Search

Toda lattice and minimal surfaces are related to each other through Allen-Cahn equation. In view of the structure of the solutions of the Toda lattice, we find new balancing configuration using techniques of integrable systems. This allows us to construct new singly periodic minimal surfaces. The genus of these minimal surfaces equals $j(j+1)/2-1$. They are natural generalization of the Riemann minimal surfaces, which have genus zero., Comment: 16 pages

We consider the anisotropic Finsler $N$-Laplacian Liouville equation \[-\Delta ^{H}_{N}u=e^u \qquad {\rm{in}}\,\, \mathcal{C},\] where $N\geq2$, $\mathcal{C}\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{N}$ is an open convex cone including $\mathbb{R}^{N}$, the half space $\mathbb{R}^{N}_{+}$ and $\frac{1}{2^{m}}$-space $\mathbb{R}^{N}_{2^{-m}}:=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\mid x_{1},\cdots,x_{m}>0\}$ ($m=1,\cdots,N$), and the anisotropic Finsler $N$-Laplacian $\Delta ^{H}_{N}$ is induced by a positively homogeneous function $H(x)$ of degree $1$. All solutions to the Finsler $N$-Laplacian Liouville equation with finite mass are completely classified. In particular, if $H(\xi)=|\xi|$, then the Finsler $N$-Laplacian $\Delta ^{H}_{N}$ reduces to the regular $N$-Laplacian $\Delta_N$. Our result is a counterpart in the limiting case $p=N$ of the classification results in \cite{CFR} for the critical anisotropic $p$-Laplacian equations with $1

In this paper, we provide a classification of steady solutions to two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations in terms of the set of flow angles. The first main result asserts that the set of flow angles of any bounded steady flow in the whole plane must be the whole circle unless the flow is a parallel shear flow. In an infinitely long horizontal strip or the upper half-plane supplemented with slip boundary conditions, besides the two types of flows appeared in the whole space case, there exists an additional class of steady flows for which the set of flow angles is either the upper or lower closed semicircles. This type of flows is proved to be the class of non-shear flows that have the least total curvature. As consequences, we obtain Liouville-type theorems for two-dimensional semilinear elliptic equations with only bounded and measurable nonlinearity, and the structural stability of shear flows whose all stagnation points are not inflection points, including Poiseuille flow as a special case. Our proof relies on the analysis of some quantities related to the curvature of the streamlines.

This paper deals with the second Neumann eigenfunction ${u}$ of any planar triangle ${T}$. In a recent work by C. Judge and S. Mondal [Ann. Math., 2022], it was established that ${u}$ does not have any critical point within the interior of ${T}$. In this paper, we show the uniqueness of non-vertex critical point and the monotonicity property of the second eigenfunction. To be more precise, when ${T}$ is not an equilateral triangle, the non-vertex critical point exists if and only if ${T}$ is an acute triangle that is not a super-equilateral triangle, and the global extrema of ${u}$ are achieved at and only at the endpoints of the longest side. This establishes the origin theorem and conjecture 13.6 initially posed by C. Judge and S. Mondal [Ann. Math., 2020]. Our proof relies heavily on continuity methods, eigenvalue inequalities, and the maximum principle to establish these results., Comment: 41 pages, 6 figures

Solutions with scaling-invariant bounds such as self-similar solutions, play an important role in the understanding of the regularity and asymptotic structures of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations. In this paper, we prove that any steady solution satisfying $|\Bu(x)|\leq C/|x|$ for any constant $C$ in $\mathbb{R}^n\setminus \{0\}$ with $ n \geq 4$, must be zero. Our main idea is to analyze the velocity field and the total head pressure via weighted energy estimates with suitable multipliers so that the proof is pretty elementary and short. These results not only give the Liouville-type theorem for steady solutions in higher dimensions with neither smallness nor self-similarity type assumptions, but also help to remove a class of singularities of solutions and give the optimal asymptotic behaviors of solutions at infinity in the exterior domains.

We prove that axially symmetric solutions to the $Q$-curvature type problem $$ \alpha P_6 u + 120(1-\frac{e^{6u}}{\int_{\mathbb{S}^6} e^{6u}})=0 \ \ \ \ \ \mbox{on} \ \mathbb{S}^6 $$ must be constants, provided that $ \frac{1}{2}\leq \alpha <1$. In view of the existence of non-constant solutions obtained by Gui-Hu-Xie \cite{GHW2022} for $\frac{1}{7}<\alpha<\frac{1}{2}$, this result is sharp. This result closes the gap of the related results in \cite{GHW2022}, which proved a similar uniqueness result for $\alpha \geq 0.6168$. The improvement is based on two types of new estimates: one is a better estimate of the semi-norm $\lfloor G\rfloor^2$, the other one is a family of refined estimates on Gegenbauer coefficients, such as pointwise decaying and cancellations properties., Comment: 31 pages; any comment is welcome

In this paper, we prove that for any bounded set of finite perimeter $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n$, we can choose smooth sets $E_k \Subset \Omega$ such that $E_k \rightarrow \Omega$ in $L^1$ and \begin{align} \label{moregeneralapproximation} \limsup_{i \rightarrow \infty} P(E_i) \le P(\Omega)+C_1(n) \mathscr{H}^{n-1}(\partial \Omega \cap \Omega^1). \end{align}In the above $\Omega^1$ is the measure-theoretic interior of $\Omega$, $P(\cdot)$ denotes the perimeter functional on sets, and $C_1(n)$ is a dimensional constant. Conversely, we prove that for any sets $E_k \Subset \Omega$ satisfying $E_k \rightarrow \Omega$ in $L^1$, there exists a dimensional constant $C_2(n)$ such that the following inequality holds: \begin{align} \label{gap} \liminf_{k \rightarrow \infty} P(E_k) \ge P(\Omega)+ C_2(n) \mathscr{H}^{n-1}(\partial \Omega \cap \Omega^1). \end{align} In particular, these results imply that for a bounded set $\Omega$ of finite perimeter,\begin{align} \label{char*} \mathscr{H}^{n-1}(\partial \Omega \cap \Omega^1)=0 \end{align} holds if and only if there exists a sequence of smooth sets $E_k$ such that $E_k \Subset \Omega$, $E_k \rightarrow \Omega$ in $L^1$ and $P(E_k) \rightarrow P(\Omega)$., Comment: This paper was accepted in 04/21/2021 by Proc. AMS, but until now it was still not online. Since a few people have consulted our results, we post the paper on arXiv

In this paper, we prove that if $u$ is a solution to the Liouville equation \begin{align} \label{scalliouville} \Delta u+e^{2u} =0 \quad \mbox{in $\mathbb{R}^2$,} \end{align}then the diameter of $\mathbb{R}^2$ under the conformal metric $g=e^{2u}\delta$ is bounded below by $\pi$. Here $\delta$ is the Euclidean metric in $\mathbb{R}^2$. Moreover, we explicitly construct a family of solutions such that the corresponding diameters of $\mathbb{R}^2$ range over $[\pi,2\pi)$. We also discuss supersolutions. We show that if $u$ is a supersolution and $\int_{\mathbb{R}^2} e^{2u} dx<\infty$, then the diameter of $\mathbb{R}^2$ under the metric $e^{2u}\delta$ is less than or equal to $2\pi$. For radial supersolutions, we use both analytical and geometric approaches to prove some inequalities involving conformal lengths and areas of disks in $\mathbb{R}^2$. We also discuss the connection of the above results with the sphere covering inequality in the case of Gaussian curvature bounded below by $1$. Higher dimensional generalizations are also discussed., Comment: This article was written in 2020 and still under review. We forgot to post it to arXiv. Later several experts learned about our results and have inquired us about the paper, so we now post it here

We give a complete classification of solutions bounded from above of the Liouville equation $$-\Delta u=e^{2u}\quad\mbox{in}\quad {\mathbf{R}}^2.$$ More generally, solutions in the class $$N:=\{ u:\limsup_{z\to\infty} u(z)/\log|z|:=k(u)<\infty\}$$ are described. As a consequence, we obtain five rigidity results. First, $k(u)$ can take only a discrete set of values: either $k=-2$, or $2k$ is a non-negative integer. Second, $u\to-\infty$ as $z\to\infty$, if and only if $u$ is radial about some point. Third, if $u$ is symmetric with respect to $x$ and $y$ axes and $u_x<0,\; u_y<0$ in the first quadrant then $u$ is radially symmetric. Fourth, if $u$ is concave and bounded from above, then $u$ is one-dimensional. Fifth, if $u$ is bounded from above, and the diameter of ${\mathbf{R}}^2$ with the metric $e^{2u}\delta$ is $\pi$, where $\delta$ is the Euclidean metric, then $u$ is either radial about a point or one-dimensional. In addition, we extend the concavity rigidity result on Liouville equation in higher dimensions., Comment: 14 pages

Liouville-type theorems for the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes system are investigated for solutions in a three-dimensional slab with either no-slip boundary conditions or periodic boundary conditions. When the no-slip boundary conditions are prescribed, we prove that any bounded solution is trivial if it is axisymmetric or $ru^r$ is bounded, and that general three-dimensional solutions must be Poiseuille flows when the velocity is not big in $L^\infty$ space. When the periodic boundary conditions are imposed on the slab boundaries, we prove that the bounded solutions must be constant vectors if either the swirl or radial velocity is independent of the angular variable, or $ru^r$ decays to zero as $r$ tends to infinity. The proofs are based on the fundamental structure of the equations and energy estimates. The key technique is to establish a Saint-Venant type estimate that characterizes the growth of Dirichlet integral of nontrivial solutions., Comment: Theorem 1.4 has been updated where Liouville type theorem for flows in periodic slab was proved as long as L^\infty norm of the velocity field is not so big. The bound for the velocity in Theorems 1.3 is presented in a more precise way

We show that axially symmetric solutions on $\mathbb{S}^4$ to a constant $Q$-curvature type equation (it may also be called fourth order mean field equation) must be constant, provided that the parameter $\alpha$ in front of the Paneitz operator belongs to $[\frac{473 + \sqrt{209329}}{1800}\approx0.517, 1)$. This is in contrast to the case $\alpha=1$, where a family of solutions exist, known as standard bubbles. The phenomenon resembles the Gaussian curvature equation on $ \mathbb{S}^2$. As a consequence, we prove an improved Beckner's inequality on $\mathbb{S}^4$ for axially symmetric functions with their centers of mass at the origin. Furthermore, we show uniqueness of axially symmetric solutions when $\alpha=\frac15$ by exploiting Pohozaev-type identities, and prove existence of a non-constant axially symmetric solution for $\alpha \in (\frac15, \frac12)$ via a bifurcation method.

In this paper we show a new inequality which generalizes to the unit sphere the Lebedev-Milin inequality of the exponentiation of functions on the unit circle. It may also be regarded as the counterpart on the sphere of the second inequality in the Szeg\"o limit theorem on the Toeplitz determinants on the circle. On the other hand, this inequality is also a variant of several classical inequalities of Moser-Trudinger type on the sphere. The inequality incorporates the deviation of the center of mass from the origin into the optimal inequality of Aubin for functions with mass centered at the origin, and improves Onofri's inequality with the contribution of the shifting of the mass center explicitly expressed.

In this paper, we are interested in the properties of solution of the nonlocal equation $$\begin{cases}u_t+(-\Delta)^su=f(u),\quad t>0, \ x\in\mathbb{R}\\ u(0,x)=u_0(x),\quad x\in\mathbb{R}\end{cases}$$ where $0\le u_0<1$ is a Heaviside type function, $\Delta^s$ stands for the fractional Laplacian with $s\in (0,1)$, and $f\in C([0,1],\mathbb{R}^+)$ is a non negative nonlinearity such that $f(0)=f(1)=0$ and $f'(1)<0$. In this context, it is known that the solution $u(t,s)$ converges locally uniformly to 1 and our aim here is to understand how fast this invasion process occur. When $f$ is a Fisher-KPP type nonlinearity and $s \in (0,1)$, it is known that the level set of the solution $u(t,x)$ moves at an exponential speed whereas when $f$ is of ignition type and $s\in \left(\frac{1}{2},1\right)$ then the level set of the solution moves at a constant speed. In this article, for general monostable nonlinearities $f$ and any $s\in (0,1)$ we derive generic estimates on the position of the level sets of the solution $u(t,x)$ which then enable us to describe more precisely the behaviour of this invasion process. In particular, we obtain a algebraic generic upper bound on the "speed" of level set highlighting the delicate interplay of $s$ and $f$ in the existence of an exponential acceleration process. When $s\in\left (0,\frac{1}{2}\right]$ and $f$ is of ignition type, we also complete the known description of the behaviour of $u$ and give a precise asymptotic of the speed of the level set in this context. Notably, we prove that the level sets accelerate when $s\in\left(0,\frac{1}{2}\right)$ and that in the critical case $s=\frac{1}{2}$ although no travelling front can exist, the level sets still move asymptotically at a constant speed. These new results are in sharp contrast with the bistable situation where no such acceleration may occur, highlighting therefore the qualitative difference between the two type of nonlinearities.

In this note, we study symmetry of solutions of the elliptic equation \begin{equation*} -\Delta _{\mathbb{S}^{2}}u+3=e^{2u}\ \ \hbox{on}\ \ \mathbb{S}^{2}, \end{equation*} that arises in the study of rigidity problem of Hawking mass in general relativity. We provide various conditions under which this equation has only constant solutions, and consequently imply the rigidity of Hawking mass for stable constant mean curvature (CMC) sphere., Comment: 7 pages

In this paper we study stable solutions to the fractional equation \begin{align} (-\Delta)^s u =f(u), \quad |u| < 1 \quad \mbox{in $\mathbb{R}^d$}, \end{align}where $0\max\{0, 1-2s\}$. We obtain sharp energy estimates for $0

We are concerned with the blow-up analysis of mean field equations. It has been proven in [6] that solutions blowing-up at the same non-degenerate blow-up set are unique. On the other hand, the authors in [18] show that solutions with a degenerate blow-up set are in general non-unique. In this paper we first prove that evenly symmetric solutions on a flat torus with a degenerate two-point blow-up set are unique. In the second part of the paper we complete the analysis by proving the existence of such blow-up solutions by using a Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction method. Moreover, we deduce that all evenly symmetric blow-up solutions come from one-point blow-up solutions of the mean field equation on a "half" torus.

In this paper we study axially symmetric solutions of Allen-Cahn equation with finite Morse index. It is shown that there does not exist such a solution in dimensions between $4$ and $10$. In dimension $3$, we prove that these solutions have finitely many ends. Furthermore, the solution has exactly two ends if its Morse index equals $1$., Comment: 19 pages; comments are welcome

We present a new proof of the sphere covering inequality in the spirit of comparison geometry, and as a byproduct we find another sphere covering inequality which can be viewed as the dual of the original one. We also prove sphere covering inequalities on surfaces satisfying general isoperimetric inequalities, and discuss their applications to elliptic equations with exponential nonlinearities in dimension two. The approach in this paper extends, improves, and unifies several inequalities about solutions of elliptic equations with exponential nonlinearities., Comment: 21 pages

We study the following system of equations $$ L_i(u_i) = H_i(u_1,\cdots,u_m) \quad \text{in} \ \ \mathbb R^n , $$ when $m\ge 1$, $u_i: \mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R$ and $H=(H_i)_{i=1}^m$ is a sequence of general nonlinearities. The nonlocal operator $L_i$ is given by $$L_i(f (x)):= \lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \int_{\mathbb R^n \setminus B_\epsilon(x) } [f(x) - f(z)] J_i(z-x) dz,$$ for a sequence of even, nonnegative and measurable jump kernels $J_i$. We prove a Poincar\'{e} inequality for stable solutions of the above system for a general jump kernel $J_i$. In particular, for the case of scalar equations, that is when $m=1$, it reads \begin{equation*}\label{} \iint_{ \mathbb R^{2n}} \mathcal A_y(\nabla_x u) [\eta^2(x)+\eta^2(x+y)] J(y) dx dy \le \iint_{ \mathbb R^{2n}} \mathcal B_y(\nabla_x u) [ \eta(x) - \eta(x+y) ] ^2 J(y) d x dy , \end{equation*} for any $\eta \in C_c^1(\mathbb R^{n})$ and for some nonnegative $ \mathcal A_y(\nabla_x u)$ and $ \mathcal B_y(\nabla_x u)$. This is a counterpart of the celebrated inequality derived by Sternberg and Zumbrun in \cite{sz} for semilinear elliptic equations that is used extensively in the literature to establish De Giorgi type results, to study phase transitions and to prove regularity properties. We then apply this inequality to finite range jump processes and to jump processes with decays to prove De Giorgi type results in two dimensions. In addition, we show that whenever $H_i(u)\ge 0$ or $\sum_{i=1}^m u_i H_i(u)\le 0$ then Liouville theorems hold for each $u_i$ in one and two dimensions. Lastly, we provide certain energy estimates under various assumptions on the jump kernel $J_i$ and a Liouville theorem for the quotient of partial derivatives of $u$., Comment: To appear in Journal of Differential Equations. 21 pages. The article arXiv:1506.03368 (never published) is included in this manuscript

The existence and multiplicity of similarity solutions for the steady, incompressible and fully developed laminar flows in a uniformly porous channel with two permeable walls are investigated. We shall focus on the so-called asymmetric case where the upper wall is with an amount of flow injection and the lower wall with a different amount of suction. We show that there exist three solutions designated as type $I$, type $II$ and type $III$ for the asymmetric case. The numerical results suggest that a unique solution exists for the Reynolds number $0\leq R<14.10$ and two additional solutions appear for $R>14.10$. The corresponding asymptotic solution for each of the multiple solutions is constructed by the method of boundary layer correction or matched asymptotic expansion for the most difficult high Reynolds number case. Asymptotic solutions are all verified by their corresponding numerical solutions.

We derive a singular version of the Sphere Covering Inequality which was recently introduced in [42], suitable for treating singular Liouville-type problems with superharmonic weights. As an application we deduce new uniqueness results for solutions of the singular mean field equation both on spheres and on bounded domains, as well as new self-contained proofs of previously known results, such as the uniqueness of spherical convex polytopes first established in [56]. Furthermore, we derive new symmetry results for the spherical Onsager vortex equation.

In this paper, we are interested in the least energy nodal solutions to the following nonlocal Choquard equation with a local term \begin{equation*}\left\{\begin{array}{rll} -\Delta u&=\lambda|u|^{p-2}u+\mu \phi(x)|u|^{q-2}u\\ -\Delta \phi&=|u|^q\\ u&=\phi=0 \end{array}\right. \begin{gathered}\begin{array}{rll} &\mbox{in}\ \Omega,\\ &\mbox{in}\ \Omega,\\ &\mbox{on}\ \partial\Omega, \end{array}\end{gathered}\end{equation*} where $ \lambda,\mu>0, p\in [2,6), q\in (1,5)$ and $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^3$ is a bounded domain. This problem may be seen as a nonlocal perturbation of the classical Lane-Emden equation $-\Delta u=\lambda|u|^{p-2}u$ in $\Omega.$ The problem has a variational functional with a nonlocal term $\mu\int_{\Omega}\phi|u|^q$. The appearance of the nonlocal term makes the variational functional very different from the local case $\mu=0$, for which the problem has ground state solutions and least energy nodal solutions if $p\in (2,6)$. The problem may also be viewed as a nonlocal Choquard equation with a local pertubation term when $\lambda \not =0$. For $\mu>0$, we show that although ground state solutions always exist, the existence of least energy nodal solution depends on $q$: for $q\in(1,2)$ there does not exist a least energy nodal solution while for $q\in[2,5)$ such a solution exists. Note that $q=2$ is a critical value. In the case of a linear local perturbation, i.e., $p=2,$ if $\lambda<\lambda_1,$ the problem has a positive ground state and a least energy nodal solution. However, if $\lambda\geq \lambda_1,$ the problem has a ground state which changes sign. Hence it is also a least energy nodal solution.

We obtain some existence theorems for periodic solutions to several linear equations involving fractional Laplacian. We also prove that the lower bound of all periods for semilinear elliptic equations involving fractional Laplacian is not larger than some exact positive constant. Hamiltonian identity, Modica-type inequalities and an estimate of the energy for periodic solutions are also established.

We prove the existence of a family of blow-up solutions of a mean field equation on sphere. The solutions blow up at four points where the minimum value of a potential energy function (involving the Green's function) is attained. The four blow-up points form a regular tetrahedron. Moreover, the solutions we build have a group of symmetry $T_d$ which is isomorphic to the symmetric group $S_4$. Other families of solutions can be similarly constructed with blow-up points at the vertices of equilateral triangles on a great circle or other inscribed platonic solids (cubes, octahedrons, icosahedrons and dodecahedrons). All of these solutions have the symmetries of the corresponding configuration, while they are non-axially symmetric., Comment: 27 pages

We prove symmetry and uniqueness results for three classes of Liouville-type problems arising in geometry and mathematical physics: asymmetric Sinh-Gordon equation, cosmic string equation and Toda system, under certain assumptions on the mass associated to these problems. The argument is in the spirit of the Sphere Covering Inequality which for the first time is used in treating different exponential nonlinearities and systems.

In this paper, we prove uniqueness of solutions of mean field equations with general boundary conditions for the critical and subcritical total mass regime, extending the earlier results for null Dirichlet boundary condition. The proof is based on new Bol's inequalities for weak radial solutions obtained from rearrangement of the solutions., Comment: to appear in Proceedings of the AMS

We study symmetry of solutions of the mean field equation \[ \Delta u +\rho(\frac{Ke^u}{\int_{T_\epsilon} Ke^u} -\frac{1}{|T_\epsilon|} )=0\] on the flat torus $T_\epsilon=[-\frac{1}{2\epsilon}, \frac{1}{2\epsilon}] \times [-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}]$ with $0<\epsilon \leq 1$, where $K\in C^2({T}_\epsilon)$ is a positive function with $-\Delta \ln K \leq \frac{\rho}{|T_\epsilon|}$ and $\rho \leq 8\pi$. We prove that if $(x_0,y_0)$ is a critical point of the function $u+ln(K)$, then $u$ is evenly symmetric about the lines $x=x_0$ and $y=y_0$, provided $K$ is evenly symmetric about these lines. In particular we show that all solutions are one-dimensional if $K\equiv 1$ and $\rho \leq 8\pi$. The results are sharp and answer a conjecture of Lin and Lucia affirmatively. We also prove some symmetry results for mean field equations on annulus.

In this paper, we show that the total area of two distinct surfaces with Gaussian curvature equal to 1, which are also conformal to the Euclidean unit disk with the same conformal factor on the boundary, must be at least 4{\pi}. In other words, the areas of these surfaces must cover the whole unit sphere after a proper rearrangement. We refer to this lower bound of total area as the Sphere Covering Inequality. The inequality and its generalizations are applied to a number of open problems related to Moser- Trudinger type inequalities, mean field equations and Onsager vortices, etc, and yield optimal results.

In this paper we consider the Allen-Cahn equation $$ -\Delta u = u-u^3 \ \mbox{in} \ {\mathbb R}^3 $$ We prove that for each $k\in\left( \sqrt{2},+\infty\right),$ there exists a solution to the equation which has growth rate $k$, i.e. $$ \| u-H(\cdot -k \ln r + c_k) \|_{L^\infty} \to 0$$ The main ingredients of our proof consist: (1) compactness of solutions with growth $k$, (2) moduli space theory of analytical variety of formal dimension one., Comment: 55 pages; comments welcome

In this paper, we prove even symmetry of monotone traveling wave solutions to the balanced Allen-Cahn equation in the entire plane. Related results for the unbalanced Allen-Cahn equation are also discussed.

In this paper, we prove even symmetry and monotonicity of certain solutions of Allen-Cahn equation in a half plane. We also show that entire solutions with {\it finite Morse index} and {\it four ends} must be evenly symmetric with respect to two orthogonal axes. A classification scheme of general entire solutions with {\it finite Morse index} is also presented using energy quantization.

In this paper, we study the convexity, interior gradient estimate, Liouville type theorem and asymptotic behavior at infinity of translating solutions to mean curvature flow as well as the nonlinear flow by powers of the mean curvature., Comment: 19 pages

We use imaging polarimetry taken with the HST/ACS/HRC to explore the three dimensional structure of the circumstellar dust distribution around the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris. The polarization vectors of the nebulosity surrounding VY CMa show a strong centro-symmetric pattern in all directions except directly East and range from 10% - 80% in fractional polarization. In regions that are optically thin, and therefore likely have only single scattering, we use the fractional polarization and photometric color to locate the physical position of the dust along the line-of-sight. Most of the individual arc-like features and clumps seen in the intensity image are also features in the fractioanl polarization map. These features must be distinct geometric objects. If they were just local density enhancements, the fractional polarization would not change so abruptly at the edge of the feature. The location of these features in the ejecta of VY CMa using polarimetry provides a determination of their 3D geometry independent of, but in close agreement with, the results from our study of their kinematics (Paper I)., Comment: Better figures availible at http://www.astro.umn.edu/~tjj