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1. Coronal Heating Rate in the Slow Solar Wind

Author

Telloni, Daniele, Romoli, Marco, Velli, Marco, Zank, Gary P., Adhikari, Laxman, Downs, Cooper, Burtovoi, Aleksandr, Susino, Roberto, Spadaro, Daniele, Zhao, Lingling, Liberatore, Alessandro, Shi, Chen, De Leo, Yara, Abbo, Lucia, Frassati, Federica, Jerse, Giovanna, Landini, Federico, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, Russano, Giuliana, Sasso, Clementina, Andretta, Vincenzo, Da Deppo, Vania, Fineschi, Silvano, Grimani, Catia, Heinzel, Petr, Moses, John D., Naletto, Giampiero, Stangalini, Marco, Teriaca, Luca, Uslenghi, Michela, Berlicki, Arkadiusz, Bruno, Roberto, Capobianco, Gerardo, Capuano, Giuseppe E., Casini, Chiara, Casti, Marta, Chioetto, Paolo, Corso, Alain J., D'Amicis, Raffaella, Fabi, Michele, Frassetto, Fabio, Giarrusso, Marina, Giordano, Silvio, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Magli, Enrico, Massone, Giuseppe, Messerotti, Mauro, Nisticò, Giuseppe, Pelizzo, Maria G., Reale, Fabio, Romano, Paolo, Schühle, Udo, Solanki, Sami K., Straus, Thomas, Ventura, Rita, Volpicelli, Cosimo A., Zangrilli, Luca, Zimbardo, Gaetano, Zuppella, Paola, Bale, Stuart D., and Kasper, Justin C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

This Letter reports the first observational estimate of the heating rate in the slowly expanding solar corona. The analysis exploits the simultaneous remote and local observations of the same coronal plasma volume with the Solar Orbiter/Metis and the Parker Solar Probe instruments, respectively, and relies on the basic solar wind magnetohydrodynamic equations. As expected, energy losses are a minor fraction of the solar wind energy flux, since most of the energy dissipation that feeds the heating and acceleration of the coronal flow occurs much closer to the Sun than the heights probed in the present study, which range from 6.3 to 13.3 solar radii. The energy deposited to the supersonic wind is then used to explain the observed slight residual wind acceleration and to maintain the plasma in a non-adiabatic state. As derived in the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin limit, the present energy transfer rate estimates provide a lower limit, which can be very useful in refining the turbulence-based modeling of coronal heating and subsequent solar wind acceleration.

Published
2023

2. On the evolution of a sub-C class flare: a showcase for the capabilities of the revamped Catania Solar Telescope

Author

Romano, Paolo, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Costa, Pierfrancesco, Falco, Mariachiara, Buttaccio, Salvatore, Costa, Alessandro, Martinetti, Eugenio, Occhipinti, Giovanni, Spadaro, Daniele, Ventura, Rita, Capuano, Giuseppe E., and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Solar flares are occasionally responsible for severe Space Weather events, which can affect space-borne and ground-based infrastructures, endangering anthropic technological activities and even human health and safety. Thus, an essential activity in the framework of Space Weather monitoring is devoted to the observation of the activity level of the Sun. In this context, the acquisition system of the Catania Solar Telescope has been recently upgraded in order to improve its contribution to the European Space Agency (ESA) - Space Weather Service Network through the ESA Portal, which represents the main asset for Space Weather in Europe. Here, we describe the hardware and software upgrades of the Catania Solar Telescope and the main data products provided by this facility, which include full-disc images of the photosphere and chromosphere, together with a detailed characterization of the sunspot groups. As a showcase of the observational capabilities of the revamped Catania Solar Telescope, we report the analysis of a B5.4 class flare occurred on 2020 December 7, simultaneously observed by the IRIS and SDO satellites.

Published
2021
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3. Exploring the Solar Wind from its Source on the Corona into the Inner Heliosphere during the First Solar Orbiter - Parker Solar Probe Quadrature

Author

Telloni, Daniele, Andretta, Vincenzo, Antonucci, Ester, Bemporad, Alessandro, Capuano, Giuseppe E., Fineschi, Silvano, Giordano, Silvio, Habbal, Shadia, Perrone, Denise, Pinto, Rui F., Sorriso-Valvo, Luca, Spadaro, Daniele, Susino, Roberto, Woodham, Lloyd D., Zank, Gary P., Romoli, Marco, Bale, Stuart D., Kasper, Justin C., Auchère, Frédéric, Bruno, Roberto, Capobianco, Gerardo, Case, Anthony W., Casini, Chiara, Casti, Marta, Chioetto, Paolo, Corso, Alain J., Da Deppo, Vania, De Leo, Yara, de Wit, Thierry Dudok, Frassati, Federica, Frassetto, Fabio, Goetz, Keith, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Harvey, Peter R., Heinzel, Petr, Jerse, Giovanna, Korreck, Kelly E., Landini, Federico, Larson, Davin, Liberatore, Alessandro, Livi, Roberto, MacDowall, Robert J., Magli, Enrico, Malaspina, David M., Massone, Giuseppe, Messerotti, Mauro, Moses, John D., Naletto, Giampiero, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, Nisticò, Giuseppe, Panasenco, Olga, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, Pelizzo, Maria G., Pulupa, Marc, Reale, Fabio, Romano, Paolo, Sasso, Clementina, Schühle, Udo, Stangalini, Marco, Stevens, Michael L., Strachan, Leonard, Straus, Thomas, Teriaca, Luca, Uslenghi, Michela, Velli, Marco, Verscharen, Daniel, Volpicelli, Cosimo A., Whittlesey, Phyllis, Zangrilli, Luca, Zimbardo, Gaetano, and Zuppella, Paola

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

This Letter addresses the first Solar Orbiter (SO) -- Parker Solar Probe (PSP) quadrature, occurring on January 18, 2021, to investigate the evolution of solar wind from the extended corona to the inner heliosphere. Assuming ballistic propagation, the same plasma volume observed remotely in corona at altitudes between 3.5 and 6.3 solar radii above the solar limb with the Metis coronagraph on SO can be tracked to PSP, orbiting at 0.1 au, thus allowing the local properties of the solar wind to be linked to the coronal source region from where it originated. Thanks to the close approach of PSP to the Sun and the simultaneous Metis observation of the solar corona, the flow-aligned magnetic field and the bulk kinetic energy flux density can be empirically inferred along the coronal current sheet with an unprecedented accuracy, allowing in particular estimation of the Alfv\'en radius at 8.7 solar radii during the time of this event. This is thus the very first study of the same solar wind plasma as it expands from the sub-Alfv\'enic solar corona to just above the Alfv\'en surface., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

Published
2021
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4. Comparative case study of two methods to assess the eruptive potential of selected active regions

Author

Zuccarello, Francesca, Ermolli, Ilaria, Korsos, Marianna B., Giorgi, Fabrizio, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Erdelyi, Robertus, and Romano, Paolo

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Solar eruptive events, like flares and coronal mass ejections, are characterized by the rapid release of energy that can give rise to emission of radiation across the entire electromagnetic spectrum and to an abrupt significant increase in the kinetic energy of particles. These energetic phenomena can have important effects on the Space Weather conditions and therefore it is necessary to understand their origin, in particular, what is the eruptive potential of an active region (AR). In these case studies, we compare two distinct methods that were used in previous works to investigate the variations of some characteristic physical parameters during the pre-flare states of flaring ARs. These methods consider: i) the magnetic flux evolution and the magnetic helicity accumulation, and ii) the fractal and multi-fractal properties of flux concentrations in ARs. Our comparative analysis is based on time series of photospheric data obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory between March 2011 and June 2013. We selected two distinct samples of ARs: one is distinguished by the occurrence of more energetic M- and X-class flare events, that may have a rapid effect on not just the near-Earth space, but also on the terrestrial environment; the second is characterized by no-flares or having just few C- and B-class flares. We found that the two tested methods complement each other in their ability to assess the eruptive potentials of ARs and could be employed to identify ARs prone to flaring activity. Based on the presented case study, we suggest that using a combination of different methods may aid to identify more reliably the eruptive potentials of ARs and help to better understand the pre-flare states.

Published
2021
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5. Continuum enhancements, line profiles and magnetic field evolution during consecutive flares

Author

Zuccarello, Francesca, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Capparelli, Vincenzo, Mathioudakis, Mihalis, Keys, Peter H., Criscuoli, Serena, Falco, Mariachiara, and Murabito, Mariarita

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

During solar flares, magnetic energy can be converted into electromagnetic radiation from radio waves to $\gamma$ rays. Enhancements in the continuum at visible wavelengths give rise to white-light flares, as well as continuum enhancements in the FUV and NUV passbands. In addition, the strong energy release in these events can lead to the rearrangement of the magnetic field at the photospheric level, causing morphological changes in large and stable magnetic structures like sunspots. In this context, we describe observations acquired by satellite instruments (IRIS, SDO/HMI, Hinode/SOT) and ground-based telescopes (ROSA/DST) during two consecutive C7.0 and X1.6 flares occurred in active region NOAA 12205 on 2014 November 7. The flare was accompanied by an eruption. The results of the analysis show the presence of continuum enhancements during the evolution of the events, observed both in ROSA images and in \textit{IRIS} spectra. In the latter, a prominent blue-shifted component is observed at the onset of the eruption. We investigate the role played by the evolution of the $\delta$ sunspots of the active region in the flare triggering, and finally we discuss the changes in the penumbrae surrounding these sunspots as a further consequence of these flares., Comment: 19 pages, accepted for ApJ; some figures are in B/W to accomplish size limits

Published
2019
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6. Historical solar Ca II K observations at the Rome and Catania observatories

Author

Chatzistergos, Theodosios, Ermolli, Ilaria, Falco, Mariachiara, Giorgi, Fabrizio, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Krivova, Natalie A., Romano, Paolo, and Solanki, Sami K.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Here we present the little explored Ca II K archives from the Rome and the Catania observatories and analyse the digitised images from these archives to derive plage areas., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, to be published in "Nuovo Cimento C" as proceeding of the Third Meeting of the Italian Solar and Heliospheric Community

Published
2019
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7. IRIS observations of magnetic interactions in the solar atmosphere between pre-existing and emerging magnetic fields. II. UV emission properties

Author

Guglielmino, Salvo L., Young, Peter R., and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Multi-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) observations by the IRIS satellite in active region NOAA 12529 have recently pointed out the presence of long-lasting brightenings, akin to UV bursts, and simultaneous plasma ejections occurring in the upper chromosphere and transition region during secondary flux emergence. These signatures have been interpreted as evidence of small-scale, recurrent magnetic reconnection episodes between the emerging flux region (EFR) and the pre-existing plage field. Here, we characterize the UV emission of these strong, intermittent brightenings and we study the surge activity above the chromospheric arch filament system (AFS) overlying the EFR. We analyze the surges and the cospatial brightenings observed at different wavelengths. We find an asymmetry in the emission between the blue and red wings of the Si IV 1402 \AA{} and Mg II k 2796.3 \AA{} lines, which clearly outlines the dynamics of the structures above the AFS that form during the small-scale eruptive phenomena. We also detect a correlation between the Doppler velocity and skewness of the Si IV 1394 \AA{} and 1402 \AA{} line profiles in the UV burst pixels. Finally, we show that genuine emission in the Fe XII 1349.4 \AA{} line is cospatial to the Si IV brightenings. This definitely reveals a pure coronal counterpart to the reconnection event., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures + 3 figures in the Appendix; accepted in ApJ

Published
2018
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8. IRIS observations of magnetic interactions in the solar atmosphere between pre-existing and emerging magnetic fields. I. Overall evolution

Author

Guglielmino, Salvo L., Zuccarello, Francesca, Young, Peter R., Murabito, Mariariata, and Romano, Paolo

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We report multi-wavelength ultraviolet observations taken with the IRIS satellite, concerning the emergence phase in the upper chromosphere and transition region of an emerging flux region (EFR) embedded in the pre-existing field of active region NOAA 12529. IRIS data are complemented by full-disk observations of the Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite, relevant to the photosphere and the corona. The photospheric configuration of the EFR is also analyzed by measurements taken with the spectropolarimeter aboard the Hinode satellite, when the EFR was fully developed. Recurrent intense brightenings that resemble UV bursts, with counterparts in all coronal passbands, are identified at the edges of the EFR. Jet activity is also observed at chromospheric and coronal levels, near the observed brightenings. The analysis of the IRIS line profiles reveals the heating of dense plasma in the low solar atmosphere and the driving of bi-directional high-velocity flows with speed up to 100 km/s at the same locations. Compared with previous observations and numerical models, these signatures suggest evidence of several long-lasting, small-scale magnetic reconnection episodes between the emerging bipole and the ambient field. This process leads to the cancellation of a pre-existing photospheric flux concentration and appears to occur higher in the atmosphere than usually found in UV bursts, explaining the observed coronal counterparts., Comment: 12 figures, accepted in ApJ

Published
2018
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9. The 17 February 2013 sunquake in the context of the active region's magnetic field configuration

Author

Green, Lucie M., Valori, Gherardo, Zuccarello, Francesco P., Zharkov, Sergei, Matthews, Sarah, and Guglielmino, Salvo L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Sunquakes are created by the hydrodynamic response of the lower atmosphere to a sudden deposition of energy and momentum. In this study we investigate a sunquake that occurred in NOAA active region 11675 on 17 February 2013. Observations of the corona, chromosphere and photosphere are brought together for the first time with a non-linear force-free model of the active region's magnetic field in order to probe the magnetic environment in which the sunquake was initiated. We find that the sunquake was associated with the destabilization of a flux rope and an associated M-class GOES flare. Active region 11675 was in its emergence phase at the time of the sunquake and photospheric motions caused by the emergence heavily modified the flux rope and its associated quasi-separatrix layers, eventually triggering the flux rope's instability. The flux rope was surrounded by an extended envelope of field lines rooted in a small area at the approximate position of the sunquake. We argue that the configuration of the envelope, by interacting with the expanding flux rope, created a "magnetic lens" that may have focussed energy in one particular location the photosphere, creating the necessary conditions for the initiation of the sunquake., Comment: 20 pages, 16 Figures. Some figures have lower resolution than published version

Published
2017
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10. Observational Evidence of a Flux Rope within a Sunspot Umbra

Author

Guglielmino, Salvo L., Romano, Paolo, and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We observed an elongated filamentary bright structure inside the umbra of the big sunspot in active region NOAA 12529, which differs from the light bridges usually observed in sunspots for its morphology, magnetic configuration, and velocity field. We used observations taken with the Solar Dynamic Observatory satellite to characterize this feature. Its lifetime is 5 days, during which it reaches a maximum length of about 30". In the maps of the vertical component of the photospheric magnetic field, a portion of the feature has a polarity opposite to that of the hosting sunspot. At the same time, in the entire feature the horizontal component of the magnetic field is about 2000 G, substantially stronger than in the surrounding penumbral filaments. Doppler velocity maps reveal the presence of both upward and downward plasma motions along the structure at the photospheric level. Moreover, looking at the chromospheric level, we noted that it is located in a region corresponding to the edge of a small filament which seems rooted in the sunspot umbra. Therefore, we interpreted the bright structure as the photospheric counterpart of a flux rope touching the sunspot and giving rise to penumbral-like filaments in the umbra., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for ApJL

Published
2017
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12. Coronal Heating Rate in the Slow Solar Wind

Author

Telloni, Daniele, primary, Romoli, Marco, additional, Velli, Marco, additional, Zank, Gary P., additional, Adhikari, Laxman, additional, Downs, Cooper, additional, Burtovoi, Aleksandr, additional, Susino, Roberto, additional, Spadaro, Daniele, additional, Zhao, Lingling, additional, Liberatore, Alessandro, additional, Shi, Chen, additional, De Leo, Yara, additional, Abbo, Lucia, additional, Frassati, Federica, additional, Jerse, Giovanna, additional, Landini, Federico, additional, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, additional, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, additional, Russano, Giuliana, additional, Sasso, Clementina, additional, Andretta, Vincenzo, additional, Da Deppo, Vania, additional, Fineschi, Silvano, additional, Grimani, Catia, additional, Heinzel, Petr, additional, Moses, John D., additional, Naletto, Giampiero, additional, Stangalini, Marco, additional, Teriaca, Luca, additional, Uslenghi, Michela, additional, Berlicki, Arkadiusz, additional, Bruno, Roberto, additional, Capobianco, Gerardo, additional, Capuano, Giuseppe E., additional, Casini, Chiara, additional, Casti, Marta, additional, Chioetto, Paolo, additional, Corso, Alain J., additional, D’Amicis, Raffaella, additional, Fabi, Michele, additional, Frassetto, Fabio, additional, Giarrusso, Marina, additional, Giordano, Silvio, additional, Guglielmino, Salvo L., additional, Magli, Enrico, additional, Massone, Giuseppe, additional, Messerotti, Mauro, additional, Nisticò, Giuseppe, additional, Pelizzo, Maria G., additional, Reale, Fabio, additional, Romano, Paolo, additional, Schühle, Udo, additional, Solanki, Sami K., additional, Straus, Thomas, additional, Ventura, Rita, additional, Volpicelli, Cosimo A., additional, Zangrilli, Luca, additional, Zimbardo, Gaetano, additional, Zuppella, Paola, additional, Bale, Stuart D., additional, and Kasper, Justin C., additional

Published
2023
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13. Firefly: The Case for a Holistic Understanding of the Global Structure and Dynamics of the Sun and the Heliosphere

Author

Raouafi, Nour E., primary, Hoeksema, J. Todd, additional, Newmark, Jeffrey S., additional, Gibson, Sarah, additional, Berger, Thomas E., additional, Upton, Lisa A., additional, Vourlidas, Angelos, additional, Hassler, Donald M., additional, Kinnison, James, additional, Ho, George C., additional, Mason, Glenn M., additional, Vievering, Juliana T., additional, Viall, Nicholeen M., additional, Szabo, Adam, additional, Casti, Marta, additional, Case, Anthony W., additional, Lepri, Susan T., additional, Velli, Marco, additional, Georgoulis, Manolis K., additional, Bourouaine, Sofiane, additional, Jagarlamudi, Vamsee K., additional, Laming, John M., additional, Mason, James P., additional, Harra, Louise, additional, Madjarska, Maria, additional, Chitta, Lakshmi Pradeep, additional, Duran, J. Sebastian Castellanos, additional, Korpi-Lagg, Andreas, additional, Badman, Samuel, additional, Chifu, Iulia, additional, Lario, David, additional, Wing, Simon, additional, Bale, Stuart, additional, Paouris, Evangelos, additional, Narayanamurthy, Smitha, additional, Sinjan, Jonas, additional, Bernasconi, Pietro, additional, Krivova, Natalie, additional, Gizon, Laurent, additional, Leamon, Robert J., additional, Gosain, Sanjay, additional, Kazachenko, Maria, additional, Petrie, Gordon, additional, Pillet, Valentin Martinez, additional, Jain, Kiran, additional, Luhmann, Janet, additional, Bertello, Luca, additional, Toriumi, Shin, additional, Jiang, Chen, additional, Vasko, Ivan, additional, Harvey, John W., additional, Schad, Thomas A., additional, Jebaraj, Immanuel C., additional, Scherrer, Philip, additional, Hofmeister, Stefan, additional, Tiwari, Sanjiv, additional, Wang, Haimin, additional, Roth, Markus, additional, Panesar, Navdeep, additional, Sekii, Takashi, additional, Magyar, Norbert, additional, Guglielmino, Salvo L., additional, Parenti, Susanna, additional, Tremblay, Benoit, additional, Tziotziou, Kostas, additional, Toma, Giuliana de, additional, Chen, Bin, additional, Katsukawa, Yukio, additional, Pontieu, Bart De, additional, Cheng, Xin, additional, Cheung, Mark, additional, Kosovichev, Alexander, additional, Jiang, Jie, additional, Schunker, Hannah, additional, Kawabata, Yusuke, additional, Oba, Takayoshi, additional, Cameron, Robert, additional, Mathew, Shibu K., additional, Rodriguez, Jaime de la Cruz, additional, Kusano, Kanya, additional, Temmer, Manuela, additional, Andretta, Vincenzo, additional, Sven, Wedemeyer, additional, Samara, Evangelia, additional, Heinemann, Stephan G., additional, Warmuth, Alexander, additional, Jafarzadeh, Shahin, additional, Mackay, Duncan H., additional, Fludra, Andrzej, additional, Rubio, Luis Bellot, additional, Suárez, David Orozco, additional, Chen, Thomas Y., additional, Kontogiannis, Ioannis, additional, Yardley, Stephanie, additional, Veronig, Astrid, additional, Joshi, Jayant, additional, Spadaro, Daniele, additional, Kubo, Masahito, additional, Bose, Souvik, additional, González, Nazaret Bello, additional, Solanki, Sami, additional, Denker, Carsten, additional, Verma, Meetu, additional, Vocks, Christian, additional, Borrero, Juan Manuel, additional, Mathews, Nathaniel H., additional, Cury, Shannon, additional, Sasso, Clementina, additional, Stenborg, Guillermo, additional, Tibebu, Getachew, additional, Battams, Karl, additional, Wijsen, Nicolas, additional, Bruno, Alessandro, additional, Peter, Hardi, additional, I., Mason Emily, additional, M., Caplan Ronald, additional, Martinez-Sykora, Juan, additional, Seaton, Daniel, additional, Airapetian, Vladimir, additional, Jian, Lan, additional, Thompson, William T., additional, Ofman, Leon, additional, Wallace, Samantha, additional, Kucera, Therese, additional, Desai, Ravindra, additional, Richardson, Ian, additional, Burkepile, Joan, additional, Cranmer, Steven, additional, Strauss, R. Du Toit, additional, Murabito, Mariarita, additional, Alfred, De Wijn, additional, Xie, Hong, additional, Rempel, Matthias, additional, Webber, Shea Hess, additional, Reeves, Katharine K., additional, Hurlburt, Neal, additional, Berrilli, Francesco, additional, DeLuca, Edward, additional, Egeland, Ricky, additional, Ko, Yuan-Kuen, additional, Kee, Nathaniel Dylan, additional, Mahajan, Sushant S., additional, Craig, DeForest, additional, Wood, Brian E., additional, Chris, Chaston, additional, Nigro, Giuseppina, additional, Shaik, Shaheda Begum, additional, Gosic, Milan, additional, Shimizu, Toshifumi, additional, Zuccarello, Francesca, additional, Nitta, Nariaki, additional, Chatzistergos, Theodosios, additional, Fan, Yuhong, additional, Zhang, Jie, additional, Fehlmann, Andre, additional, Palmerio, Erika, additional, Ishikawa, Ryohtaroh T., additional, Danilovic, Sanja, additional, Skan, Moa, additional, Froment, Clara, additional, Baso, Carlos José Díaz, additional, Liang, Zhi-Chao, additional, Wit, Thierry Dudok de, additional, Barczynski, Krzysztof, additional, Johnston, Craig, additional, Pariat, Etienne, additional, Hadid, Lina, additional, Aulanier, Guillaume, additional, Brun, Allan Sacha, additional, Athanasios, Kouloumvakos, additional, Cauzzi, Gianna, additional, Dredger, Pauline, additional, French, Ryan, additional, Christian, Damian, additional, Linton, Mark, additional, Ireland, Jack, additional, Tarr, Lucas, additional, Strugarek, Antoine, additional, Uritsky, Vadim, additional, DeRosa, Marc, additional, Kretzschmar, Matthieu, additional, García, Rafael A., additional, Monteiro, Mario J. P. F. G., additional, Mathur, Savita, additional, Breton, Sylvain N., additional, Pinto, Rui F., additional, Oliveros, Juan Carlos Martinez, additional, Loper, Robert, additional, Auchère, Frédéric, additional, Wang, Tongjiang, additional, Reginald, Nelson, additional, Cunha, Margarida S., additional, Teriaca, Luca, additional, Chintzoglou, Georgios, additional, Lynch, Benjamin J., additional, Linker, Jon, additional, Beck, Paul, additional, Shannon, Jackson, additional, Clare, Benjamin, additional, Krupiarz, Christopher, additional, Whiting, Ian D., additional, Byerly, Adam, additional, Bushman, Stewart, additional, Carrelli, David, additional, Kijewski, Seth, additional, Englander, Jacob, additional, Mizes, Adam, additional, Porter, Jamie, additional, O’Neill, Michael, additional, Chattopadhyay, Debarati, additional, Albers, Joshua, additional, Rast, Mark, additional, Ermolli, Ilaria, additional, Tzeng, Nigel, additional, Hudson, James F., additional, Giunta, Alessandra, additional, Buchlin, Éric, additional, Bommier, Véronique, additional, Duncan, Nicole, additional, Janvier, Miho, additional, Strecker, Hanna, additional, Siu, Azaymi, additional, Perri, Barbara, additional, Maksimovic, Milan, additional, Vilmer, Nicole, additional, Toledo-Redondo, Sergio, additional, Kuckein, Christoph, additional, Alberti, Tommaso, additional, Antolin, Patrick, additional, Cuadrado, Regina Aznar, additional, Berghmans, David, additional, Brigitte, Schmieder, additional, Bucik, Radoslav, additional, Calchetti, Daniele, additional, Caspi, Amir, additional, Cohen, Christina, additional, Corbard, Thierry, additional, Cremades, Hebe, additional, Cummings, Alan, additional, Dhakal, Suman, additional, Dolla, Laurent, additional, Dominique, Marie, additional, Emslie, Gordon, additional, Ferrente, Fabiana, additional, Finley, Adam J., additional, Fletcher, Lyndsay, additional, Fraschetti, Federico, additional, Gafeira, Ricardo, additional, Gissot, Samuel, additional, Hegde, Dinesha, additional, Hu, Qiang, additional, Innocenti, Maria Elena, additional, Jin, Meng, additional, Klein, Kristopher, additional, Kumar, Pankaj, additional, Lacatus, Daniela, additional, Liewer, Paulett, additional, Magdalenic, Jasmina, additional, Mandal, Sudip, additional, Mandrini, Cristina H., additional, Mierla, Marilena, additional, Miralles, Mari Paz, additional, Moore, Ron, additional, Neville, Jonathan, additional, Niembro, Tatiana, additional, Nikou, Eleni, additional, Nindos, Alexander, additional, Papaioannou, Athanasios, additional, Rajaguru, S. Paul, additional, Reville, Victor, additional, Rochus, Pierre, additional, Rodriguez, Luciano, additional, Romoli, Marco, additional, Shestov, Sergei, additional, Shi, Chen, additional, Sorriso-Valvo, Luca, additional, St. Cyr, O. C., additional, Sterling, Alphohse, additional, Stevens, Michael L., additional, Susino, Roberto, additional, Swisdak, Marc, additional, Thompson, Barbara J., additional, Valliappan, Senthamizh Pavai, additional, Verbeeck, Francis, additional, Bothmer, Volker, additional, Xudong, Sun, additional, Zhukov, Andrei, additional, Katsiyannis, Thanassis, additional, Owen, Christopher, additional, Karna, Nishu, additional, Janssens, Jan, additional, Khomenko, Elena, additional, Gary, Dale, additional, Bandyopadhyay, Riddhi, additional, Chhiber, Rohit, additional, Tenerani, Anna, additional, Rouillard, Alexis, additional, Patsourakos, Spiros, additional, Anastasiadis, Anastasios, additional, Bocchialini, Karine, additional, Moraitis, Kostas, additional, Rivera, Yeimy, additional, Drake, James, additional, Baudin, Frédéric, additional, Chandran, Benjamin, additional, Dayeh, Maher, additional, Reardon, Kevin, additional, Cairns, Iver, additional, Bizien, Nina, additional, Wexler, David, additional, Bahauddin, Shah, additional, Rodriguez-Pacheco, Javier, additional, Yu, Sijie, additional, Lee, Jeongwoo, additional, Gontikakis, Costis, additional, Koukras, Alexandros, additional, Contel, Olivier Le, additional, Pezzi, Oreste, additional, Kintziger, Christian, additional, Boumier, Patrick, additional, Balasis, Georgios, additional, Dikpati, Mausumi, additional, Pesnell, W. Dean, additional, Chai, Yi, additional, Nandy, Dibyendu, additional, Charles, Arge, additional, Corti, Claudio, additional, Zhao, Lulu, additional, Matthaeus, William H., additional, Gilly, Chris R., additional, Erlandson, Robert E., additional, Derouich, Moncef, additional, Zhao, Lingling, additional, Poedts, Stefaan, additional, Vieira, Luis, additional, Adhikari, Laxman, additional, Buitrago-Casas, Juan Camilo, additional, Huang, Jia, additional, Moestl, Christian, additional, Liu, Mingzhe, additional, Oloketuyi, Jacob, additional, Zhuang, Bin, additional, Rodríguez-García, Laura, additional, Perez, Jean Carlos, additional, Xu, Zigong, additional, Kooi, Jason, additional, Woodham, Lloyd D., additional, Tripathi, Durgesh, additional, Young, Peter, additional, López-Portela, Cynthia, additional, Cuesta, Manuel Enrique, additional, and Wilson, Lynn, additional

Published
2023
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15. IRIS Observations of Magnetic Interactions in the Solar Atmosphere Between Preexisting and Emerging Magnetic Fields. II. UV Emission Properties

Author

Guglielmino, Salvo L, Young, Peter R, and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Solar Physics
Abstract

Multiwavelength ultraviolet (UV) observations by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph satellite in active region NOAA 12529 have recently pointed out the presence of long-lasting brightenings, akin to UV bursts, and simultaneous plasma ejections occurring in the upper chromosphere and transition region during secondary flux emergence. These signatures have been interpreted as evidence of small-scale, recurrent magnetic reconnection episodes between the emerging flux region (EFR) and the preexisting plage field. Here we characterize the UV emission of these strong, intermittent brightenings and study the surge activity above the chromospheric arch filament system (AFS) overlying the EFR. We analyze the surges and the cospatial brightenings observed at different wavelengths. We find an asymmetry in the emission between the blue and red wings of the Si iv λ1402 Å and Mg ii k λ2796.3 lines, which clearly outlines the dynamics of the structures above the AFS that form during the small-scale eruptive phenomena. We also detect a correlation between the Doppler velocity and skewness of the Si iv λλ1394 and 1402 line profiles in the UV burst pixels. Finally, we show that genuine emission in the Fe xii λ1349.4 line is cospatial to the Si iv brightenings. This definitely reveals a pure coronal counterpart to the reconnection event.

Published
2019
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16. Linking Small-scale Solar Wind Properties with Large-scale Coronal Source Regions through Joint Parker Solar Probe–Metis/Solar Orbiter Observations

Author

Telloni, Daniele, primary, Zank, Gary P., additional, Sorriso-Valvo, Luca, additional, D’Amicis, Raffaella, additional, Panasenco, Olga, additional, Susino, Roberto, additional, Bruno, Roberto, additional, Perrone, Denise, additional, Adhikari, Laxman, additional, Liang, Haoming, additional, Nakanotani, Masaru, additional, Zhao, Lingling, additional, Hadid, Lina Z., additional, Sánchez-Cano, Beatriz, additional, Verscharen, Daniel, additional, Velli, Marco, additional, Grimani, Catia, additional, Marino, Raffaele, additional, Carbone, Francesco, additional, Mancuso, Salvatore, additional, Biondo, Ruggero, additional, Pagano, Paolo, additional, Reale, Fabio, additional, Bale, Stuart D., additional, Kasper, Justin C., additional, Case, Anthony W., additional, de Wit, Thierry Dudok, additional, Goetz, Keith, additional, Harvey, Peter R., additional, Korreck, Kelly E., additional, Larson, Davin, additional, Livi, Roberto, additional, MacDowall, Robert J., additional, Malaspina, David M., additional, Pulupa, Marc, additional, Stevens, Michael L., additional, Whittlesey, Phyllis, additional, Romoli, Marco, additional, Andretta, Vincenzo, additional, Deppo, Vania Da, additional, Fineschi, Silvano, additional, Heinzel, Petr, additional, Moses, John D., additional, Naletto, Giampiero, additional, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, additional, Spadaro, Daniele, additional, Stangalini, Marco, additional, Teriaca, Luca, additional, Capobianco, Gerardo, additional, Capuano, Giuseppe E., additional, Casini, Chiara, additional, Casti, Marta, additional, Chioetto, Paolo, additional, Corso, Alain J., additional, Leo, Yara De, additional, Fabi, Michele, additional, Frassati, Federica, additional, Frassetto, Fabio, additional, Giordano, Silvio, additional, Guglielmino, Salvo L., additional, Jerse, Giovanna, additional, Landini, Federico, additional, Liberatore, Alessandro, additional, Magli, Enrico, additional, Massone, Giuseppe, additional, Messerotti, Mauro, additional, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, additional, Pelizzo, Maria G., additional, Romano, Paolo, additional, Sasso, Clementina, additional, Schühle, Udo, additional, Slemer, Alessandra, additional, Straus, Thomas, additional, Uslenghi, Michela, additional, Volpicelli, Cosimo A., additional, Zangrilli, Luca, additional, Zuppella, Paola, additional, Abbo, Lucia, additional, Auchère, Frédéric, additional, Cuadrado, Regina Aznar, additional, Berlicki, Arkadiusz, additional, Ciaravella, Angela, additional, Lamy, Philippe, additional, Lanzafame, Alessandro, additional, Malvezzi, Marco, additional, Nicolosi, Piergiorgio, additional, Nisticò, Giuseppe, additional, Peter, Hardi, additional, Solanki, Sami K., additional, Strachan, Leonard, additional, Tsinganos, Kanaris, additional, Ventura, Rita, additional, Vial, Jean-Claude, additional, Woch, Joachim, additional, and Zimbardo, Gaetano, additional

Published
2022
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19. Exploring the Solar Wind from Its Source on the Corona into the Inner Heliosphere during the First Solar Orbiter–Parker Solar Probe Quadrature

Author

Telloni, Daniele, primary, Andretta, Vincenzo, additional, Antonucci, Ester, additional, Bemporad, Alessandro, additional, Capuano, Giuseppe E., additional, Fineschi, Silvano, additional, Giordano, Silvio, additional, Habbal, Shadia, additional, Perrone, Denise, additional, Pinto, Rui F., additional, Sorriso-Valvo, Luca, additional, Spadaro, Daniele, additional, Susino, Roberto, additional, Woodham, Lloyd D., additional, Zank, Gary P., additional, Romoli, Marco, additional, Bale, Stuart D., additional, Kasper, Justin C., additional, Auchère, Frédéric, additional, Bruno, Roberto, additional, Capobianco, Gerardo, additional, Case, Anthony W., additional, Casini, Chiara, additional, Casti, Marta, additional, Chioetto, Paolo, additional, Corso, Alain J., additional, Da Deppo, Vania, additional, De Leo, Yara, additional, Dudok de Wit, Thierry, additional, Frassati, Federica, additional, Frassetto, Fabio, additional, Goetz, Keith, additional, Guglielmino, Salvo L., additional, Harvey, Peter R., additional, Heinzel, Petr, additional, Jerse, Giovanna, additional, Korreck, Kelly E., additional, Landini, Federico, additional, Larson, Davin, additional, Liberatore, Alessandro, additional, Livi, Roberto, additional, MacDowall, Robert J., additional, Magli, Enrico, additional, Malaspina, David M., additional, Massone, Giuseppe, additional, Messerotti, Mauro, additional, Moses, John D., additional, Naletto, Giampiero, additional, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, additional, Nisticò, Giuseppe, additional, Panasenco, Olga, additional, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, additional, Pelizzo, Maria G., additional, Pulupa, Marc, additional, Reale, Fabio, additional, Romano, Paolo, additional, Sasso, Clementina, additional, Schühle, Udo, additional, Stangalini, Marco, additional, Stevens, Michael L., additional, Strachan, Leonard, additional, Straus, Thomas, additional, Teriaca, Luca, additional, Uslenghi, Michela, additional, Velli, Marco, additional, Verscharen, Daniel, additional, Volpicelli, Cosimo A., additional, Whittlesey, Phyllis, additional, Zangrilli, Luca, additional, Zimbardo, Gaetano, additional, and Zuppella, Paola, additional

Published
2021
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24. Impact of small-scale emerging flux from the photosphere to the corona: a case study from IRIS.

Author

Guglielmino, Salvo L., Young, Peter R., Zuccarello, Francesca, Romano, Paolo, Murabito, Mariarita, Kosovichev, Alexander, Strassmeier, Klaus, and Jardine, Moira

Abstract

We report on multi-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) high-resolution observations taken with the IRIS satellite during the emergence phase of an emerging flux region embedded in the unipolar plage of active region NOAA 12529. These data are complemented by measurements taken with the spectropolarimeter aboard the Hinode satellite and by observations from SDO. In the photosphere, we observe the appearance of opposite emerging polarities, separating from each other, and cancellation with a pre-existing flux concentration of the plage. In the upper atmospheric layers, recurrent brightenings resembling UV bursts, with counterparts in all UV/EUV filtergrams, are identified in the EFR site. In addition, plasma ejections are observed at chromospheric level. Most important, we unravel a signature of plasma heated up to 1 MK detecting Fe XII emission in the core of the brightening sites. Comparing these findings with previous observations and numerical models, we suggest evidence of several long-lasting, small-scale magnetic reconnection episodes between the new bipolar EFR and the ambient field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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25. The 3D structure of the penumbra at high resolution from the bottom of the photosphere to the middle chromosphere.

Author

Murabito, Mariarita, Ermolli, Ilaria, Giorgi, Fabrizio, Stangalini, Marco, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Jafarzadeh, Shahin, Socas-Navarro, Hector, Romano, Paolo, Zuccarello, Francesca, Kosovichev, Alexander, Strassmeier, Klaus, and Jardine, Moira

Abstract

Sunspots are the most prominent feature of the solar magnetism in the photosphere. Although they have been widely investigated in the past, their structure remains poorly understood. Indeed, due to limitations in observations and the complexity of the magnetic field estimation at chromospheric heights, the magnetic field structure of sunspot above the photosphere is still uncertain. Improving the present knowledge of sunspot is important in solar and stellar physics, since spot generation is seen not only on the Sun, but also on other solar-type stars. In this regard, we studied a large, isolated sunspot with spectro-polarimeteric measurements that were acquired at the Fe I 6173 nm and Ca II 8542 nm lines by the spectropolarimeter IBIS/DST under excellent seeing conditions lasting more than three hours. Using the Non-LTE inversion code NICOLE, we inverted both line measurements simultaneously, to retrieve the three-dimensional magnetic and thermal structure of the penumbral region from the bottom of the photosphere to the middle chromosphere. Our analysis of data acquired at spectral ranges unexplored in previous studies shows clear spine and intra-spine structure of the penumbral magnetic field at chromopheric heights. Our investigation of the magnetic field gradient in the penumbra along the vertical and azimuthal directions confirms results reported in the literature from analysis of data taken at the spectral region of the He I 1083 nm triplet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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38. Exploring the Solar Wind from Its Source on the Corona into the Inner Heliosphere during the First Solar Orbiter-Parker Solar Probe Quadrature

Author

Froment, C., Krasnoselskikh, V., Agapitov, O., Fargette, N., Lavraud, B., Larosa, A., Kretzschmar, M., Jagarlamudi, V., Velli, Marco, Malaspina, David, Whittlesey, Phyllis, Bale, Stuart, Case, Anthony, Goetz, Keith, Kasper, Justin, Korreck, Kelly, Larson, Davin, MacDowall, Robert, Mozer, F., Pulupa, Marc, Revillet, C., Stevens, Michael, Telloni, Daniele, Andretta, Vincenzo, Antonucci, Ester, Bemporad, Alessandro, Capuano, Giuseppe, Fineschi, Silvano, Giordano, Silvio, Habbal, Shadia, Perrone, Denise, Pinto, Rui, Sorriso-Valvo, Luca, Spadaro, Daniele, Susino, Roberto, Woodham, Lloyd, Zank, Gary, Romoli, Marco, Auchère, Frédéric, Bruno, Roberto, Capobianco, Gerardo, Casini, Chiara, Casti, Marta, Chioetto, Paolo, Corso, Alain, Da Deppo, Vania, De Leo, Yara, Dudok De Wit, Thierry, Frassati, Federica, Frassetto, Fabio, Guglielmino, Salvo, Harvey, Peter, Heinzel, Petr, Jerse, Giovanna, Landini, Federico, Liberatore, Alessandro, Livi, Roberto, Magli, Enrico, Massone, Giuseppe, Messerotti, Mauro, Moses, John, Naletto, Giampiero, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, Nisticò, Giuseppe, Panasenco, Olga, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, Pelizzo, Maria, Reale, Fabio, Romano, Paolo, Sasso, Clementina, Schühle, Udo, Stangalini, Marco, Strachan, Leonard, Straus, Thomas, Teriaca, Luca, Uslenghi, Michela, Verscharen, Daniel, Volpicelli, Cosimo, Zangrilli, Luca, Zimbardo, Gaetano, Zuppella, Paola, Telloni, Daniele, Andretta, Vincenzo, Antonucci, Ester, Bemporad, Alessandro, Capuano, Giuseppe E., Fineschi, Silvano, Giordano, Silvio, Habbal, Shadia, Perrone, Denise, Pinto, Rui F., Sorriso-Valvo, Luca, Spadaro, Daniele, Susino, Roberto, Woodham, Lloyd D., Zank, Gary P., Romoli, Marco, Bale, Stuart D., Kasper, Justin C., Auchère, Frédéric, Bruno, Roberto, Capobianco, Gerardo, Case, Anthony W., Casini, Chiara, Casti, Marta, Chioetto, Paolo, Corso, Alain J., Da Deppo, Vania, De Leo, Yara, Dudok de Wit, Thierry, Frassati, Federica, Frassetto, Fabio, Goetz, Keith, Guglielmino, Salvo L., Harvey, Peter R., Heinzel, Petr, Jerse, Giovanna, Korreck, Kelly E., Landini, Federico, Larson, Davin, Liberatore, Alessandro, Livi, Roberto, MacDowall, Robert J., Magli, Enrico, Malaspina, David M., Massone, Giuseppe, Messerotti, Mauro, Moses, John D., Naletto, Giampiero, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, Nisticò, Giuseppe, Panasenco, Olga, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, Pelizzo, Maria G., Pulupa, Marc, Reale, Fabio, Romano, Paolo, Sasso, Clementina, Schühle, Udo, Stangalini, Marco, Stevens, Michael L., Strachan, Leonard, Straus, Thoma, Teriaca, Luca, Uslenghi, Michela, Velli, Marco, Verscharen, Daniel, Volpicelli, Cosimo A., Whittlesey, Phylli, Zangrilli, Luca, Zimbardo, Gaetano, Zuppella, Paola, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar wind, FOS: Physical sciences, Solar radius, Solar corona, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Current sheet, Orbiter, Magnetohydrodynamics, Interplanetary turbulence, Heliosphere, Physics - Space Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Coronagraph, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Space plasmas, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Corona, Space Physics (physics.space-ph), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an]
Abstract

This Letter addresses the first Solar Orbiter (SO) -- Parker Solar Probe (PSP) quadrature, occurring on January 18, 2021, to investigate the evolution of solar wind from the extended corona to the inner heliosphere. Assuming ballistic propagation, the same plasma volume observed remotely in corona at altitudes between 3.5 and 6.3 solar radii above the solar limb with the Metis coronagraph on SO can be tracked to PSP, orbiting at 0.1 au, thus allowing the local properties of the solar wind to be linked to the coronal source region from where it originated. Thanks to the close approach of PSP to the Sun and the simultaneous Metis observation of the solar corona, the flow-aligned magnetic field and the bulk kinetic energy flux density can be empirically inferred along the coronal current sheet with an unprecedented accuracy, allowing in particular estimation of the Alfv\'en radius at 8.7 solar radii during the time of this event. This is thus the very first study of the same solar wind plasma as it expands from the sub-Alfv\'enic solar corona to just above the Alfv\'en surface., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

Published
2021

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