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OBJECTIVE:To evaluate lip esthetics by changing in the vermillion height as perceived by orthodontists, orthodontic resident and patients. METHODOLOGY: The Images were constructed by increasing and decreasing the vermillion heights in the increments of 0.5mm from -2.0mm to +2.0mm from average vermillion height. Overall 9 images were constructed and rated by 10 orthodontists, aged 32 to 45 years, 31 orthodontic residents, aged from 25 to 35 years and 46 orthodontic patients, aged from 15 to 35 years, on visual analogue scale. RESULTS: There were variations among the three groups; orthodontist, orthodontic residents and orthodontic patients in the median esthetic scores, assigned to nine vermillion heights. The participants found images -0.5mm, 0mm and +0.5mm most attractive and the images -2mm, -1.5mm and +2mm least attractive. CONCLUSIONS: Images with or near the average vermillion height was considered to be attractive by orthodontist, orthodontic residents and patients. The ranges of vermillion heights preferred by orthodontists and orthodontic patients were similar. Majority of male preferred 0mm while female respondents showed a broader tolerance for vermilion height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare mandibular vertical asymmetry between cleft lip palate and normal class I occlusion subjects. METHODOLOGY: The sample for this study consisted of total 64 subjects divided into two groups:Group1consisted of 32 non-syndromic repaired cleft lip and palate subjects [further divided into:16complete unilateral and 16complete bilateral cleft lip and palate].Group2 consisted of 32 subjects with normal facial morphology and class I occlusion. Both groups included males and females with age14yr-16yr[mean age cleft group14.6yr±.73yr,and normal group14.8yr±.73yr]. Mandibular asymmetry index [condylar,ramal,condylar plus ramal] and gonial angle measurements were calculated on dental panoramic radiograph. RESULTS: Calculated descriptive statistical measurements between normal subjects and cleft lip and palate group shows statistically significant differences in both condylar and ramal asymmetry index but over all intergroup comparison of condylar plus ramal height asymmetry index did not show any significant result. CONCLUSION: Mandible in cleft lip and palate subjects was found to be normal. However, in unilateral cleft lip and palate a difference was found in condyle, ramal and gonial angle between cleft and non-cleft side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess hypoplasia in permanent maxillary anterior dentition. The sample for this study consisted of 60 subjects divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of 30 subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Group 2 consisted of 30 subjects with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (both males and females). Informed consent was taken from all patients. Inclusion criteria for cleft lip and palate subjects included: Complete repaired lip and palate, non-syndromic unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate both males and females with age 14 year-16 year (mean age cleft group14.6 year ±.73 year). Exclusion criteria included: Cleft lip and palate subjects with systemic diseases, incomplete repaired palate, open fistulas, developmental or acquired craniofacial muscular deformities, autoimmune conditions, syndromes, endocrine abnormalities, neurological problems, any previous history of orthodontic treatment and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Clinical examination was performed under natural light with a dental mirror and dental probe. The presence or absence of lesions, their location, and their characteristics were recorded following the Simplified Index described by Silber man et al two digit system scoring. The results showed highest 52% cases of obvious hypoplasia with caries and roughly round or oblong lesion. It was concluded that hypoplasia is frequently related to maxillary anterior segment both in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the difference in dimension of teeth among adult females with and without malocclusion., Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from April 2011 to April 2013, and used non-probability consecutive sampling. Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions were measured on study casts by using digital sliding caliper in 2 groups of females. Group 1 had 150 subjects with normal occlusion, while Group 2 had 234 with malocclusion. Independent t test was conducted to evaluate the difference between the dimensions of teeth of the two groups. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 16, and p value was considered significant at 0.05., Results: Overall, the difference between the groups showed a greater tooth dimension in the malocclusion group of population compared to the normal group, and the most significant difference was observed in the mesiodistal dimension of maxillary 2nd premolar, which was 0.9 +/- 0.6801mm greater in dimension in the malocclusion group compared to the normal group. The least difference was observed in the buccolingual dimension of the mandibular central incisor where the malocclusion group had only 0.08 +/- 0.5247mm larger mandibular central incisors in the buccolingual dimension compared to the normal group., Conclusion: Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions were characteristically larger in the malocclusion group.

Objective: To establish cephalometric norms of Pakistani adults according to Jarabak's analysis and to evaluate whether a significant difference exists between Pakistani measurements and Jarabak's norms., Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study, was carried out at the Department of Orthodontics Dr. Ishratul Ebad Institute Of Oral Heath Sciences/Sindh Dental Hospital, Karachi from July to September 2012. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken of 50 selected Pakistanis within age range 18-23 years having normal occlusion. The database was developed in SPSS 12.0 for Windows., Result: A descriptive analysis and independent Student's test was used. A comparison of the angular and linear measurements according to the Jarabak's analysis in the Pakistani and Caucasian population describe that the Pakistani males had all of their angular as well as linear measurements significantly different then the Caucasian namely the saddle angle, gonial angle, articular angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle (p < 0.0001) and the anterior cranial base, posterior cranial base, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height and mandibular corpus (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Pakistani males and females demonstrated a significant difference in saddle angle, gonial angle, articular angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle (p < 0.0001) as compared to the Caucasian norms. Pakistani females also had a difference in the upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle (p < 0.0001) and the anterior cranial base, posterior cranial base, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height and mandibular corpus measurements.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the depth of curve of Spee in class I, class II div 1 class II div 2, class II subdivision and class III malocclusion., Methods: A Cross sectional study was done at Dr Irshat-UI-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan (DIKIOHS) from Oct 2009 to March 2010. The sample of 100 adolescent patients selected according to the inclusion criteria was divided into five groups. Group 1 class I malocclusion had 29 patients, Group 2 class II div 1 malocclusion had 33 patients, Group 3 class II div 2 malocclusion had 16 patients, Group 4 class II subdivision malocclusion had 13 patients, Group 5 class III malocclusion had 9 patients. The depth of curve of Spee was measured as the perpendicular distance between the deepest cusp tip and a flat plane that was laid on the occlusal surface of the mandibular dental cast. The measurement was made on the right and left side of the dental arch and the mean value of these two measurements were used as depth of curve of Spee The measurement were analyzed and statistically compared in SPSS version 10 by students "t" test (P < 0.05)., Results: Mean depth of Curve of Spee in class I malocclusion was 2.4 mm, in class II div 1 malocclusion mean depth was 2.8 mm, in class II div 2 malocclusion mean depth was 4.3 mm, in class II subdivision mean depth was 2.5 mm in class III malocclusion mean depth was 2 mm., Conclusion: The curve of Spee was deepest in class II div 2 malocclusion.

Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the angulation of mandibular third molar in orthodontic cases which are planned for extraction and non extraction., Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study in which pre-treatment panoramic radiographs of 49 patients, age range 11-26 years were taken from the OPD of Department of Orthodontics, Dr. Ishrat- ul -Ebad Khan Institute of Oral and Health Sciences (DIKIOHS), Dow University of Health Sciences. The angles between the long axis of the second and third molars were measured. Descriptive statistics were applied. Mann-Whitney U-test was used for intergroup comparison extraction and non extraction cases., Results: This study consists of 49 patients with mean age of 17.94 years. Over all result concluded that mandibular third molar angulations were from 8-94 degrees in extraction cases and 10-73 degrees in non extraction cases. However, the pre-treatment 3rd molar angulation differences in extraction and non extraction cases were statistically insignificant with p-value >0.05., Conclusions: This study evaluates third molar angulations in pre-treatment cases, the differences in angulation were like other morphological differences but changes in angulation after treatment may or may not be related to extractions.

Objective: To compare the seven methods of cephalometric analysis for assessing sagittal jaw relationship and to determine the level of agreement between them., Study Design: Cross-sectional, analytical study., Place and Duration of Study: Dental Section, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January to December 2004., Methodology: Seven methods, describing anteroposterior jaw relationships (A-B plane, ANB, Wits, AXB, AF-BF, FABA and Beta angle) were measured on the lateral cephalographs of 85 patients. Correlation analysis, using Cramer's V-test, was performed to determine the possible agreement between the pair of analyses., Results: The mean age of the sample, comprising 35 males and 50 females was 15 years and 3 months. Statistically significant relationships were found among seven sagittal parameters with p-value < 0.001. Very strong correlation was found between AXB and AF-BF distance (r=0.924); and weak correlation between ANB and Beta angle (r=0.377). Wits appraisal showed the greatest coefficient of variability., Conclusion: Despite varying strengths of association, statistically significant correlations were found among seven methods for assessing sagittal jaw relationship. FABA and A-B plane may be used to predict the skeletal class in addition to the established ANB angle.

Objective: To determine the knowledge and attitude towards menopause among postmenopausal women seeking gynecological treatment., Design: A descriptive cross-sectional survey based on sample of convenience., Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Gynecology outpatient department of MCH Center, PIMS, Islamabad from 1st June to 31st September, 2002., Subjects and Methods: Seventy postmenopausal women over 45 years of age were interviewed., Results: The mean age of respondents was 54.4 years. Fifty-two (74.3%) women knew about menopause, 39 (55.7%) were aware of symptomatology while only 7 (10%) knew sequelae of menopause. Fifty-three (75.7%) women were satisfied with cessation of menstruation and only 17 (24.3%) desired to continue menstruation. Twenty-four (34.3%) respondents were unhappy with their menopausal status. Thirty-two (45.7%) women were content with their present sexual relations, 18 (25.7%) were dissatisfied and 20 (28.6%) had no sexual activity. Fifty-two (74.3%) women felt a need for health education on menopause in educational institutions. Thirty-three (47.1%) considered treatment of menopause necessary. Four (5.7%) were aware of any treatment of menopause and 55 (78.6%) desired to learn more about menopause., Conclusion: Women have different views about menopause, few see it as a medical condition requiring treatment, whereas a majority consider it a natural transition. There was dearth of knowledge regarding significance of menopause.