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AbstractObjectivesMethods and MeasuresResultsDiscussionPrevious operationalisations of bedtime procrastination were incongruent with its definition. We addressed this gap in knowledge by testing a new operationalisation that incorporates the three necessary and sufficient conditions of bedtime procrastination. We investigate the motivational antecedents of bedtime procrastination in daily life with this new operationalisation.Participants (n = 336) self-reported goal motives, chronotype, and typical sleep metrics on a Sunday evening. For the following 7-days, participants self-assessed their 24-h sleep metrics, goal-regulatory variables, and psychological needs.The bedtime discrepancy scores from the new assessment correlate in expected direction with sleep quantity and chronotype. However, our findings pertaining to motivational correlates of bedtime procrastination showed low compatibility with our expectations.We introduced a new operationalisation of bedtime procrastination that aligns with its definition, and which can complement existing approaches that primarily encompass trait-like elements. Incorporating all three necessary and sufficient conditions of bedtime procrastination at the daily level suggests previous prevalence estimates of this sleep-related behaviour obtained with trait-like operationalisations may be overestimated. The low compatibility between our expectations regarding the motivational antecedents of bedtime procrastination suggest a need for congruence between the levels at which antecedents are captured with this sleep-related behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMART goals (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timed) are advocated as the gold standard for goal setting. However, goals which are non-specific and exploratory, referred to as 'open goals', may be preferred in specific circumstances. In this pre-registered experiment, we compared SMART goals, compared to do-your-best (DYB), and open goals on creative performance. We also assessed the equivalence between open and DYB goals. Participants (N = 247, Mage = 30.40 years) completed the Alternate Use Task as a proxy for creative performance, before and after a goal setting manipulation in a 3 (between-groups: SMART, DYB, open goals) x 2 (within-groups: pre- and post-intervention) experimental design. There were no meaningful differences in creative performance for SMART, DYB, and open goals, DYB and open goals were not statistically equivalent. These findings cast doubt that SMART goals are always the most adaptive for human behaviour, given that open and DYB goals can be as effectual in some circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High performance sport consists of stressor events which can disrupt an athletes' functioning and negatively influence performance. The way in which one reflects upon stressor events and develops insights regarding how they coped is essential to overcoming similar experiences in the future. We conducted a pilot randomised controlled trial with a qualitative analysis to explore the coping insights among 48 highly trained/national level swimmers in the lead up to major swimming competitions, who reflected on stressor events from self‐distanced or self‐immersed perspectives over a 3‐week period. Using the self‐reflection and coping insight framework as a guideline, we captured divers coping insights across both groups. Irrespective of the group to which they were assigned, athletes showed positive signs towards re‐interpreting their stressor experience and embracing the stressor event, whereas consideration of individual values and adoption of a future‐focus viewpoint were areas lacking. The emotionality described by athletes in their written reflections varied across both groups and influenced the development of coping insights. Our findings indicate a necessity to examine the emotionality associated with unique stressor events and consider integrating reflection strategies, while also enhancing the operational definitions within conceptual models of stress reflection protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tests of social cognitive theories provide informative data on the factors that relate to health behavior, and the processes and mechanisms involved. In the present article, we contend that tests of social cognitive theories should adhere to the principles of nomological validity, defined as the degree to which predictions in a formal theoretical network are confirmed. We highlight the importance of nomological validity tests to ensure theory predictions can be disconfirmed through observation. We argue that researchers should be explicit on the conditions that lead to theory disconfirmation, and identify any auxiliary assumptions on which theory effects may be conditional. We contend that few researchers formally test the nomological validity of theories, or outline conditions that lead to model rejection and the auxiliary assumptions that may explain findings that run counter to hypotheses, raising potential for 'falsification evasion.' We present a brief analysis of studies (k = 122) testing four key social cognitive theories in health behavior to illustrate deficiencies in reporting theory tests and evaluations of nomological validity. Our analysis revealed that few articles report explicit statements suggesting that their findings support or reject the hypotheses of the theories tested, even when findings point to rejection. We illustrate the importance of explicit a priori specification of fundamental theory hypotheses and associated auxiliary assumptions, and identification of the conditions which would lead to rejection of theory predictions. We also demonstrate the value of confirmatory analytic techniques, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, and Bayesian analyses in providing robust converging evidence for nomological validity. We provide a set of guidelines for researchers on how to adopt and apply the nomological validity approach to testing health behavior models.

Determine the feasibility of a gamified therapy (occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech pathology) prescription app developed for children with neurodisability for delivering school and home therapy programs (the Zingo app). A mixed-methods feasibility study was conducted with children (and their parents, therapists, and teachers) with neurodisability (n = 8, female= 5) who were prescribed a 4-week individualized therapy program by their usual treating therapist using Zingo. Primary outcome measures were program adherence, engagement, app quality, and user experience, collected with quantitative and qualitative methods. Mean adherence to the program was 58.0% (SD 27.2). Our combined Engagement Index (EI) score was 74.4% (SD 11.7). App quality measured using Mobile Application Rating Scale- User version was 4.6/5 (SD 0.7, n = 6) for parents, 4.6/5 (SD 0.5, n = 5) for teachers, and 4.4/5 (SD 0.6, n = 6) for therapists. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews yielded a primary theme of "app as motivator" for therapy. Adherence findings were affected by COVID-19 outbreak however remain comparable with other studies in this cohort. EI findings compared favorably with other studies. The findings are supportive of the feasibility of Zingo for delivering home and school therapy programs for children with neurodisability and was found to motivate therapy program completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a pre-registered systematic review of seven databases and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with athletes to examine the effectiveness of stress regulation interventions on performance outcomes, and the conditions under which their effects are strongest. We found a positive and significant moderate overall effect of stress regulation interventions on performance outcomes (65 effects, k = 21, N = 2022, g = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.84) and a significant large effect on physiological outcomes (28 effects, k = 10, N = 368, g = 2.13, se = 0.81, 95% CI =.47, 3.79), yet the effect on psychological dimensions was statistically inconsequential (28 effects, k = 10, N = 787, g = 0.35, 95% CI = −0.12, 0.81). Sensitivity and meta-bias analyses generally supported the robustness of the pooled effect of stress regulation interventions on athlete performance, yet the prediction intervals suggested some interventions may be inefficacious or detrimental for athlete performance. The strongest effects on performance were observed at follow-up when compared with post-test. Collectively, our findings offer a high-quality assessment on the effectiveness of stress regulation interventions for athlete performance and provide direction for future research in terms of conceptual and methodological issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience training offered to military personnel often fails to reinforce training practices into routine military activities. We describe the implementation of a supervisor-led after action review designed to provide personnel with frequent opportunities for the supervisor reinforced application of resilience training skills at work. This paper provides a roadmap for engaging supervisors to support this program and details strategies used across its design and their contribution to implementation fidelity. Strategies included iterative stakeholder engagement in co-design and the use of mixed-methods data collection, including field observational ratings, open ended survey questions, and focus group interviews. The design and implementation process are reported in two phases: initial and re-implementation phases. Chi-square analyses and t-tests of initial phase data indicated that the after action review designed to guide the application of resilience training skills was distinct from preexisting after action reviews of tactical skills and drills. Reflexive interpretations of instructor feedback guided refinement to the extension and subsequent re-implementation phase data indicated implementation fidelity. When engaging leaders and resilience non-specialists in activities that support military resilience training, we recommend involving stakeholders in the design and implementation process, responding flexibly to their concerns, and balancing their experienced work change demands with appropriate resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]