Search

The aim of the study was to investigate core–shell pulsatile tablets by combining the advantages of FDM 3D printing and traditional pharmaceutical technology, which are suitable for a patient’s individual medication and chronopathology. The tablets were designed and prepared with the commercial verapamil hydrochloride tablets as core inside and the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printed shell outside. Filaments composed of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyethylenglycol (PEG) 400 were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) and used for fabrication of the shell. Seven types of printed shells were designed for the tablets by adjusting the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. A series of evaluations were then performed on the 3D-printed core–shell tablets, including the morphology, weight, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), in vitro drug release and CT imaging. The results showed that the tablets prepared by FDM 3D printing appeared intact without any defects. All the excipients of the tablet shells were thermally stable during the extruding and printing process. The weight, hardness and in vitro drug release of the tablets were affected by the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. The pulsatile tablets achieved personalized lag time ranging from 4 h to 8 h in the drug release test in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8). Therefore, the 3D-printed core–shell pulsatile tablets in this study presented good potential in personalized administration, thereby improving the therapeutic effects of the drug for circadian rhythm disease.

Realizing process data traceability of industrial products is an important way to solve the problem of product quality analysis and achieve optimal design. At present, research on product data traceability mainly relies on centralized service provider storage, and product data rarely covers the whole life cycle, resulting in the opacity and incomplete of the product traceability process data. In this paper, blockchain technology is introduced into the traceability management of product data, and a product life cycle data traceability method based on multi-blockchain is proposed. The data sharing and communication mechanisms among blockchains are analyzed. Moreover, the block structure of product traceability data, the upload process of block data and the tracing process of multi-chain product data are elaborated in detail. Finally, based on the open source ethereum architecture, the system application platform is developed to verify the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method.

By fusing the extracellular domain of the natural killer (NK) cell receptor NKG2D to DAP12, we constructed a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to improve NK cell tumor responses. An RNA electroporation approach that provides transient expression of the CAR was adopted as a risk mitigation strategy. Expression of the NKG2D RNA CAR significantly augmented the cytolytic activity of NK cells against several solid tumor cell lines in vitro and provided a clear therapeutic benefit to mice with established solid tumors. Three patients with metastatic colorectal cancer were then treated with local infusion of the CAR-NK cells. Reduction of ascites generation and a marked decrease in number of tumor cells in ascites samples were observed in the first two patients treated with intraperitoneal infusion of low doses of the CAR-NK cells. The third patient with metastatic tumor sites in the liver was treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection, followed by intraperitoneal infusion of the CAR-NK cells. Rapid tumor regression in the liver region was observed with Doppler ultrasound imaging and complete metabolic response in the treated liver lesions was confirmed by positron emission tomography (PET)- computed tomographic (CT) scanning. Our results highlight a promising therapeutic potential of using RNA CAR-modified NK cells to treat metastatic colorectal cancer.

The aim of this study was to explore the link between autophagy and collagen metabolism in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) by detecting the expressions of autophagy factors, collagen, desmin, cytokeratin, and vimentin.Histology of anterior vaginal wall and uterosacral ligament was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining in POP and non-POP control patients (n = 50 per group). Expressions of collagen types I and III, LC3II, beclin 1, and p62 were examined by Western blot analysis. Expressions of LC3, vimentin, desmin, and cytokeratin were detected by immunohistochemical staining. A linkage between the mean of LC3 integrated option density summation (IOD SUM) and POP clinicopathologic parameters including Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) staging, age, body mass index, gravidity, and parity was analyzed by χ test, respectively.Compared with the control group, the following differences were found both in the vaginal wall and in the uterosacral ligament of the POP group: hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that collagen was more fragmented and disorganized. Expressions of collagen types I and III, LC3II, and beclin 1 were diminished, whereas the p62 level was elevated in Western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining showed that expression of LC3 was down-regulated, whereas vimentin level was increased. There were no significant differences in the expressions of desmin and cytokeratin in the 2 groups (P0.05). Mean of LC3 IOD SUM was highly linked to the POP-Q stage in the POP group (P0.05), whereas there was no significant correlation between the mean of LC3 IOD SUM and POP groups in age, body mass index, gravidity, and parity, respectively(P0.05).Autophagic activity is impaired in the POP group, which may relate to collagen deposition.

The machine output power smoothing has an important significance to improve the efficiency and quality of machining. By the cutting power simulation based on classic dynamic cutting force model, this paper present a Simplified Cutting Force Model combined with gauss-newton iteration method. Physical simulation of complex cutting processing and cutting parameters optimization for cutting power smoothing can be achieved with high efficiency by using this model. Results show that it is an efficient and practical method to improve the stability of NC machining process.

To solve the problem of how individualized demands drive the manufacturing execution of production enterprises quickly and accurately in cloud service environment, several critical technologies of manufacturing execution are investigated. The technologies include semantic description of manufacturing elements, intelligent connection of manufacturing resources, servitization of manufacturing functions and processes and intelligent progress control. From the aspects of intelligent manufacturing resources and service-oriented manufacturing functions, the connotation of the proposed technologies and realization method have been demonstrated. Ontology and sematic identification are utilized to describe manufacturing resources, and a cloud service manufacturing mode is constructed by application of intelligent and virtual technologies. The proposed mode searches and combines optimal services according to correlation coefficients, so as to realize the timely and accurate execution of individual order. Finally, the feasibility and practicability of the proposed technologies are verified by a case study.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important disease agent that can be difficult to effectively eradicate from herds. Because it is an obligate intracellular parasite, the virus has multiple effects on the host cell during infection. Here, a high-throughput quantitative proteomic approach was used to develop an unbiased holistic overview of the protein changes in IBRS-2 cells infected with FMDV. Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) combined with LC-MS/MS was performed to identify and quantify 1260 cellular and 2 viral proteins after 6 h of infection of IBRS-2 cells with FMDV. Of these identified and measured cellular protein pairs, 77 were significantly up-regulated, and 50 were significantly down-regulated based on significance B ≤ 0.05. The differentially altered proteins included a number of proteins involved in endolysosomal proteases system, cell cycle, cellular growth and proliferation, and immune cell trafficking. Selected data were validated by Western blot. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that proteins that changed in response to infection could be assigned to defined canonical pathways and functional groupings, such as integrin signaling. The obtained data might not only improve the understanding of the dynamics of FMDV and host interaction but may also help elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of FMDV infection.

The infection of host cells by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) leads to extensive modulation of the gene expression levels of target cells. To uncover the pathogenesis and virus-host interactions of PCV2, a quantitative proteomic study using the stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), coupled with mass spectrometry, was performed on PCV2-infected PK-15 cells. The SILAC-based approach identified 1341 proteins, 163 of which showed significant change in level at 72 h after infection (79 up-regulated and 84 down-regulated). The modulated proteins included a number of proteins involved in substrate transport, cytoskeletal changes, and the stress response. Changes in the expression levels of selected proteins were verified by Western blot analysis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to reveal protein and interactive pathway regulation in response to PCV2 infection. Functional network and pathway analyses could provide insights into the complexity and dynamics of virus-host cell interactions and may accelerate our understanding of the mechanisms of PCV2 infection.

We have previously elucidated that Epstein-Barr-virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) can increase the serine phosphorylation level of annexin A2 by activating the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway and that LMP1 induces the nuclear entry of annexin A2 in an energy- and temperature-dependent manner. Here, we further confirm that LMP1 increases the serine phosphorylation level of annexin A2 by activating the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-PKC alpha/PKC beta pathway, mainly through the activation of the PKCbeta pathway. Additionally, active recombinant PKC alpha, PKC beta I, and PKC beta II kinases are able to phosphorylate annexin A2 in vitro. Annexin A2 in the nucleus plays an important role in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. By site-specific substitution of glutamic acid in the place of serine 11 and 25 in the N-terminus, we show that serine 25 phosphorylation of annexin A2 was associated with the nuclear entry of annexin A2, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, whereas serine 11 has no obvious influence. We demonstrate for the first time that the PI-PLC-PKCalpha/PKCbeta pathway plays an important role in serine phosphorylation and in the nuclear entry of annexin A2 mediated by LMP1. In addition, we show that annexin A2 is the substrate protein of PKC alpha, PKC betaI, and PKC betaII kinases. Serine 25 phosphorylation of annexin A2 is shown to be associated with its nuclear entry, DNA synthesis, and cell proliferation.

The rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein (G) is the principal contributor to the pathogenicity and protective immunity of RABV. In a previous work, we reported that recombinant rabies virus Hep-dG, which was generated by reverse genetics to carry two copies of the G-gene, showed lower virulence than the parental virus rHep-Flury in suckling mice with a better immune protection effect. To better understand the mechanisms underlying rabies virus attenuation and the role of glycoprotein G, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was performed to identify and quantify distinct proteins. 10 and 111 differentially expressed proteins were obtained in rHep-Flury and Hep-dG infection groups, respectively. Selected data were validated by western blot and qRT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis of the distinct protein suggested that glycoprotein over-expression in the attenuated RABV strain can induce activation of the interferon signaling. Furthermore, it may promote the antiviral response, MHC-I mediated antigen-specific T cell immune response, apoptosis and autophagy in an IFN-dependent manner. These findings might not only improve the understanding of the dynamics of RABV and host interaction, but also help understand the mechanisms underlying innate and adaptive immunity during RABV infection.

Previous studies have shown that the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein1 (LMP1) could activate nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and Janus kinases/signal transducer and activation of transcription factors pathways. However, many signaling molecules and downstream target proteins triggered by LMP1 have not been identified. To determine the functional components in signaling pathways triggered by LMP1, we combined the novel strategy of phosphoprotein enrichment with proteomics technology to elucidate the signaling cascade activated by LMP1. We found that LMP1 could increase the quantity of total phosphoproteins by 18.03%, and 43 proteins showed significant changes in the degree of phosphorylation when LMP1 was expressed. Twenty-five signaling molecules or downstream targets of signaling pathways triggered by LMP1 were identified, several of which had previously been implicated in LMP1 signal pathways. The other proteins, including annexin A2, heat shock protein 27, stathmin, annexin I, basic transcription factor 3, and porin, were novel signaling molecules or targets with no previously known function in LMP1 signal transduction. The method used here has proven to be suitable for the identification of molecules involved in various signaling pathways.

The latent membrane protein (LMP1) encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested to be one of the major oncogenic factors in EBV-mediated carcinogenesis. RNA-cleaving DNA enzymes are catalytic nucleic acids that bind and cleave a target RNA in a highly sequence-specific manner. In this study, we explore the potential of using DNAzymes as a therapeutic approach to EBV-associated carcinomas by targeting the LMP1 gene. In all, 13 different phosphorothioate-modified "10-23" deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) were designed and synthesized against the LMP1 mRNA and transfected into B95-8 cells, which constitutively express the LMP1. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the cellular uptake and distribution in B95-8 cells. As demonstrated in Western blots, three out of 13 deoxyribozymes significantly downregulated the expression of LMP1 in B95-8 cells. These DNAzymes were shown to markedly inhibit B95-8 cell growth compared with a disabled DNAzyme and untreated controls, as determined by an alamarBlue Assay. It was further demonstrated that these DNAzymes arrested the B95-8 cells in G0/G1 using flow cytometry. Interestingly, the active DNAzymes could also downregulate the expression of Bcl-2 gene in treated cells, suggesting a close association between the LMP1 and Bcl-2 genes and their involvement in apoptosis. This was further confirmed with the result that the DNAzymes could induce the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which is the hallmark of the apoptosis. The present results suggest that the LMP1 may present a potential target for DNAzymes towards the EBV-associated carcinoma through cell proliferation and apoptosis pathways.

This paper presents an effective method of NC machining cutting parameters optimization. For a given machine NC code, we use the secondary development tools provided by VERICUT software, the time series segmentation algorithm of sliding window technique, back stepping method for getting the feed rate based on the empirical formula and other methods to extract, process and optimize the cutting data. As a result of these, we can make the output power of the spindle reaching smooth and get the optimized processing code finally.

N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) with organ specificity for nasopharyngeal epithelium, is involved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis, though its mechanism is unclear. To reveal the pathogenesis of DNP-induced metastasis, immunoprecipitation was used to identify DNP-mediated phosphoproteins. DNP-mediated NPC cell line (6-10B) motility and invasion was confirmed. Twenty-six phosphoproteins were increased at least 1.5-fold following DNP exposure. Changes in the expression levels of selected phosphoproteins were verified by Western-blotting analysis. DNP treatment altered the phosphorylation of ezrin (threonine 567), vimentin (serine 55), stathmin (serine 25) and STAT3 (serine 727). Furthermore, it was shown that DNP-dependent metastasis is mediated in part through ezrin at threonine 567, as DNP-mediated metastasis was decreased when threonine 567 of ezrin was mutated. Strikingly, NPC metastatic tumors exhibited a higher expression of phosphorylated-ezrin at threonine 567 than the primary tumors. These findings provide novel insight into DNP-induced NPC metastasis and may contribute to a better understanding of the metastatic mechanisms of NPC tumors.

Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly invasive and metastatic cancer. N,N’-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP), a carcinogen with specificity for nasopharyngeal epithelium, facilitates NPC metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism is not known. Methods Quantitative phosphoproteomics, using stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell cultures, was employed to identify phosphoproteins associated with NPC metastasis mediated by DNP. NPC cell line 6-10B, which is relatively less metastatic, was used to investigate DNP-mediated metastasis. Boyden chamber invasion assay was used to measure DNP-induced motility and invasion, and nude mice were used to verify DNP-mediated metastasis in vivo. Several different phosphoproteins detected by proteomics analysis were verified by immunoblotting. DNP-mediated metastasis facilitated by lysine-rich CEACAM1 co-isolated protein (LYRIC) phosphorylation at serine 568 was confirmed using mutations targeting the phosphorylation site of LYRIC. DNP-mediated metastasis through LYRIC phosphorylation was confirmed in the NPC cell line CNE1. DNP-mediated LYRIC phosphorylation at serine 568 was also verified in metastatic tumors of BABL/c nude mice. Results Boyden chamber invasion assay indicated that DNP mediated cell motility and invasion of NPC cell 6-10B in vitro, and experiments with nude mice indicated that DNP increased 6-10B metastasis in vivo. In the phosphoproteomics analysis, we detected 216 phosphorylation sites on 130 proteins; among these, 48 phosphorylation sites on 30 unique phosphopeptides were modulated by DNP by at least 1.5-fold. DNP mediated the expression of phosphorylated GTPase, ferritin, LYRIC, and RNA polymerase, and it decreased the expression of phosphorylated torsin-1A protein 1. Furthermore, DNP induced LYRIC phosphorylation at serine 568 to facilitate cell motility and invasion, whereas DNP-mediated motility and invasion was decreased when serine 568 in LYRIC was mutated. In another NPC cell line, CNE1, DNP also mediated cell motility and invasion followed by enhanced phosphorylation of LYRIC at serine 568. Finally, phosphorylated-LYRIC expression at serine 568 was significantly increased in metastatic tumors induced by DNP. Conclusion DNP regulates multiple signaling pathways through protein phosphorylation, including the phosphorylation of LYRIC at serine 568, and mediates NPC metastasis. These findings provide insights on the complexity and dynamics of DNP-facilitated metastasis, and may help to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms by clarifying NPC-induced metastasis.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly invasive and metastatic cancer. N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP), a carcinogen with specificity for nasopharyngeal epithelium, facilitates NPC metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism is not known.Quantitative phosphoproteomics, using stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell cultures, was employed to identify phosphoproteins associated with NPC metastasis mediated by DNP. NPC cell line 6-10B, which is relatively less metastatic, was used to investigate DNP-mediated metastasis. Boyden chamber invasion assay was used to measure DNP-induced motility and invasion, and nude mice were used to verify DNP-mediated metastasis in vivo. Several different phosphoproteins detected by proteomics analysis were verified by immunoblotting. DNP-mediated metastasis facilitated by lysine-rich CEACAM1 co-isolated protein (LYRIC) phosphorylation at serine 568 was confirmed using mutations targeting the phosphorylation site of LYRIC. DNP-mediated metastasis through LYRIC phosphorylation was confirmed in the NPC cell line CNE1. DNP-mediated LYRIC phosphorylation at serine 568 was also verified in metastatic tumors of BABL/c nude mice.Boyden chamber invasion assay indicated that DNP mediated cell motility and invasion of NPC cell 6-10B in vitro, and experiments with nude mice indicated that DNP increased 6-10B metastasis in vivo. In the phosphoproteomics analysis, we detected 216 phosphorylation sites on 130 proteins; among these, 48 phosphorylation sites on 30 unique phosphopeptides were modulated by DNP by at least 1.5-fold. DNP mediated the expression of phosphorylated GTPase, ferritin, LYRIC, and RNA polymerase, and it decreased the expression of phosphorylated torsin-1A protein 1. Furthermore, DNP induced LYRIC phosphorylation at serine 568 to facilitate cell motility and invasion, whereas DNP-mediated motility and invasion was decreased when serine 568 in LYRIC was mutated. In another NPC cell line, CNE1, DNP also mediated cell motility and invasion followed by enhanced phosphorylation of LYRIC at serine 568. Finally, phosphorylated-LYRIC expression at serine 568 was significantly increased in metastatic tumors induced by DNP.DNP regulates multiple signaling pathways through protein phosphorylation, including the phosphorylation of LYRIC at serine 568, and mediates NPC metastasis. These findings provide insights on the complexity and dynamics of DNP-facilitated metastasis, and may help to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms by clarifying NPC-induced metastasis.

Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a high metastatic feature. N,N′-Dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) is involved in NPC metastasis, but its mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study is to reveal the pathogenesis of DNP-involved metastasis. 6-10B cells with low metastasis are from NPC cell line SUNE-1, were used to investigate the mechanism of DNP-mediated NPC metastasis. Results 6-10B cells were grown in DMEM containing 2H4-L-lysine and 13C 6 15 N4-L-arginine or conventional L-lysine and L-arginine, and identified the incorporation of amino acid by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Labeled 6-10B cells were treated with DNP at 0 -18 μM to establish the non-cytotoxic concentration (NCC) range. NCC was 0 -10 μM. Following treatment with DNP at this range, the motility and invasion of cells were detected in vitro, and DNP-mediated metastasis was confirmed in the nude mice. DNP increased 6-10B cell metastasis in vitro and vivo. DNP-induced protein expression was investigated using a quantitative proteomic. The SILAC-based approach quantified 2698 proteins, 371 of which showed significant change after DNP treatment (172 up-regulated and 199 down-regulated proteins). DNP induced the change in abundance of mitochondrial proteins, mediated the status of oxidative stress and the imbalance of redox state, increased cytoskeletal protein, cathepsin, anterior gradient-2, and clusterin expression. DNP also increased the expression of secretory AKR1B10, cathepsin B and clusterin 6-10B cells. Gene Ontology and Ingenuity Pathway analysis showed that DNP may regulate protein synthesis, cellular movement, lipid metabolism, molecular transport, cellular growth and proliferation signaling pathways. Conclusion DNP may regulate cytoskeletal protein, cathepsin, anterior gradient-2, and clusterin expression, increase NPC cells motility and invasion, is involved NPC metastasis.

In order to simplify the complex design and manufacture of aircraft, Work Breakdown Structure is required to break the plane into work packages. And then, these work packages are distributed to different organizations of the research and development team for collaborative work. Hence it's reasonable to identify the design and manufacture data in the Configuration Management System by the identification code which based on the Work Breakdown Structure. At the same time, property code based on Organization Breakdown Structure is available to reflect the organizational characteristics. That is what the double-view means. At last, an algorithm of automatic generation of sequence code is given in order to satisfy the special coding demand in Configuration Management System.

The application of Network DNC(Distributed Numerical Control) and PDM(Product Data Management) software in enterprise has improved the efficiency of the manufacturing process. However, lacking of uniform planning for information systems, the product data in DNC and PDM system can not be shared and reused. This paper proposed an integration method for small batch product data transmission between Network DNC and PDM system. Control-component interface integration method was adopted for the integration scheme. By means of port querying of the key products’ attribute, integration topology, product BOM(Bill of Material) relationship and logical process of data importing were be involved. Finally this paper verifies the feasibility and effectiveness by using CAXA network DNC software platform

To meet the requirement of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system phased implementation and frequently modification, a PLM Class-Cluster data model based on Object-Relation data model was proposed to support system evolution. A set of meta models were defined as semantic criterion and a four layers Class-Cluster model consist of meta models, class models, object models and cluster models was build . Class models were used to describe business data and relations of enterprise. Cluster models were used to reorganize contents and structures of data objects, support different requirements of data schema at different stages of product lifecycle. Model-driven method was employed to refract modification of data models quickly to system. The data models were proved to meet the system evolution requirements through a practical application.

Digital holographic phase-contrast microscopy, a new imaging microscopy, is the combination of digital holography with microscopy. It possesses some unique advantages, e.g. non-destructive, non-invasive and quantitative analysis, and it can be used to image for phase-type objects. In this paper, gastric cancer cells at different stages of cell division were studied employing transmission experimental setup, and the intensity image and phase image of the cells were obtained. The cell sizes were calculated and the cell structures were analyzed according to the intensity and phase images. The result shows that digital holographic phase-contrast microscopy can be used to 3D imaging of microscopic phase object under marker-free condition and real-time quantitative measurement. The technique has a strong potential in biomedical applications.

As a novel power transmission component, the Skewed -Roller Slipping Clutch (SRSC) combines both clutch and bearing functions. In this paper, with the considerations of frictional contact and dynamic equilibrium of the rollers, the effects of roller profiled parameters on the von Mises stress are discussed and the optimal modification parameters are calculated under the different axial loads. In addition, the limiting resistant torque characteristics of the SRSC with optimal profiled rollers are discussed in detail.

New mechanisms are remanded to lift the usabilities and capacities of CAD system with the extending and deepening of application of 3D CAD techniques. This paper proposed the flowable design method based on several known design reuse theories, which made normative design movement and conformed design resource by the thread of design flow. Based on the establishment of mathematic models of design tasks and design flows this paper discussed the method of design flow planning, which was one of the basic problems of the flowable design and would be a good base to other problems’ solution.

In large scale applications, the effective role-based access control (RBAC) administration is a major issue. Multi- hierarchies decentralized administration is needed in large enterprise. The ARBAC administrate RBAC based on role hierarchies and administrative scope, but it can not meet the requirement of multi- hierarchies decentralized administration. We propose role-based hierarchical administrative model named MHARBAC using role tree to support top-down authorization. We redefine the administrative scope which contains user scope, role scope and permission scope. The MHARBAC model has significant advantages over existing models on term of supporting decentralized administration.

A dimension classification method that classifies the 3D dimension to sketch dimension, feature dimension and real dimension is proposed for the problem of slow update process when dimension automatic projection. By matching the 3D dimension and the related elements of model, the dimension automatic projection and quick update when projecting 3D model to 2D view is realized in this paper. The dimension classification, association and update mechanism are introduced in details. An application of projecting the 3D dimension of a shell part based on the interface of CAXASOLID is displayed to support the overall approach. Finally, the trends of dimension automatic projection are summarized.

A numerical optimization method for module identification based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed. A series of property correlations facing the product lifecycle are divided into functional, geometrical, physical and auxiliary ones, and the synthesis design structure matrix (DSM) is obtained. The optimization function for module identification is then established based on the principle of axiomatic design (i.e., close cohesion and loose coupling). Finally, the numerical optimization method for product module identification is implemented using PSO. Solutions is provided for some key issues such as constructing the integrated relationship matrix, building the objective optimization function, creating the numerical optimization process and encoding schema. An example is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approaches.