling of the HvABCG31 mutation provided candidate genes for further investigation of the physiological and developmental changes caused by the mutant.

The hybrid between Brassica napus and B. rapa displays obvious heterosis in both growth performance and stress tolerances. A comparative transcriptome analysis for B. napus (AnAnCC genome), B. rapa (ArAr genome), and its hybrid F1 (AnArC genome) was carried out to reveal the possible molecular mechanisms of heterosis at the gene expression level. A total of 40,320 nonredundant unigenes were identified using B. rapa (AA genome) and B. oleracea (CC genome) as reference genomes. A total of 6,816 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped in the A and C genomes with 4,946 DEGs displayed nonadditively by comparing the gene expression patterns among the three samples. The coexistence of nonadditive DEGs including high-parent dominance, low-parent dominance, overdominance, and underdominance was observed in the gene action modes of F1 hybrid, which were potentially related to the heterosis. The coexistence of multiple gene actions in the hybrid was observed and provided a list of candidate genes and pathways for heterosis. The expression bias of transposable element-associated genes was also observed in the hybrid compared to their parents. The present study could be helpful for the better understanding of the determination and regulation of mechanisms of heterosis to aid Brassica improvement.

Powdery mildew (PM) is a very destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum introgression line CH7086 was shown to possess powdery mildew resistance possibly originating from Th. ponticum. Genomic in situ hybridization and molecular characterization of the alien introgression failed to identify alien chromatin. To study the genetics of resistance, CH7086 was crossed with susceptible genotypes. Segregation in F2 populations and F2:3 lines tested with Chinese Bgt race E09 under controlled conditions indicated that CH7086 carries a single dominant gene for powdery mildew resistance. Fourteen SSR and EST-PCR markers linked with the locus were identified. The genetic distances between the locus and the two flanking markers were 1.5 and 3.2 cM, respectively. Based on the locations of the markers by nullisomic-tetrasomic and deletion lines of 'Chinese Spring', the resistance gene was located in deletion bin 2BL-0.89-1.00. Conserved orthologous marker analysis indicated that the genomic region flanking the resistance gene has a high level of collinearity to that of rice chromosome 4 and Brachypodium chromosome 5. Both resistance specificities and tests of allelism suggested the resistance gene in CH7086 was different from previously reported powdery mildew resistance genes on 2BL, and the gene was provisionally designated PmCH86. Molecular analysis of PmCH86 compared with other genes for resistance to Bgt in the 2BL-0.89-1.00 region suggested that PmCH86 may be a new PM resistance gene, and it was therefore designated as Pm51. The closely linked flanking markers could be useful in exploiting this putative wheat-Thinopyrum translocation line for rapid transfer of Pm51 to wheat breeding programs.

The objective of this research was to characterize the high level of resistance to stripe that has been observed in the released wheat cultivar, Chuanmai45. A combination of classic genetic analysis, molecular and cytogenetic methods were used to characterize resistance in an F2 population derived from Chuanmai45 and the susceptible Chuanmai42. Inheritance of resistance was shown to be conferred by two genes in Chuanmai45. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used along with segregation studies to show that one gene was located on a 1RS.1BL translocation. Molecular markers were employed to show that the other locus was located on chromosome 4B. The defeated gene, Yr24/26, on chromosome 1BL was present in the susceptible parent and lines that recombined this gene with the 1RS.1BL translocation were identified. The germplasm, loci, and associated markers identified in this study will be useful for application in breeding programs utilizing marker-assisted selection.