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Objective To explore risk factors for sexual violence in childhood in a nationally representative sample of females aged 13 to 24 years in Swaziland. Methods During a household survey respondents were asked to report any experiences of sexual violence before the age of 18 years. The association between childhood sexual violence and several potential demographic and social risk factors was explored through bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Findings Participants totalled 1244. Compared with respondents who had been close to their biological mothers as children, those who had not been close to her had higher odds of having experienced sexual violence (crude odds ratio, COR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.14-3.14), as did those who had had no relationship with her at all (COR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.34-2.80). In addition, greater odds of childhood sexual violence were noted among respondents who were not attending school at the time of the survey (COR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.70- 3.01); who were emotionally abused as children (COR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.50-2.79); and who knew of another child who had been sexually assaulted (COR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.31-2.40) er was having sex with a teacher (COR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.59-2.69). Childhood sexual violence was positively associated with the number of people the respondent had lived with at any one time (COR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06). Conclusion Inadequate supervision er guidance and an unstable environment put girls at risk of sexual violence. Greater educational opportunities and an improved mother-daughter relationship could help prevent it. Objectif Etudier les facteurs de risque en matiere de violences sexuelles subies pendant I'enfance sur un echantillon de femmes agees de 13 a 24 ans nationalement representatif pour le Swaziland. Methodes Lors d'une enquete aupres des menages, il a ete demande aux personnes interrogees de signaler toute violence sexuelle vecue avant I'age de 18 ans. L'association entre les violences sexuelles subies pendant I'enfance et plusieurs facteurs de risque sociaux et demographiques potentiels a ete etudiee par le biais de la regression Iogistique bivariee et multivariee. Resultats Les participantes etaient au nombre de 1 244. Par rapport aux personnes interrogees qui avaient ete elevees par leur mere biologique Iors de leur enfance, celles qui n'etaient pas restees pres d'elle avaient plus de risques de subir des violences sexuelles (rapport des cotes brut, RCB: 1,89; lC de 95%: 1,14-3,14), tout comme celles qui n'avaient eu aucune relation avec leur rnere (RCB: 1,93; lC de 95%: 1,34-2,80). De plus, des probabilites plus importantes de violences sexuelles ont ete enregistrees chez les personnes interrogees qui n'etaient pas scolarisees Iorsqu'elles ont ete violentees (RCB: 2,26; lC de 95%: 1,70-3,01); qui ont ete victimes de violences psychologiques au cours de leur enfance (RCB: 2,04; lC de 95%: 1,50-2,79); et qui connaissaient un autre enfant qui avait subi des agressions sexuelles (RCB: 1,77; lC de 95%: 1,31-2,40) ou qui avait des rapports sexuels avec un enseignant (RCB: 2,07; lC de 95%: 1,59-2,69). Les violences sexuelles commises a I'encontre des enfants etaient positivement associees au nombre de personnes avec lesquelles la personne interrogee avait vecu a un moment donne (RCB: 1,03; lC de 95%: 1,01-1,06). Conclusion Une surveillance ou des conseils inadequats dans un environnement instable mettent les fillettes en danger de violences sexuelles. Une amelioration des chances d'education et de la relation mere/fille pourrait contribuer a prevenir de telles violences. Objetivo Determinar los factores de riesgo de la violencia de genero durante la ninez en una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 24 anos en Swazilandia. Metodos Durante una encuesta realizada en los hogares, se les pidio a las encuestadas que informaran de cualquier experiencia de violencia de genero sufrida antes de los 18 anos de edad. Mediante regresion logistica bifactorial y multifactorial se examino la relacion existente entre la violencia de genero en la ninez y diversos factores de riesgo potenciales, tanto de ambito demografico como social. Resultados El total de participantes fue de 1244. Comparadas con las encuestadas que habian permanecido cerca de sus madres durante la ninez, se comprobo que aquellas que no lo habian estado tenian mas probabilidad de haber sufrido violencia de genero (cociente de posibilidades bruto CPB: 1,89; lC del 95%: 1,14-3,14), al igual que las que no habian tenido ninguna relacion con sus madres en absoluto (CPB: 1,93; lC del 95% lC: 1,34-2,80): Ademas, se observo que existia una mayor probabilidad de violencia de genero durante la ninez entre las encuestadas que no asistian a la escuela en el momento de la entrevista (CPB: 2,26; lC del 95%: 1,70-3,01); quienes sufrieron abuso emocional durante su ninez (CPB: 2,04; lC del 95%: 1,50-2,79); y quienes conocian a alguna otra nina que habia sufrido violencia de genero (CPB: 1,77; lC del 95%: 1,31-2,40) o tenian relaciones sexuales con un profesor (CPB: 2,07; IG del 95%: 1,59-2,69). La violencia de genero durante la ninez estaba asociada con total seguridad con el numero de personas con las que habia convivido la encuestada en algun momento determinado (CPB: 1,03; IG del 95%: 1,01-1,06). Conclusion La supervision u orientacion inadecuadas y un entorno inestable ponen a la ninas en una situacion de riesgo de sufrir violencia de genero. Una mayor oportunidad educativa y una mejoria de la relacion madre-hija podrian contribuir a prevenirlo., Introduction Sexual violence during childhood is a public health problem of concern throughout the world, including sub-Saharan Africa. (1-3) In a study from South Africa, 1.6% of females were found [...]

This paper analyses trends in coverage of three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine (DPT3) by wealth groups in selected countries. It discusses the depth of disparities in coverage by wealth and changes during the 1990s. Complete assessment of equity in income and its trends have been discussed in other papers, however issues related to children's well-being have often been brushed aside because the comparable data needed to fully understand and rectify inequalities is lacking. A focal point of this paper pertains to gathering any and all information recorded about the immunization of children and then transcribing these data so that it is applicable to all countries. We analyse the technical difficulties and methodological solutions that would enable comparisons to be made between various measures of inequity taken from different surveys at two or three points in time among a variety of subpopulations in order to obtain disaggregated data. This paper argues for a simultaneous analysis of changes in averages and disparities in immunization coverage along variables of interest, such as wealth, gender and place of residence in order to achieve a better understanding of trends. We also focus on measurement issues and describe trends in immunization by wealth. We conclude with a brief discussion of issues related to monitoring equitable outcomes and offer suggestions for further research. In addition, the paper presents some lessons that can be drawn about monitoring and policies. We hope that this analysis of patterns of disparities will help policy-makers in devising, proposing and executing efficient policies and interventions. Keywords Immunization programs/economics/organization and administration; Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine/administration and dosage; Social justice: Socioeconomic factors; Delivery of health care; Health surveys; Child; Cross-cultural comparison (source: MESH, NLM). Mots cles Programmes de vaccination/economie/organisation et administration; Vaccin diphterie-tetanos-coqueluche/administration et posologie; Justice sociale; Facteur socioeconomique; Delivrance soins; Enquete sante; Enfant; Comparaison transculturelle (source: MESH, INSERM). Palabras clave Programas de inmunizacion/economia/organizacion y administracion; Vacuna difteria-tetanos-pertussis/administracion y dosificacion; Justicia social; Factores socioeconomicos; Prestacion de atencion de salud; Encuestas epidemiologicas; Nino; Comparacion transcultural (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2005;82:384-391., Introduction The WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) has promoted performance monitoring since its inception. A central feature of this system is the assessment of the programme's reach (that is, [...]

Household Survey of Child-Safe Packaging for Medications In 1983 in the United States, 55 children less than 5 years old died from poisoning, 20,000 were hospitalized, and approximately 1.4 million […]