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Background: Understanding the epidemiology of ophthalmic presentations to emergency departments can help guide resource allocation, medical education programs, and optimize the patient experience. The purpose of this investigation was to summarize and assess the urgency of ophthalmic presentations in emergency departments (EDs) in Ontario, Canada over a 5-year period., Methods: This was a multicentered retrospective review of all patient presentations to EDs in Ontario between January 1st, 2012, to December 31st, 2017. Presentations were included if patients had an ophthalmic related ICD-10 code as their primary problem prompting ED presentation., Results: A total of 774,057 patients patient presentations were included across the pediatric (149,679 patients) and adult (624,378 patients) cohorts. The mean (SD) age at presentation was 47.4 (17.9) years, and 6.54 (5.20) in the adult and pediatric cohorts respectively. Of the total presentations, 256,776 (33.1%) were due to a trauma related presentation. Problems pertaining to Cornea and External disease were the most common reason for presentation (51.0% of cases). Of all presentations, 34.1% were classified as either 'emergent' or 'likely emergent'; the remaining presentations were either 'non-emergent' (39.5%) or the urgency 'could not be determined' (26.4%). The three most frequent presentations were due to conjunctivitis (121,175 cases or 15.7%), ocular foreign bodies (104,322 cases or 13.5%), and corneal / conjunctival abrasions (94,554 cases of 12.2%)., Conclusions: This investigation summarizes all ophthalmic presentations to EDs in Ontario, Canada over a 5-year period. The results of this investigation can help guide ophthalmic related knowledge translation. Additionally, these results highlight that in Canadian EDs, a significant proportion of ophthalmic presentations are nonurgent; systems level efforts to improve access for eye-related complaints to healthcare professionals outside of the ED can help facilitate improved resource allocation. As we emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic, optimising the structure of patient care access is crucial to help alleviate the pressure from overburdened EDs while effectively meeting patient healthcare needs., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

A 38-year-old woman who presented with painless vision loss in the left eye over the course of 1 week was investigated at a tertiary neuro-ophthalmology clinic. She was otherwise asymptomatic with no reported headaches, focal neurological deficits, anosmia, or behavioural changes. Bilateral optic disc oedema was identified on examination. Neuroimaging and then resection and histopathological evaluation demonstrated a meningothelial meningioma centred on the left sphenoid ridge. The left optic disc later became atrophic. We have therefore described a case of type 2 Foster Kennedy syndrome with unilateral vision loss as the only initial manifestation., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.)

Retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related retinal degeneration, oxygen-induced retinopathy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury cause debilitating and irreversible vision loss. While the exact mechanisms underlying these conditions remain unclear, there has been a growing body of evidence demonstrating the pathological contributions of oxidative stress across different cell types within the eye. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2), a transcriptional activator of antioxidative genes, and its regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to understand the protective role of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in different retinal tissues and shed light on the complex mechanisms underlying these processes. In the photoreceptors, we highlight that Nrf2 preserves their survival and function by maintaining oxidation homeostasis. In the retinal pigment epithelium, Nrf2 similarly plays a critical role in oxidative stabilization but also maintains mitochondrial motility and autophagy-related lipid metabolic processes. In endothelial cells, Nrf2 seems to promote proper vascularization and revascularization through concurrent activation of antioxidative and angiogenic factors as well as inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, Nrf2 protects retinal ganglion cells against apoptotic cell death. Importantly, we show that Nrf2-mediated protection of the various retinal tissues corresponds to a preservation of functional vision. Altogether, this review underscores the potential of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway as a powerful tool against retinal degeneration. Key insights into this elegant oxidative defense mechanism may ultimately pave the path toward a universal therapy for various inherited and environmental retinal disorders., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests of this paper., (Copyright: © 2021 Taiwan J Ophthalmol.)

Importance: The transscleral XEN Glaucoma Gel Microstent (XEN-GGM, Allergan Plc., Parsippany, New Jersey) is implanted by a minimally invasive ab interno technique., Background: The present study aims to assess the long-term clinical outcomes in patients after XEN-GGM implantation., Design: This prospective, non-randomized, multi-centred study was conducted in three countries (Austria, Canada and Germany)., Participants: Sixty-four consecutive eyes of 64 patients with open angle glaucoma received the XEN-GGM (63 μm) without Mitomycin C. Thirty-five (55%) were solo procedures, and 29 (45%) were combined with cataract surgery., Methods: Visits were planned at baseline, 6 months, 1, 2, 3 and 4 years postoperatively., Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were mean intraocular pressure (IOP), mean number of IOP lowering medication. Secondary outcome parameters were: visual acuity, visual fields and complete surgical failure (defined as presence of a secondary IOP lowering procedure or loss of light perception) at 4 years, postoperatively., Results: Mean best-medicated baseline IOP was 22.5 ± 4.2 mmHg and decreased significantly to 13.4 ± 3.1 mmHg 4 years postoperatively (-40%, n = 34, P < 0.001). Mean number of IOP lowering medication decreased significantly from 2.4 ± 1.3 preoperatively to 1.2 ± 1.3 (-50%, n = 34, P < 0.001) postoperatively. Visual field mean deviation showed no significant change between preoperative and postoperative examinations. Complete surgical failure rate per year was 10%., Conclusions and Relevance: The XEN-GGM resulted in lower IOP and a reduction in medications from baseline over 4 years of follow-up. There was no detectable decrease in visual fields over the study. The surgical failure rate is comparable to other filtration surgeries., (© 2018 The Authors. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.)

Purpose: To evaluate postoperative interventions, visual outcomes, and number of postoperative office visits after standalone ab interno gelatin microstent implantation with mitomycin C (MMC) vs. trabeculectomy with MMC., Design: International, multicenter, retrospective cohort study., Participants: A total of 354 eyes of 293 patients, including 185 microstent eyes and 169 trabeculectomy eyes., Methods: Consecutive eyes with uncontrolled glaucoma underwent microstent or trabeculectomy surgery from January 1, 2011, through July 31, 2015, at 4 academic ophthalmology centers: Toronto, Canada; Frankfurt, Germany; Salzburg, Austria; and Leuven, Belgium., Main Outcome Measures: Assessed outcomes included (1) in-clinic interventions, (2) transconjunctival needle revision (TCNR), (3) postoperative visits at 1 and 3 months, (4) >2 lines vision loss at last follow-up, (5) complete visual recovery, and (6) >0.5 or >1 diopter (D) of surgically induced astigmatism., Results: Ninety-five (51.4%) of the microstent eyes and 105 (62.1%) of the trabeculectomy eyes underwent an intervention by last follow-up (log-rank P = 0.0004). The most common intervention was TCNR, followed by laser suture lysis. Seventy-eight (42.2%) microstent eyes and 55 (32.5%) trabeculectomy eyes received TCNR (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.73 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-2.71]): 128 total TCNRs in the microstent group and 95 in the trabeculectomy group. Predictors for TCNR included prior laser peripheral iridotomy and diabetes. Microstent eyes had on average 1.00 (standard deviation 2.32) fewer visits compared with trabeculectomy eyes in the first month (P < 0.001), adjusted for baseline characteristics. The percentage of eyes that had lost >2 lines of vision at last follow-up or reoperation was 12.4% (95% CI, 8.0%-18.7%) and was 21.9% (95% CI, 15.3%-30.1%) adjusted (P = 0.0383). A higher proportion of microstent eyes regained their baseline preoperative visual acuity compared with trabeculectomy eyes (log-rank P = 0.0250; adjusted HR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.10-2.00]). Altogether, 25.3% (95% CI, 15.3%-38.9%) of microstent eyes and 40.7% (95% CI, 27.7%-55.3%) of trabeculectomy eyes had > 0.5 D surgically induced astigmatism on an adjusted basis; 8.0% (95% CI, 3.2%-18.6%) vs. 17.3% (95% CI, 8.9%-9.8%) had >1 D., Conclusions: Microstent eyes had more TCNRs (though fewer in-clinic interventions), fewer postoperative visits, and less vision loss, and experienced less surgically induced astigmatism, than trabeculectomy eyes. Overall, the postoperative course was less intensive for the microstent, except for more TCNRs., (Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: The purpose of this randomized, single-masked clinical trial is to explore whether cefazolin mixed with 2% lidocaine can reduce pain., Patients and Methods: Patients naïve to ophthalmic surgery were randomized to subconjunctival injection of either a 0.5 mL cefazolin-balanced salt solution (0.3 mL cefazolin and 0.2 mL balanced salt solution) or 0.5 mL cefazolin-lidocaine solution (0.3 mL cefazolin and 0.2 mL 2% lidocaine) during retinal surgery with a retrobulbar block. Pain scores were obtained at the start of surgery, middle of surgery, before and after cefazolin administration, and postoperatively., Results: A total of 54 patients were recruited; 44.6% were male, and the mean age was 60.1 years ± 13.5 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups' operative characteristics or pain scores at each study time point., Conclusion: In pars plana vitrectomy with or without phacoemulsification and intraocular lens insertion, subconjunctival cefazolin mixed with lidocaine conferred no added analgesic benefit. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:881-886.]., (Copyright 2017, SLACK Incorporated.)

Purpose: To compare the efficacy, safety, and risk factors for failure of standalone ab interno gelatin microstent implantation with mitomycin C (MMC) versus trabeculectomy with MMC., Design: International, multicenter, retrospective interventional cohort study., Participants: Three hundred fifty-four eyes of 293 patients (185 microstent and 169 trabeculectomy) with no prior incisional surgery., Methods: Consecutive eyes with uncontrolled glaucoma underwent microstent or trabeculectomy surgery from January 1, 2011 through July 31, 2015 at 4 academic ophthalmology centers: Toronto, Canada; Frankfurt, Germany; Salzburg, Austria; and Leuven, Belgium., Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcome measure was hazard ratio (HR) of failure, with failure defined as 2 consecutive intraocular pressure (IOP) readings of <6 mmHg with vision loss or >17 mmHg without glaucoma medications (complete success) at least 1 month after surgery despite in-clinic interventions (including needling). Secondary outcome measures included IOP thresholds of 6 to 14 mmHg and 6 to 21 mmHg and same thresholds allowing for medications (qualified success), interventions, complications, and reoperations., Results: Baseline characteristics were similar, except more men (56% vs. 43%), younger patients (average, by 3 years), better preoperative visual acuity (22% vs. 32% with 0.4 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution vision or worse), and more trabeculoplasty (52% vs. 30%) among microstent eyes. The adjusted HR of failure of the microstent relative to trabeculectomy was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-2.0) for complete success and 1.3 (95% CI, 0.6-2.8) for qualified success, and similar for other outcomes. Time to 25% failure was 11.2 months (95% CI, 6.9-16.1 months) and 10.6 months (95% CI, 6.8-16.2 months) for complete success and 30.3 months (95% CI, 19.0-∞ months) and 33.3 months (95% CI, 25.7-46.2 months) for qualified success. Overall, white ethnicity was associated with decreased risk of failure (adjusted HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.96), and diabetes was associated with increased risk of failure (adjusted HR, 4.21; 95% CI, 2.10-8.45). There were 117 and 165 distinct interventions: 43% and 31% underwent needling, respectively, and 50% of trabeculectomy eyes underwent laser suture lysis. There were 22 and 30 distinct complications, although most were transient. Ten percent and 5% underwent reoperation (P = 0.11)., Conclusions: There was no detectable difference in risk of failure and safety profiles between standalone ab interno microstent with MMC and trabeculectomy with MMC., (Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the quality of care (QOC) and use of validated risk algorithms provided in a specialized osteoporosis clinic to men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) who are at risk of bone loss and fragility fractures., Patients and Methods: Charts for 100 consecutive men (mean age 73.0 years) on ADT referred to a tertiary osteoporosis clinic in Toronto, Canada between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. The following QOC issues were examined: (a) bone health services provided, i.e., screening, preventing, and treating osteoporosis; and (b) use of national guidelines and fracture risk assessment tools for targeting appropriate therapy., Results: The median (IQR) duration of ADT was 21.4 (26.9) months at the baseline visit. Nineteen patients had their first bone mineral density test before starting ADT and 34 during the first year of use. At initial consultation, 83 and 30 patients were taking inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, respectively. A validated fracture risk assessment tool was used in all patients; 42 had a moderate 10-year fracture risk and 12 were high risk. Sixteen (72.7 %) of sedentary patients were advised to increase physical activity. Sixty-four (77.1 %) and 28 (93.3 %) of patients not taking appropriate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, respectively, were recommended to adjust their intake to guideline levels. All patients at high fracture risk were recommended a bisphosphonate., Conclusions: The majority of referred patients had moderate to high fracture risk. The osteoporosis clinic recommended guideline-based bone health care for the vast majority of men on ADT.