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Introduction: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) septic arthritis is a rare frequently misdiagnosed condition with non-specific symptoms. We present our experience of thirteen cases of TMJ septic arthritis and perform a systematic review of the literature to collate the multiple characteristics of this condition., Material and Method: A total of 133 cases of TMJ septic arthritis in humans across 62 studies were analyzed by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, DOAJ and ClinicalTrials.gov using the following search terms: "TMJ septic arthritis," "Temporomandibular septic arthritis," "TMJ infectious arthritis," and "Temporomandibular infectious arthritis.", Results: We identified three routes of TMJ septic arthritis dissemination: the hematogenous route, direct inoculation, and local contiguity. Joint and rheumatic pathologies and immunomodulatory diseases are risk factors. The most frequently causative bacterial genus is Staphylococcus, followed by Streptococcus. Causative bacteria can be identified by bacteriological analysis. Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), and scintigraphy can be used for diagnosis, but CT is the gold standard in an emergency setting. Blood tests often reveal a high C-reactive protein concentration and high leukocyte counts. Signs and symptoms include preauricular swelling and trismus, and, less commonly, fever, ipsilateral hemifacial pain, joint disorder, and malocclusion with mandibular deviation. Timely treatment is key to avoid short and long-term complications, because proteolytic enzymes from granulocytes can cause irreversible damage within 7 days. Antibiotic therapy, arthroplasty, and physiotherapy are commonly used treatment modalities., Conclusion: TMJ septic arthritis can be misdiagnosed due to its non-specific clinical manifestations. Complications can occur; thus, timely and effective treatment is key., Competing Interests: Declarations. The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work and did not have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The chin is a major functional and aesthetic anatomical unit of the face. The correction of bony abnormalities is common in orthognathic surgery, but the management of the soft tissues is complex. This article describes a genioplasty technique focused on the soft tissue. The procedure improves the chin morphology in patients with a sharp lower lip-chin prominence angle or sagittal prominence of the chin soft tissue, with or without correction for bone malposition. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed on an outpatient basis. It can also be combined with conventional osteotomy., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None., (Copyright © 2024 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Botulinum toxin type A causes muscle paralysis and is widely used in the masticatory muscle for stomatognathic diseases, such as temporomandibular disorder, bruxism, or masseteric hypertrophy. Nonetheless, its muscular effect remains unclear. Better understanding could aid improved use and perhaps new indications, particularly in dentofacial orthopaedics and orthognathic surgery., Methods: This systematic review explored the histologic and functional effects of botulinum toxin in animal and human masticatory muscles and was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched for relevant articles. The inclusion criteria were human or animal masticatory muscle analysis after botulinum toxin injection(s) AND histological structural/ultrastructural analysis by optical or electronic microscopy OR functional effect analysis by bite force evaluation (occlusal force analyzer) and muscle activity (electromyography)., Results: Of an initial 1578 articles, 44 studies were eventually included. Botulinum toxin injection in the masticatory muscle altered its histological structure and functional properties. The human and animal studies revealed ultrastructural change, atrophy, and fiber type modifications of the masticatory muscles after one injection. Botulinum toxin decreased bite force and muscle activity, but recovery was uncertain., Conclusions: Muscle forces applied on the skeleton is a key feature of facial growth. Masticatory muscle paralysis changes mechanical stress on bones, which rebalances the force applied on facial bones. This new balance could benefit dental deformity or surgical relapse. Therefore, botulinum toxin could limit the orthognathic effect of the masticatory muscles in such patients. Given the uncertain recovery, multiple injections should be avoided, and usage should not deviate from established consensus., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)