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1. Identification of Usutu Virus Africa 3 Lineage in a Survey of Mosquitoes and Birds from Urban Areas of Western Spain

Author

Fundación BBVA, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, Ministerio de Universidades (España), Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Ferraguti, Martina [0000-0001-7481-4355], Magallanes, Sergio [0000-0002-6748-9547], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Llorente, Francisco [0000-0003-1566-0266], Pérez-Ramírez, E. [0000-0001-7701-9816], Vázquez, Ana [0000-0002-9872-3316], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Sánchez-Seco, María Paz [0000-0001-9033-7704], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Mora-Rubio, Carlos [0000-0002-1847-3215], Marzal, Alfonso [0000-0001-5872-1060], Frontera, Eva [0000-0003-0222-7850], Bravo, Daniel, Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Ramírez, E., Vázquez, Ana, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Sánchez-Seco, María Paz, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Mora-Rubio, Carlos, Marzal, Alfonso, Frontera, Eva, de Lope, F., Fundación BBVA, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, Ministerio de Universidades (España), Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Ferraguti, Martina [0000-0001-7481-4355], Magallanes, Sergio [0000-0002-6748-9547], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Llorente, Francisco [0000-0003-1566-0266], Pérez-Ramírez, E. [0000-0001-7701-9816], Vázquez, Ana [0000-0002-9872-3316], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Sánchez-Seco, María Paz [0000-0001-9033-7704], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Mora-Rubio, Carlos [0000-0002-1847-3215], Marzal, Alfonso [0000-0001-5872-1060], Frontera, Eva [0000-0003-0222-7850], Bravo, Daniel, Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Ramírez, E., Vázquez, Ana, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Sánchez-Seco, María Paz, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Mora-Rubio, Carlos, Marzal, Alfonso, Frontera, Eva, and de Lope, F.

Abstract

Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus that has caused an increasing number of animal and human cases in Europe in recent years. Understanding the vector species and avian hosts involved in the USUV enzootic cycle in an area of active circulation is vital to anticipate potential outbreaks. Mosquitoes were captured in 2020, while wild birds were sampled in both 2020 and 2021 in Extremadura, southwestern Spain. The presence of USUV in the mosquito vectors was assessed by a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay and confirmed by sequencing amplicons from two generic RT-PCR sets for flaviviruses. Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Bird sera were screened for flavivirus antibodies with a blocking ELISA kit and subsequently tested for virus-specific antibodies with a micro-virus-neutralization test. Overall, 6,004 mosquitoes belonging to 13 species were captured, including some well-known flavivirus vectors (Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, and Cx. univittatus). Of the 438 pools tested, USUV was detected in two pools of Cx. pipiens. Phylogenetic analysis using a fragment of the NS5 gene assigned the USUV detected the Africa 3 lineage. Out of 1,413 wild birds tested, USUV-specific antibodies were detected in 17 birds (1.2%, 10 males and 7 females) from eight species. The first detection of USUV Africa 3 lineage in mosquitoes from Spain, together with serologically positive resident wild birds in urban and rural areas, indicates active circulation and a possible risk of exposure for the human population, with necessity to establish specific surveillance plans.

Published
2023

2. Identification of Usutu Virus Africa 3 Lineage in a Survey of Mosquitoes and Birds from Urban Areas of Western Spain

Author

Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Ramírez, Elisa, Vázquez, Ana, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Sánchez-Seco, María Paz, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Mora-Rubio, Carlos, Marzal, Alfonso, Frontera, Eva, de Lope, Florentino, Fundación BBVA, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, Ministerio de Universidades (España), Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Ramírez, E., Vázquez, Ana, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Sánchez-Seco, María Paz, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Mora-Rubio, Carlos, Marzal, Alfonso, and Frontera, Eva

Subjects
Article Subject, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, General Medicine
Abstract

10 Pág., Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus that has caused an increasing number of animal and human cases in Europe in recent years. Understanding the vector species and avian hosts involved in the USUV enzootic cycle in an area of active circulation is vital to anticipate potential outbreaks. Mosquitoes were captured in 2020, while wild birds were sampled in both 2020 and 2021 in Extremadura, southwestern Spain. The presence of USUV in the mosquito vectors was assessed by a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay and confirmed by sequencing amplicons from two generic RT-PCR sets for flaviviruses. Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Bird sera were screened for flavivirus antibodies with a blocking ELISA kit and subsequently tested for virus-specific antibodies with a micro-virus-neutralization test. Overall, 6,004 mosquitoes belonging to 13 species were captured, including some well-known flavivirus vectors (Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, and Cx. univittatus). Of the 438 pools tested, USUV was detected in two pools of Cx. pipiens. Phylogenetic analysis using a fragment of the NS5 gene assigned the USUV detected the Africa 3 lineage. Out of 1,413 wild birds tested, USUV-specific antibodies were detected in 17 birds (1.2%, 10 males and 7 females) from eight species. The first detection of USUV Africa 3 lineage in mosquitoes from Spain, together with serologically positive resident wild birds in urban and rural areas, indicates active circulation and a possible risk of exposure for the human population, with necessity to establish specific surveillance plans., This study was funded from Ayudas Fundación BBVA a Equipos de Investigación Científica 2019 (PR (19_ECO_0070)), Research State Agency Project (PID2020-116768RR-C21/C22), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19CIII_00014), Consejería de Economía e Infraestructura of the Junta de Extremadura, and the European Regional Development Fund, a Way to Make Europe, through the research project under grant numbers IB20089, GR21122, and GR21084. MF was supported by a Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formación contract (FJCI-2017-34394) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and she is currently funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 844285, “EpiEcoMod.” CMR was funded by a FPU grant from the Ministry of Universities of Spain (reference: FPU20/01039). FGC was supported by “Ayudas a la Formación Investigador Predoctoral 2018” Formative contract (PD18056) from the Extremadura Regional Government.

Published
2023
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3. Circulation of zoonotic flaviviruses in wild passerine birds in Western Spain

Author

Junta de Extremadura, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Fundación BBVA, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Marzal, Alfonso [0000-0001-5872-1060], Ferraguti, Martina [0000-0001-7481-4355], García-Longoria, Luz [0000-0002-2589-5379 ], Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Marzal, Alfonso, Ferraguti, Martina, Muriel, Jaime, Magallanes, Sergio, Ortiz, José-Antonio, García-Longoria, Luz, Bravo, Daniel, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, de Lope, F., Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Frontera, Eva, Junta de Extremadura, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Fundación BBVA, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Marzal, Alfonso [0000-0001-5872-1060], Ferraguti, Martina [0000-0001-7481-4355], García-Longoria, Luz [0000-0002-2589-5379 ], Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Marzal, Alfonso, Ferraguti, Martina, Muriel, Jaime, Magallanes, Sergio, Ortiz, José-Antonio, García-Longoria, Luz, Bravo, Daniel, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, de Lope, F., Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, and Frontera, Eva

Abstract

We explore the presence of zoonotic flaviviruses (West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV)) neutralizing antibodies in rarely studied passerine bird species. We report, for the first time in Europe, WNV-specific antibodies in red avadavat and cetti's warbler, and USUV in yellow-crowned bishop. The evidence of WNV and USUV circulating in resident and migratory species has implications for both animal and public health. Future outbreaks in avian reservoir hosts may occur and passerines should be considered as priority target species in flavivirus surveillance programmes.

Published
2022

4. Implications of migratory and exotic birds and the mosquito community on West Nile virus transmission

Author

Fundación BBVA, European Commission, Junta de Extremadura, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre, CSIC - Plataforma Temática Interdisciplinar del CSIC Salud Global (PTI Salud Global), Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Mora-Rubio, Carlos, Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Marzal, Alfonso, Hernandez-Caballero, Irene, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Ramírez, E., Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Frontera, Eva, Ortiz, Juan Antonio, Lope, Florentino de, Fundación BBVA, European Commission, Junta de Extremadura, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre, CSIC - Plataforma Temática Interdisciplinar del CSIC Salud Global (PTI Salud Global), Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Mora-Rubio, Carlos, Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Marzal, Alfonso, Hernandez-Caballero, Irene, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Ramírez, E., Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Frontera, Eva, Ortiz, Juan Antonio, and Lope, Florentino de

Abstract

Vector-borne diseases like West Nile virus (WNV) pose a global health challenge, with rising incidence and distribution. Culex mosquitoes are crucial WNV vectors. Avian species composition and bird community diversity, along with vector communities, influence WNV transmission patterns. However, limited knowledge exists on their impact in southwestern Spain, an area with active WNV circulation in wild birds, mosquitoes, and humans.

Published
2023

5. Implications of migratory and exotic birds and the mosquito community on West Nile virus transmission.

Author

Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Mora-Rubio, Carlos, Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Marzal, Alfonso, Hernandez-Caballero, Irene, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Ramírez, Elisa, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Frontera, Eva, Ortiz, Juan Antonio, and de Lope, Florentino

Subjects
ARBOVIRUSES, BIRDS, WEST Nile virus, MIGRATORY birds, WEST Nile fever, BIRD communities, BIRD diversity
Abstract

Vector-borne diseases like West Nile virus (WNV) pose a global health challenge, with rising incidence and distribution. Culex mosquitoes are crucial WNV vectors. Avian species composition and bird community diversity, along with vector communities, influence WNV transmission patterns. However, limited knowledge exists on their impact in southwestern Spain, an area with active WNV circulation in wild birds, mosquitoes, and humans. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study investigating the contributions of migratory and exotic bird species to WNV transmission and the influence of mosquito community composition. Analysing 1194 serum samples from 44 avian species, we detected WNV antibodies in 32 samples from 11 species, four for the first time in Europe. Migratory birds had higher WNV exposure likelihood than native and exotic species, and higher phylogenetic diversity in bird communities correlated with lower exposure rates. Moreover, in 5859 female mosquitoes belonging to 12 species, we identified WNV competent vectors like Cx. pipiens s.l. and the Univittatus subgroup. Birds with WNV antibodies were positively associated with competent vector abundance, but negatively with overall mosquito species richness. These findings highlight the complex interactions between bird species, their phylogenetics, and mosquito vectors in WNV transmission. Understanding these dynamics will help to implement effective disease control strategies in southwestern Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. West Nile and Usutu virus infections in wild birds admitted to rehabilitation centres in Extremadura, western Spain, 2017-2019

Author

Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Llorente, Francisco [0000-0003-1566-0266], Pérez-Martín, J Enrique [0000-0003-4743-2049], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Frontera, Eva [0000-0003-0222-7850 [], Bravo, Daniel, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Llorente, Francisco, Reina, David, Pérez-Martín, Juan Enrique, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Frontera, Eva, Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Llorente, Francisco [0000-0003-1566-0266], Pérez-Martín, J Enrique [0000-0003-4743-2049], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Frontera, Eva [0000-0003-0222-7850 [], Bravo, Daniel, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Llorente, Francisco, Reina, David, Pérez-Martín, Juan Enrique, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, and Frontera, Eva

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted generally by mosquitoes of Culex genus. It is maintained in an enzootic life cycle where birds act as reservoir hosts. Humans and horses are also susceptible to infection, and occasionally, they suffer from neurological complications. However, they do not transmit the virus to other vectors, behaving as dead-end hosts. Sporadic WNV outbreaks observed in horses and wild birds from Extremadura (western Spain) during 2016 and 2017 seasons prompted to carry out this survey in wild birds, focused on specimens coming from two wildlife rehabilitation centres. Between October 2017 and December 2019, samples from 391 wild birds, belonging to 56 different species were collected and analysed in search of evidence of WNV infection. The analysis of serum samples for WNV-specific antibodies by ELISA, whose specificity was subsequently confirmed by virus-neutralisation test (VNT) showed positive results in 18.23 % birds belonging to 18 different species. Pelecaniformes (33.33 %), Accipitriformes (25.77 %) and Strigiformes (22.92 %) orders had the higher seroprevalences. Remarkably, WNV-specific antibodies were found in a black stork for the first time in Europe. Analysis by real time RT-PCR in symptomatic birds confirmed the presence of WNV lineage 1 RNA in griffon vulture and little owls. Specificity analysis of ELISA positive and doubtful sera was performed by differential VNT titration against WNV and two other cross-reacting avian flaviviruses found in Spain: Usutu virus (USUV) and Bagaza virus (BAGV). Only four samples showed USUV-specific antibodies (1.04 %) corresponding to three species: Eurasian eagle-owl, griffon vulture and great bustard (first detection in Europe) whereas no samples were found reactive to BAGV. Differential VNT yielded undetermined flavivirus result in 16 samples (4.17 %). This is the first study carried out on wild birds from Extremadura (western Spain). It highlights the widespread circulati

Published
2021

7. Diversidad y distribución de especies de mosquitos en zonas urbanas y periurbanas de las ciudades de Badajoz y Cáceres, España

Author

UCH. Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Frontera Carrión, Eva María, Alarcón Elbal, Pedro María, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Becerra Canto, C., Sánchez Murillo, José Marín, Reina Esojo, David, Pérez Martín, Juan Enrique, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, UCH. Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Frontera Carrión, Eva María, Alarcón Elbal, Pedro María, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Becerra Canto, C., Sánchez Murillo, José Marín, Reina Esojo, David, Pérez Martín, Juan Enrique, and Bravo Barriga, Daniel

Published
2022

8. Diversidad y distribución de especies de mosquitos en zonas urbanas y periurbanas de las ciudades de Badajoz y Cáceres, España

Author

Reina Esojo, David, Frontera Carrión, Eva María, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Becerra Canto, C., Sánchez Murillo, José Marín, Pérez Martín, Juan Enrique, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, Alarcón Elbal, Pedro María, Reina Esojo, David, Frontera Carrión, Eva María, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Becerra Canto, C., Sánchez Murillo, José Marín, Pérez Martín, Juan Enrique, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, and Alarcón Elbal, Pedro María

Published
2022

9. Vigilancia entomológica de flebotomos en zonas urbanas y periurbanas de las ciudades de Badajoz y Cáceres

Author

Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Frontera Carrión, Eva María, Navareño, L. J., Sánchez Murillo, José Marín, Reina Esojo, David, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, Pérez Martín, Juan Enrique, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Frontera Carrión, Eva María, Navareño, L. J., Sánchez Murillo, José Marín, Reina Esojo, David, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, and Pérez Martín, Juan Enrique

Published
2022

10. Serological evidence of co-circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in equids from western Spain

Author

Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Martín-Cuervo, María [0000-0002-4169-5318], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Ferraguti, Martina [0000-0001-7481-4355], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Llorente, Francisco [0000-0003-1566-0266], Alonso, Juan Manuel [0000-0002-1817-9227], Frontera, Eva [0000-0003-0222-7850], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Bravo, Daniel, Martín-Cuervo, María, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Ferraguti, Martina, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Llorente, Francisco, Alonso, Juan Manuel, Frontera, Eva, Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Bravo, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Martín-Cuervo, María [0000-0002-4169-5318], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], Ferraguti, Martina [0000-0001-7481-4355], Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel [0000-0003-2125-9743], Llorente, Francisco [0000-0003-1566-0266], Alonso, Juan Manuel [0000-0002-1817-9227], Frontera, Eva [0000-0003-0222-7850], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Bravo, Daniel, Martín-Cuervo, María, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Ferraguti, Martina, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Llorente, Francisco, Alonso, Juan Manuel, and Frontera, Eva

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne emerging virus in Europe with capacity to cause neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in humans, birds or equids. In Spain, WNV is actively circulating in mosquitoes, birds and horses in different regions, but never has been deeply studied in Extremadura. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of WNV in equids of those areas and to analyse the risk factors associated with exposure to the virus. A total of 199 out of 725 equids presented antibodies against WNV by competition ELISA (27.45%), while 22 were doubtful (3.03%). Anti-WNV IgM antibodies were detected in 16 equids (2.21%), and 3 animals were doubtful (0.41%). All ELISA-reactive positive/doubtful sera (N = 226) were further tested by micro-virus neutralization test (VNT), and a total of 143 horses were confirmed as positive for WNV, obtaining a seroprevalence of 19.72% in equids of western Spain. In addition, specific antibodies against USUV were confirmed in 11 equids. In 24 equids, a specific flavivirus species (detected by ELISA test) could not be determined. The generalized linear mixed-effects models showed that the significant risk factors associated with individual WNV infection in equids were the age (adults) and hair coat colour (light), whereas in USUV infections, it was the breed (pure). Data demonstrated that WNV and USUV are circulating in regions of western Spain. Given the high WNV seroprevalence found in equids from the studied areas, it is important to improve the surveillance programmes of public health to detect undiagnosed human cases and to establish a vaccination programme in equid herds in these regions.

Published
2020

13. Arbovirosis de carácter neurotrópico de interés en Salud Pública: Importancia de las principales arbovirosis transmitidas por culícidos y fl ebotomos: virus del Nilo Occidental y Toscana

Author

Ordoñez Pereda, Juan Antonio, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Martín Cuervo, María, Rodríguez Rodríguez, Guadalupe, Fajardo Olivares, Miguel, Querol Pascual, María Rosa, Martínez Acevedo, M., Portilla Cuenca, J. C., Delgado de las Cuevas, Guillermo E., Alonso Rodríguez, Juan Manuel, Rabasco Mangas, Araceli, Serrano Aguilera, Francisco Javier, Frontera Carrión, Eva María, Ordoñez Pereda, Juan Antonio, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Martín Cuervo, María, Rodríguez Rodríguez, Guadalupe, Fajardo Olivares, Miguel, Querol Pascual, María Rosa, Martínez Acevedo, M., Portilla Cuenca, J. C., Delgado de las Cuevas, Guillermo E., Alonso Rodríguez, Juan Manuel, Rabasco Mangas, Araceli, Serrano Aguilera, Francisco Javier, and Frontera Carrión, Eva María

Published
2020

14. Serological evidence of co‐circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in equids from western Spain.

Author

Guerrero‐Carvajal, Fátima, Bravo‐Barriga, Daniel, Martín‐Cuervo, María, Aguilera‐Sepúlveda, Pilar, Ferraguti, Martina, Jiménez‐Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Llorente, Francisco, Alonso, Juan Manuel, and Frontera, Eva

Subjects
*WEST Nile virus, *EQUIDAE, *SEROPREVALENCE, *PUBLIC health surveillance, *DONKEYS, *NEUTRALIZATION tests, *HORSE breeds, *ADULTS
Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito‐borne emerging virus in Europe with capacity to cause neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in humans, birds or equids. In Spain, WNV is actively circulating in mosquitoes, birds and horses in different regions, but never has been deeply studied in Extremadura. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of WNV in equids of those areas and to analyse the risk factors associated with exposure to the virus. A total of 199 out of 725 equids presented antibodies against WNV by competition ELISA (27.45%), while 22 were doubtful (3.03%). Anti‐WNV IgM antibodies were detected in 16 equids (2.21%), and 3 animals were doubtful (0.41%). All ELISA‐reactive positive/doubtful sera (N = 226) were further tested by micro‐virus neutralization test (VNT), and a total of 143 horses were confirmed as positive for WNV, obtaining a seroprevalence of 19.72% in equids of western Spain. In addition, specific antibodies against USUV were confirmed in 11 equids. In 24 equids, a specific flavivirus species (detected by ELISA test) could not be determined. The generalized linear mixed‐effects models showed that the significant risk factors associated with individual WNV infection in equids were the age (adults) and hair coat colour (light), whereas in USUV infections, it was the breed (pure). Data demonstrated that WNV and USUV are circulating in regions of western Spain. Given the high WNV seroprevalence found in equids from the studied areas, it is important to improve the surveillance programmes of public health to detect undiagnosed human cases and to establish a vaccination programme in equid herds in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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15. Melanomas en caballos

Author

Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Martín Cuervo, María, Bravo Barriga, Daniel, Guerrero Carvajal, Fátima, Martín Cuervo, María, and Bravo Barriga, Daniel

Published
2018

16. Circulation of zoonotic flaviviruses in wild passerine birds in Western Spain

Author

Marzal, Alfonso, Ferraguti, Martina, Muriel, J, Magallanes, S, Ortiz, J A, García-Longoria, Luz, Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Llorente, F, de Lope, F, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Frontera, Eva, Junta de Extremadura, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Fundación BBVA, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Marzal, Alfonso, Ferraguti, Martina, García-Longoria, Luz, Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel A, Theoretical and Computational Ecology (IBED, FNWI), Marzal, Alfonso [0000-0001-5872-1060], Ferraguti, Martina [0000-0001-7481-4355], García-Longoria, Luz [0000-0002-2589-5379 ], Bravo-Barriga, Daniel [0000-0003-3481-7310], Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima [0000-0003-2267-7453], Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar [0000-0002-2587-528X], and Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel A [0000-0003-2125-9743]

Subjects
Public health, General Veterinary, Bird Diseases, Flavivirus, viruses, virus diseases, Animals, Wild, General Medicine, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, Flavivirus Infections, nervous system diseases, Spain, Avian reservoir hosts, Animals, West Nile Virus, Passeriformes, Usutu virus, West Nile virus, West Nile Fever, Arboviruses
Abstract

This work was funded by Consejería de Economía e Infraestructura of the Junta de Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund, a Way to Make Europe, through the research project (grant numbers IB20089 and IB16135), and PR (19_ECO_0070) project Aves y Enfermedades Infecciosas Emergentes: Impacto de las Especies Ex´oticas y Migratorias en la transmisi´on de Malaria aviar y el virus del Nilo Occidental - AvEIEs from Ayudas Fundaci´on BBVA a Equipos de Investigaci´on Científica 2019. CISA (INIA-CSIC) was funded by INIA projects number ERTA2015– 00002-CO2–01 and AEI PID2020–116768RR-C21. MF was supported by a Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formaci´on contract (FJCI- 2017–34394) from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and she is currently funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie (grant agreement No 844285, ‘EpiEcoMod’). JM was supported by a postdoctoral grant from the Juan de la Cierva Subprogram (FJCI- 2017–34109), with the financial sponsorship of the MICINN. FG-C is supported by Ayudas a la Formaci´on Investigador Predoctoral 2018 (PD18056) from the Extremadura Government. PA-S is supported by an FPI-SGIT predoctoral contract from INIA/CISA., We explore the presence of zoonotic flaviviruses (West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV)) neutralizing antibodies in rarely studied passerine bird species. We report, for the first time in Europe, WNV-specific antibodies in red avadavat and cetti’s warbler, and USUV in yellow-crowned bishop. The evidence of WNV and USUV circulating in resident and migratory species has implications for both animal and public health. Future outbreaks in avian reservoir hosts may occur and passerines should be considered as priority target species in flavivirus surveillance programmes., Consejería de Economía e Infraestructura of the Junta de Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund IB20089 IB16135 PR (19_ECO_0070), INIA projects number ERTA2015– 00002-CO2–01 AEI PID2020–116768RR-C21, Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formaci´on contract (FJCI- 2017–34394), European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie (grant agreement No 844285, ‘EpiEcoMod’), Juan de la Cierva Subprogram (FJCI- 2017–34109), Ayudas a la Formaci´on Investigador Predoctoral 2018 (PD18056), FPI-SGIT predoctoral contract from INIA/CISA

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17. West Nile and Usutu virus infections in wild birds admitted to rehabilitation centres in Extremadura, western Spain, 2017-2019

Author

Fátima Guerrero-Carvajal, Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero, D. Reina, Eva Frontera, J. Enrique Pérez-Martín, Daniel Bravo-Barriga, Pilar Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Francisco Llorente, Junta de Extremadura, European Commission, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Bravo-Barriga, Daniel, Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar, Guerrero-Carvajal, Fátima, Llorente, Francisco, Pérez-Martín, J Enrique, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, and Frontera, Eva [0000-0003-0222-7850

Subjects
Pelecaniformes, Male, Veterinary medicine, Conservation of Natural Resources, viruses, Seroprevalence, Animals, Wild, Genome, Viral, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Prevalence, Animals, Usutu virus, Bustard, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, General Veterinary, biology, 030306 microbiology, Bird Diseases, Flavivirus, virus diseases, Outbreak, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Extremadura, Spain, Accipitriformes, Enzootic, Female, West Nile virus, West Nile Fever
Abstract

10 Pág. Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted generally by mosquitoes of Culex genus. It is maintained in an enzootic life cycle where birds act as reservoir hosts. Humans and horses are also susceptible to infection, and occasionally, they suffer from neurological complications. However, they do not transmit the virus to other vectors, behaving as dead-end hosts. Sporadic WNV outbreaks observed in horses and wild birds from Extremadura (western Spain) during 2016 and 2017 seasons prompted to carry out this survey in wild birds, focused on specimens coming from two wildlife rehabilitation centres. Between October 2017 and December 2019, samples from 391 wild birds, belonging to 56 different species were collected and analysed in search of evidence of WNV infection. The analysis of serum samples for WNV-specific antibodies by ELISA, whose specificity was subsequently confirmed by virus-neutralisation test (VNT) showed positive results in 18.23 % birds belonging to 18 different species. Pelecaniformes (33.33 %), Accipitriformes (25.77 %) and Strigiformes (22.92 %) orders had the higher seroprevalences. Remarkably, WNV-specific antibodies were found in a black stork for the first time in Europe. Analysis by real time RT-PCR in symptomatic birds confirmed the presence of WNV lineage 1 RNA in griffon vulture and little owls. Specificity analysis of ELISA positive and doubtful sera was performed by differential VNT titration against WNV and two other cross-reacting avian flaviviruses found in Spain: Usutu virus (USUV) and Bagaza virus (BAGV). Only four samples showed USUV-specific antibodies (1.04 %) corresponding to three species: Eurasian eagle-owl, griffon vulture and great bustard (first detection in Europe) whereas no samples were found reactive to BAGV. Differential VNT yielded undetermined flavivirus result in 16 samples (4.17 %). This is the first study carried out on wild birds from Extremadura (western Spain). It highlights the widespread circulation of WNV in the region and its co-circulation with USUV., Research funded by Consejería de Economía e Infraestructura of the Junta de Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund, a Way to Make Europe, through the research project (grant numbers IB16135 and GR18148) and the National Institute for Agricultural and food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA) (grant number E-RTA2015-00002-C02-00)

Published
2021

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