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Tetranychus canadensis (McGregor, 1950) (Figs 1–35) Septanychus canadensis, McGregor 1950: 319, original description. Tetranychus canadensis, Pritchard & Baker 1952: 267, new combination; Baker & Pritchard, 1953: 221; Pritchard & Baker 1955: 393; Tuttle & Baker 1964: 41; Baker & Tuttle 1994: 289; Seeman & Beard 2011: 24. Description Measurements are given based on the specimens ex. Liriodendron tulipifera, from 49 th Place, College Park City, Maryland, U.S.A. Female (n = 10) Dorsum (Figs 1–3). Idiosomal length from v 2 to h 2 380 (317–424), width from c 3 to c 3 282 (244–311). Propodosoma with broadly truncate anterior margin, with longitudinal medial lobed striae anteriorly and posteriorly flanked by a narrow strip of transverse lobed striae (Fig. 1). Prodorsum with three pairs of barbed setae. Length of prodorsal setae: v 2 68 (64–73), sc 1 118 (114–123), sc 2 88 (79–96). Distance between setal bases: v 2 – v 2 67 (60–73), sc 1 – sc 1 78 (72–82), sc 2 – sc 2 193 (169–210). Hysterosoma with transverse striae between c 1 – f 1, longitudinal between f 1 – f 1 followed by transverse (Fig. 2, 3C), arched (Figs 3B, D) or irregular striae (Fig. 3A). Length of longitudinal striae between f 1 – f 1 varies among female mites ex. Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae), usually ending at the level of f 2 - f 2 (Fig 3D), sometimes not reaching the level of f 2 - f 2 (Figs 2, 3B, C). Dorsal setae on hysterosoma similar to prodorsal setae. Para-anal setae h 2 sub-terminal, h 3 terminal, located ventrally. Length of setae: c 1 108 (101–114), c 2 106 (100–111), c 3 96 (88–103), d 1 106 (91–113), d 2 107 (100–112), e 1 106 (101–110), e 2 106 (98–114), f 1 94 (85–100), f 2 85 (78–98), h 2 33(28–38), h 3 35 (25–40). Distances between setal bases: c 1 – c 1 69 (62–79), c 2 – c 2 143 (129–154), c 3 – c 3 282 (244–311), d 1 – d 1 80 (76–90), d 2 – d 2 107 (100–112), e 1 – e 1 51 (45–56), e 2 – e 2 157 (131–151), f 1 – f 1 51 (45–58), f 2 – f 2 94 (84–113). Three pair of lyrifissures (ia, im, ip) visible. Venter (Figs 4–6). Ventral striae without lobes, transverse except for pregenital region with longitudinal broken (Figs 5, 6A, C, D, E) or, in other populations, weakly broken or entire striae (Figs 6B, F). Genital flap with transverse fine striae. Coxal setal chaetotaxy 2-2-1-1. Three pairs of intercoxal barbed setae 1a, 3a and 4a. Setae 1a 45 (43–47) longer than distance 1a–1a 34 (32–36). Setae 3a 51 (47–53) shorter than distance 3a–3a 69 (66–74). Setae 4a 72 (62–79) as long as distance between 4a–4a 72 (66–78). Two pairs of barbed genital setae (g 1 & g 2), subequal in length, g 1 43 (39–47) and g 2 40 (37–42). Two pairs of anal setae (ps) nude, subequal in length, ps 1 18 (15–20) and ps 2 17 (16–19). Gnathosoma (Figs 7–8). Stylophore with longitudinal striae only. Peritreme groove hook-like; four or five peritrematal septa visible (Fig.7A, arrows a, b). Subcapitular setae m smooth, subequal in length [46 (44 – 47)] to distance m–m 48 (46–51). Three pairs of adoral setae (or 1–3) conspicuous, or 1 dorsal, spine-like; or 2 lateral, leaf-like, or 3 ventral, leaf-like. Hole-like rostral fossette visible on ventral subdistal rostrum (Fig. 7B arrow e). Palp striate dorsally and ventrally, but membranes between palpal segments punctate ventrally. Dorsal surface of palp base with supracoxal seta (ep), eupathidial form. Setae d PFe and l″ PGe barbed. All three palptibial setae finely barbed; l′ PTi located near base of tibial claw. Tibial claw each side with lateral hole (Fig. 7B, arrows c) and lateral spur (Fig. 7B, arrows d). Terminal eupathidium (suζ) sub-conical, 6.7 (6.0–7.0) long and 3.6 (3.1–3.8) in diameter at widest level. Two lateral eupathidia (ul′ζ and ul″ζ) subequal in length, ul′ζ 6.9 (6.5–7.4), ul″ ζ 7.3 (7.1– 7.6). Solenidion (ω) 4.6 (4.3–5.0) long, about twice as long as wide 1.7 (1.5–1.8). Three normal setae (a, b, c) nude (Figs 8A, B). Legs (Figs 9, 10). Coxa I dorsally with a supracoxal seta (el), eupathidial form (Fig. 7A). Claws of I–IV pad like, each with a dorsal spur (Fig. 9A, arrow a) and a pair of tenet hairs. Empodia I–IV each with a small dorsal spur and three pairs of proximoventral hairs (Figs 9 A–D, arrows b–e). Tarsus I with two pairs of duplex setae; tarsus II with one pair of duplex setae; tarsus III and IV each with a solenidion. Dorsal seta on tibia I (db) with trichobothridial aspect (Fig. 10A). Male (n =10) Dorsum (Figs 11–13). Length of idiosoma (v 2 – h 2) 202 (190–217); width of idiosoma (c 3 – c 3) 151 (134–160). Prodorsal striae longitudinal, with lobes; hysterosomal striae transverse, without lobes. Shape of dorsal setae as in female, h 2 dorsal, h 3 laterodorsal (Figs 13 & 14A). Length of setae: v 2 51 (46–56), sc 1 91 (82–101), sc 2 65 (54–75), c 1 77 (69–85), c 2 77 (67–85), c 3 71 (63–78), d 1 75 (69–80), d 2 76 (66–91), e 1 72 (67–78), e 2 74 (66–81), f 1 59 (52–63), h 2 19 (16–23), h 3 15 (13–17). Distances between setal bases: v 2 – v 2 51 (46–56), sc 1 – sc 1 61 (54–65), sc 2 – sc 2 121 (110–129), c 1 – c 1 54 (49–59), c 2 – c 2 94 (80–97), c 3 – c 3 151 (134–160), d 1 – d 1 53 (47–56), d 2 – d 2 101 (93–107), e 1 – e 1 31 (27–33), e 2 – e 2 76 (67–83), f 1 – f 1 30 (24–34), f 2 – f 2 46 (41–50). Venter. Ventral striate including pregenital region transverse, without lobes; ventral setae barbed excepting smooth ps 1 and ps 2 (Fig. 14A): 1a 35 (30–39), 3a 37 (33–41), 4a 50 (45–55), ag 41 (33–47), g 1 16 (14–17), g 2 14 (14–15), ps 1 9 (8–10), ps 2 9 (8–10). Distances between setal bases: 1a–1a 23 (21–26), 3a–3a 45 (40–49), 4a–4a 49 (41–67). Gnathosoma (Figs 14B, 15A, B, 16). Peritreme groove hook-like (Figs 15A, 16A); sometimes hook bifurcate (Fig. 15A). Subcapitular setae m smooth, length 36 (30 – 41) subequal with distance m–m 36 (34–41). Three pairs of adoral setae (or 1–3) conspicuous, or 1 dorsal, spine-like; or 2 lateral, leaf-like, or 3 ventral, leaf-like. Palp (Figs 14B, 15A). Supracoxal seta (ep) eupathidial form. Seta d PFe peg-like. Palpal tarsus with coneshaped spinneret (suζ) slightly thinner than female, 5.8 (5.4–6.5) in length, 2.1 (1.9–2.2) in diameter at base; single solenidion 4.4 (4–4.7) in length and 1.4 (1.3–1.5) width; two eupathidia, ul′ζ 5.5 (5.1–5.9), ul″ζ 6.5 (5.7–7.2) and three normal setae (a, b, c). Legs (Figs 17–18). Coxa I dorsally with a supracoxal seta (el), eupathidial form (Figs 15A, C). Empodium I with one dorsal spur and two pairs of ventral spurs. Empodia II–IV with one dorsal spur and three pairs of proximoventral hairs. Tarsus I with two pairs of duplex setae (Fig. 17A) and tarsus II with one pair of duplex setae; tarsus III and IV each with one solenidion. Dorsal seta on tibia I, a trichobothrium, with cup shaped base and broken striae on inner integument (Fig. 17B). Aedeagus (Figs. 19–21). Dorsal margin of knob of aedeagus convex, anterior projection shorter than posterior. A thin, long ejaculatory duct connecting aedeagus to a cup-shaped seminal vesicle. Deutonymph (n =5) Dorsum (Fig.22). Length of idiosoma (v 2 – h 2) 259 (240–277); width of idiosoma (c 3 – c 3) 204 (198–214). Prodorsal striae longitudinal and without lobes, posteriorly flanked by a narrow strip of transverse lobed striae or smooth striae; Hysterosoma with transverse striae between c 1 – e 1, arched between f 1 – f 1 following by transverse striae. Hysterosomal striae smooth except for lobed striae between c 1 – c 1. Length of setae: v 2 54 (50–57), sc 1 98 (96–100), sc 2 69 (66–73), c 1 81 (66–92), c 2 82 (75–86), c 3 57 (69–81), d 1 84 (81–87), d 2 88 (85–89), e 1 83 (79–87), e 2 81 (79–83), f 1 70 (64–74), f 2 57 (55–59), h 2 29 (28–30), h 3 25 (24–27). Distances between setal bases: v 2 – v 2 56 (54–58), sc 1 – sc 1 67 (65–69), sc 2 – sc 2 159 (152–164), c 1 – c 1 61 (58–62), c 2 – c 2 118 (114–122), c 3 – c 3 204 (198–214), d 1 – d 1 68 (65–73), d 2 – d 2 142 (137–148), e 1 – e 1 40 (38–43), e 2 – e 2 110 (104–121), f 1 – f 1 32 (29–35), f 2 – f 2 64 (61–69). Venter (Fig. 23). Most ventral striae transverse except for pregenital region with longitudinal entire striae. Ventral setae: 1a 34 (34–35), 3a 38 (37–39), 4a 45 (38–52), ag 54 (53–56), g 1 25 (23–29), ps 1 14 (13–15), ps 2 14 (13–15). Distances between setal bases: 1a–1a 23 (21–26), 3a–3a 52 (47–55), 4a–4a 52 (50–55), ag–ag 46 (46– 47). Gnathosoma (Figs. 24C, D). Subcapitular setae m length 36 (33–39) slightly shorter than distance m -m 39 (35–43). Spinneret (suζ) 5.8 (5.5–6.1) in length and 2.2 (2–2.4) in diameter; single solenidion 4.4 (4–4.8) in length and 1.5 (1.4–1.5) in diameter, and two eupathidia ul′ζ 5.7 (5.2–6.1), ul″ζ 6.5 (6.4–6.5). Legs (Fig. 25). Coxa I dorsally with a supracoxal seta (el), eupathidial form. Claws of I–IV pad-like, each with a dorsal spur and a pair of tenet hairs. Empodia I–IV each with a small dorsal spur and three pairs of proximoventral hairs. Tarsus I with two pairs of duplex setae; tarsus II with one pair of duplex setae; tarsus III with a solenidion and tarsus IV without solenidion. Protonymph (n=2) Dorsum (Fig. 26). Length of idiosoma (v 2 – h 2) 184 (183–184); width of idiosoma (c 3 – c 3) 170 (165–174). Prodorsal striae longitudinal and without lobes, posteriorly flanked by a narrow strip of transverse striae. Hysterosoma with transverse striae. Length of setae: v 2 51 (49–53), sc 1 81 (80–82), sc 2 58 (57–58), c 1 70 (68–71), c 2 63 (61–65), c 3 60 (57–62), d 1 62 (57–66), d 2 67 (65–69), e 1 59 (58–59), e 2 65 (61–69), f 1 56 (55–56), f 2 47 (44–49), h 2 22 (20–24), h 3 22 (21–22). Distances between setal bases: v 2 – v 2 51 (50–52), sc 1 – sc 1 63 (62–64), sc 2 – sc 2 126 (115–137), c 1 – c 1 58 (57–59), c 2 – c 2 110 (109–111), c 3 – c 3 170 (165–174), d 1 – d 1 60 (58–62), d 2 – d 2 123 (118–128), e 1 – e 1 35 (34–35), e 2 – e 2 84 (82–85), f 1 – f 1 20 (18–21), f 2 – f 2 42 (41–42). Venter (Fig. 27). Venter with transverse striae except for pregenital region with longitudinal entire striae. Ventral setae: 1a 30 (29–30), 3a 35 (32–38), ps 1 12 (11–12), ps 2 13 (12–13). Distances between setal bases: 1a–1a 27 (26–28), 3a–3a 48 (47–49). Gnathosoma (Figs. 28, 29). Subcapitular setae m length 30 (29–31) subequal to distance m -m 32 (31–33). Spinneret (suζ) 4.6 (4.5–4.6) in length and 1.9 (1.8–2.0) in diameter; single solenidion 3.9 (3.8–4.0) in length and 1.3 (1.2–1.3) in diameter, and two eupathidia ul′ζ, 4.5 (4.4–4.6), ul″ζ 5.7 (5.6–5.7). Legs (Fig. 30). Claws of I–IV pad like, each with a dorsal spur and a pair of tenet hairs. Empodia I–IV each with a small dorsal spur and three pairs of proximoventral hairs. Tarsus I with two pairs of duplex setae; tarsus II with on pair of duplex setae; tarsus III and IV without solenidion. Larva (n = 5) Dorsum (Figs 31, 32A, B). Length of idiosoma (v 2 – h 2) 140 (127–157); width of idiosoma (c 3 – c 3) 147 (133–157). Doral striae and shape of dorsal setae similar to that of protonymph. Length of setae: v 2 46 (38–55), sc 1 68 (67–68), sc 2 56 (45–70), c 1 51 (50–53), c 2 48 (47–49), c 3 47 (45–51), d 1 48 (47–51), d 2 48 (47–49), e 1 45 (41–47), e 2 45 (43–48), f 1 41 (41–41), f 2 35 (33–38), h 2 22 (18–24), h 3 22 (21–25). Distances between setal bases: v 2 – v 2 41 (37–44), sc 1 – sc 1 56 (53–61), sc 2 – sc 2 99 (89–108), c 1 – c 1 45 (43–50), c 2 – c 2 87 (77–93), c 3 – c 3 147 (133–157), d 1 – d 1 42 (39–46), d 2 – d 2 95 (84–102), e 1 – e 1 24 (28–31), e 2 – e 2 67 (57–75), f 1 – f 1 12 (10–13), f 2 – f 2 37(33–41). Venter (Fig. 32C). Ventral striae entirely transverse. Ventral setae: 1a 30 (28–32), 3a 26 (26–27), ps 1 12 (12–13), ps 2 12 (12–13). Distances between setal bases: 1a–1a 26 (26–27), 3a–3a 34 (31–36). Gnathosoma (Figs. 33B, C). Spinneret (suζ) 5.4 (4.9–5.8) in length and 1.4 (1.4–1.4) in diameter; single solenidion 3.9 (3.7–4.2) in length and 1.2 (1.1–1.3) in diameter, and two eupathidia ul′ζ 4.2 (3.9–4.5), ul″ζ acuminate, 5.0 (4.6–5.7). Legs (Fig. 34). Claws of I–IV pad-like, each with a dorsal spur and a pair of tenet hairs. Empodia I–IV each with a small dorsal spur and three pairs of proximoventral hairs. Tarsus I and II each with one pair of duplex setae; tarsus III and IV without solenidion. Ontogenetic development of leg setae Larva. Setae counts: femora, 3-3-2; genua, 4-4-2; tibiae, 5(1 ω)-5-5; tarsi, 6(1 ω)(2 ζ)-6(1 ω)(2 ζ)-6. Trochanters I–III nude, without seta. Femora I–II with three setae (d, v′, bv″), one dorsal and two ventral, respectively, and femur III with two setae (d, ev′). Genua I–II with four setae (l′, l″, v′, v″) respectively, and genu III with two setae (l′, v′). Tibiae I–III with five tactile setae (d, l′, l″, v′, v″), tibia I with solenidion (φ). Tarsus I with six tactile setae, unguinals (u′, u″), primiventrals (pv′, pv″) and fastigials (ft′, ft″), one solenidion (ω″), two eupathidial prorals (p′ζ, p″ζ). One fastigianl ft″ and solenidion (ω″) forming duplex setae. Protonymph. A total of seven setae added on leg I–III in protonymph— tc′, tc′′ and v′ 1 on tarsus I, tc′ and tc′′ on tarsus II and III. Leg IV with a total 16 tactile setae: femur with 2, genu 2, tibia 5 and tarsus 6. Setal counts: femora, 3-3-2-2; genua, 4-4-2-2; tibiae, 5(1 ω)-5-5-5; tarsi, 8(2 ω)(3 ζ)-7(1 ω)(2 ζ)-6-6. Deutonymph. A total of 20 setae and solenidia added on leg I–IV in deutonymph— v′ on trochanters I–III; l′, l″, v″ on femur I; d on genua I–IV; l′ 1, l″ 1 on tibia I; l′ 1, l″ 1, v″ 1, ω″ 1 on tarsus I; v′ 1 on tarsus II; ω′ on tarsus III; tc′, tc″ on tarsus IV. Setal counts: trochanters, 1-1-1-0, femora, 6-3-2-2; genua, 5-5-3-3; tibiae, 7(1 ω)-5-5-5; tarsi, 11(3 ω)(3 ζ)- 8(1 ω)(2 ζ)-6(1 ω)-6. Female. A total of 28 tactile setae and two solenidia added on legs I–IV— l′ 1, l″ 1, v′ 1, v″ 1 on femur I; v′ 1, v″ 1 on tibia I; v′ 2 on tarsus I; l′ 1, l″ 1, v″ 1 on femur II; v′ 1, l′ 1 on tibia II, l′ 1, v″ 1, v′ 2 and one solenidia on tarsus II; l′, Published as part of Liu, Man, Yi, Tian-Ci, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary R. & Ochoa, Ronald, 2020, Ontogenetic and morphological studies on Tetranychus canadensis (Acari: Tetranychidae), pp. 215-250 in Zootaxa 4857 (1) on pages 221-237, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4857.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/4396392, {"references":["McGregor, E. A. (1950) Mites of the family Tetranychidae. American Midland Naturalist, 44, 257 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421963","Pritchard, A. E. & Baker, E. W. (1952) A guide to the spider mites of deciduous fruit trees. Hilgardia, 21, 253 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 21 n 09 p 253","Baker, E. W. & Pritchard, A. E. (1953) A Guide to the spider mites of cotton. Hilgardia, 22, 203 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 22 n 07 p 203","Pritchard, A. E. & Baker, E. W. (1955) A revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae. Memoirs Series, San Francisco, Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 2, 472 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150852","Tuttle, D. M. & Baker, E. W. (1964) The spider mites of Arizona (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, Technical Bulletin, 158, 1 - 41.","Baker, E. W. & Tuttle, D. M. (1994) A guide to the spider mites (Tetranychidae) of the United States. Indira Publishing House, Michigan, USA, 347 pp.","Seeman, O. D. & Beard, J. J. (2011) Identification of exotic pest and Australian native and naturalised species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae). Zootaxa, 2961, 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2961.1.1","Yi, T. - C. & Ochoa, R. (2018) Revision of Bryobiella Tuttle & Baker (Acari, Tetranychidae), with ontogenetic development and redescription of B. desertorum. Zootaxa, 4540 (1), 93 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4540.1.9"]}

Morphology of T. canadensis The rostrum of spider mites (Tetranychidae) was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) by Summer et al. (1973), Jeppson et al. (1975), Hislop & Jeppson (1976) and Razaq et al. (2000). Lindquist (1985) noted the mouth of spider mites was flanked by hyaline lateral lips and three pairs of usually inconspicuous adoral setae (or 1-3) apically. The rostrum of Raoiella (Tenuipalpidae) were examined with SEM by Beard et al. (2012) who observed 3 pairs of adoral setae around the tip of the rostrum. The rostrums of Bryobia sp., Petrobia sp. and Oligonychus sp. have the same characters as T. canadensis: the tip of rostrum of all spider mites bears three pairs of adoral setae: the lateral and ventral ���lips��� are modified as leaf-like adoral setae, (or 2 and or 3), and the dorsal lips bearing a pair of spine-like adoral setae (or 1) (Fig 7B). The trichobothrium, a mechanoreceptor, has cup-like socket for setal base (Grandjean 1943). In spider mites the dorsal seta on tibia I has a trichobothridial aspect and seta d on femora I and II sometimes has a similar aspect (Lindquist 1985). In this study, we show the trichobothridial nature of these setae using SEM studies of T. canadensis. Trichobothridial seta, on tibia I, has a cup-shaped base and broken striae on the inner integument (Fig 17B), while normal seta does not has striae on the inner integument (Fig 17C). Leg setation of spider mites (Tetranychidae) provides valuable information for species diagnostics and systematics (Yi et al. 2013, 2017; Yi & Ochoa 2018; Seeman et al. 2017). In recent works on descriptions and ontogeny of spider mites, chaetotaxy data are now more commonly provided than simple setal counts (e.g. Beard & Walter, 2010; Yi & Zhang 2013, 2017; Yi et al., 2017; Li et al. 2017, 2018a, 2018b; Khanjani et al. 2017; Liu & Zhang 2018; Khanjani et al. 2018; Mahdavi et al. 2018). T. canadensis has typical larval chaetotaxy of Tetranychidae provided by Lindquist (1985) and is vastly different from several hypotrichous genera (for which ontogenetic data are available) such as Neonidulus ( Beard & Walter 2010), Tribolonychus (Yi et al. 2013), Bryobiella (Yi & Ochoa 2018) and certain species of Eotetranychus (Seeman et al. 2017). On the other hand, it is close to some other species of Eotetranychus (Yi et al. 2017, Seeman et al. 2017) and Oligonychus (Li et al. 2017, 2018; Khanjani et al. 2018), and identical to some Oligonychus (Khanjani et al. 2018)., Published as part of Liu, Man, Yi, Tian-Ci, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary R. & Ochoa, Ronald, 2020, Ontogenetic and morphological studies on Tetranychus canadensis (Acari: Tetranychidae), pp. 215-250 in Zootaxa 4857 (1) on pages 244-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4857.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/4396392, {"references":["Summer, F. M., Gonzalez, R. H. & Witt, R. L. (1973) The mouthparts of Bryobia rubrioculus (Sch.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Entomological Society of Washington, 75, 96 - 111.","Jeppson, L. R., Keifer, H. H. & Baker, E. W. (1975) Mites injurious to economic plants. Berkeley, University of California Press, xxiv + 614 pp.","Hislop, R. G. & Jeppson, L. R. (1976) Morphology of the Mouthparts of Several Species of Phytophagous Mites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69 (6), 1125 - 1135. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 69.6.1125","Razaq, A., Ohbayashi, N. & Shiraishi, M. (2000) Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on the Mouthparts of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Agistemus terminalis (Quayle) (Acari: Stigmaeidae) on Satsuma Mandarin. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 35 (1), 189 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1303 / aez. 2000.189","Lindquist, E. E. (1985) 1.1. 1 External anatomy. In: Helle, W. & Sabelis, M. W. (Eds.), Spider mites. Their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. A. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 3 - 28.","Beard, J. J., Ochoa, R., Bauchan, G. R., Welbourn, W. C., Pooley, C. & Dowling, A. P. G. (2012) External mouthpart morphology in the Tenuipalpidae (Tetranychoidea): Raoiella a case study. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57 (3 - 4), 227 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 012 - 9540 - 2","Yi, T. - C. & Ochoa, R. (2018) Revision of Bryobiella Tuttle & Baker (Acari, Tetranychidae), with ontogenetic development and redescription of B. desertorum. Zootaxa, 4540 (1), 93 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4540.1.9","Seeman, O. D., Beard, J. J. & Zhang, L. (2017) A new Australian species of Eotetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) from buck spinifex Triodia mitchelli (Poaceae), intraspecific variation in Eotetranychus, and the synonymy of Platytetranychus with Eotetranychus. Zootaxa, 4324 (3), 491 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4324.3.5","Beard, J. J. & Walter, D. E. (2010) New spider mite genus (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) from Australia & New Zealand, with a discussion of Yezonychus Ehara. Zootaxa, 2578, 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2578.1.1","Yi, T. - C. & Zhang, Z. - Q. (2013) A new species of the genus Sonotetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) from New Zealand. Zootaxa, 3721 (4), 334 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3721.4.2","Li, J., Jin, D. - C. & Yi, T. - C. (2017) Ontogenetic development and redescription of Oligonychus metasequoiae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 22 (9), 1495 - 1520. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 22.9.14","Li, J., Yi, T. - C., Guo, J. - J. & Jin, D. - C. (2018 a) Ontogenetic development and redescription of Oligonychus pratensis (Banks, 1912) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Zootaxa, 4486 (3), 349 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4486.3.7","Li, J., Yi, T. - C., Guo, J. - J. & Jin, D. - C. (2018 b) Ontogenetic development and redescription of Eotetranychus kankitus (Acariformes: Tetranychidae) Zootaxa, 4540 (1), 132 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4540.1.10","Khanjani, M., Khanjani, M. & Seeman, O. (2017) New spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) of the genera Paraplonobia and Eurytetranychus from Iran, and a description of all life stages of Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein). Acarologia, 57 (3), 465 - 491. https: // doi. org / 10.24349 / aarologia / 20174167.","Liu, J. - F. & Zhang, Z. - Q. (2018) A survey of descriptions of immature instars of mites during the last three years. Zootaxa, 4540 (1), 211 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4540.1.13","Khanjani, M., Khanjani, M. & Seeman, O. D. (2018) The spider mites of the genus Oligonychus Berlese (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Iran. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 23 (2), 223 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 23.2.4","Mahdavi, S. M., Latifi, M. & Asadi, M. (2018) A new species of Petrobia (Mesotetranychus) (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Ephedra sp. (Ephedraceae) in Iran. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 23 (6), 1148 - 1154. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 23.6.10"]}

Liu, Man, Yi, Tian-Ci, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary R., Ochoa, Ronald (2020): Ontogenetic and morphological studies on Tetranychus canadensis (Acari: Tetranychidae). Zootaxa 4857 (1): 215-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4857.1.11

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-01 The Tarsonemidae (Acari: Prostigmata) exhibit a high diversity of feeding habits and morphological structures, which allow them to live in a diversity of habitats. Tarsonemus is the largest genus, with more than 280 described species belonging to three subgenera: Tarsonemus sensu stricto, Chaetotarsonemus and Schaarschmidtia. Eight species of the genus have been reported from Brazil. In addition, there are two new species, Tarsonemus cacaosp. nov. from Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) branches, and Tarsonemus bahiensissp. nov. from Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) and Etlingera elatior Jack (Zingiberaceae) leaves. Both new species were collected in a cabruca agroforest, a traditional cacao cultivation system in the southern coast region of Bahia state. The new Tarsonemidae are described and illustrated here. Pharyngeal and gnathosomal structures of the new species are compared to other Tarsonemus species. Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV) Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC) Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP) Instituto de Biociência Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) Systematic Entomology Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service United States National Arboretum Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP) Instituto de Biociência Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE)

Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus Rezende, Lofego & Ochoa sp. nov. (Figs. 4–16) Diagnosis. Female: Pharyngeal pump about 1/2 gnathosomal width. Palpal length about 1/2 gnathosomal length. Prodorsal shield with hexagonal reticulation posteriorly. Tergite C with inverted U-shaped reticulation dorsally, which has four rows of reticula. All dorsal setae coarsely barbed, except for bothridial setae sc1. Vertical setae v1 about ½ length scapular setae sc2 on prodorsum. Setae c1 distinctly longer than c2 on tergite C. Setae c2 and e long (~ 65 and 80 µm, respectively). Ventral surface of propodosoma with prosternal apodeme complete, extending from apodemes 1 to sejugal apodeme. Description. Female: holotype and four paratypes measured. Gnathosoma (Figs. 4 and 5 A-B): capsule subquadrate in outline, 28 (22–28) long (~ 0.2x LI), 19 (18–21) wide (~ 0.2x WI). Palpi 11 (11–13) long (~ 0.4x LG), 3 wide (~ 0.2x WG), with small rounded processes apically, two minute setae. Pharynx fusiform, 15 (13–15) long (~ 0.5x LGC), 6 wide (6–7) (~ 0.3x WG), with external walls and musculature well developed. Cheliceral stylets short, subtriangular, attached to defined basal levers. Gnathosomal setae: dgs 10 (10–12) long (~ 0.4x LG), setiform, smooth. Setae vgs 7 (5–7) long (~ 0.3x LG), setiform, smooth. Setae pp absent. Relative length of gnathosomal setae (dgs: vgs): 1: 0.7. Idiosoma, dorsal plates and stigmata (Figs. 5C and 6–9): idiosoma 172 (159–172) long (~ 1.9x WI), 95 (95–103) wide at level of c2 (0.6x LI). PrS 54 (48–56) long (~ 0.3x LI), 62 (60–65) wide (~ 0.6x WI) at stigmata level, hoodlike, covering gnathosoma, with convex posterior margin, reticulated. Prodorsomedial apodeme absent. Stigmata openings located closely anterior to scapular setae sc1, on inconspicuous projections anterolaterally. Tracheal tubes hardly discernible. Postatrial sacs absent or not visible. Tergite C 44 (40–48) long (~ 0.3x LI), 95 (95–103) wide at level of c2, with concave posterior edge, reticulated, covered by roulade-shaped cerotegument. D 65 (62–68) long (~ 0.4x LI), 75 (73–78) wide at level of d (~ 0.8x WI), with distinctly convex posterior margin. EF 20 (18–20) long (~ 0.1x LI), 50 (48–50) wide at level of e (~ 0.5x WI), with slightly convex posterior edge. H 10 long (~ 0.07x LI), 25 (23–25) wide at level of h (~ 0.2x WI), with convex margin. PrS and C covered medially with reticulate turtle-shell-like ornamentation. Dorsal setae, pits and cupules (Figs. 5D, 6, 7 and 10): All dorsal setae coarsely barbed, except for bothridial setae sc1. v1 72 (64–72) (~ 3.5x DBB v1); sensilli sc1 16 (13–16) (~ 0.5x DBB sc1), capitate with tiny spines; sc2 102 (94–102) (~ 2x DBB sc2), inserted anterolaterally to sc1; c1 85 (80–85) (~ 1.4x DBB c1), inserted closely to margin of tergite D; c2 64 (64–70) (~ 1x DBB c2); d 106 (105–110) (~ 2.5x DBB d); e 74 (74–86) (~ 2.5x DBB e); f 31 (29–34) (~ 3x DBB f); h 24 (23–26) (~ 1.2x DBB h). Relative length of dorsal setae (mean values— v1: sc1: sc2: c1: c2: d: e: f: h): 1: 0.2: 1.4: 1.2: 0.9: 1.5: 1: 0.5: 0.4. Distance between dorsal setae: v1–v1 20 (20–21); sc1– sc1 30 (29–30); sc2–sc2 50 (50–52); v1 –sc2 22 (20–22); c1–c1 60; c2–c2 65 (62–65); c1–c2 18 (16–19); d–d 40 (38–42); e–e 30 (28–32); f–f 10 (10–12); e–f 13 (12–14); h–h 20 (18–20). Relative distances between setae bases (mean values— v1–v1: sc1–sc1: sc2–sc2: v1 –sc2: c1–c1: c2–c2: c1–c2: d–d: e–e: f–f: e–f: h–h): 1: 1.5: 2.5: 1.1: 3: 3.4: 0.9: 2: 1.5: 0.5: 0.6: 1. Pits v2 located nearly in oblique line between setae sc2 and v1 on either side, nearly anteriad of sc1. Diameter and position of cupules: ia 4 anterolaterally to setae d; im 3 anterolaterally to setae e; ih difficult to discern. Ventral plates (Figs. 11–14): PrP 40 (38–41) long (~ 0.25x LI), 72 (70–72) wide at level of sejugal apodeme (~ 0.8x WI), anterior edge between apodemes 1 distinctly concave, lateral ridges between trochanters I and II convex. MtP 47 (46–47) long (~ 0.4x LI), 90 wide at level of setae 3a (~ 1x WI), anterior margin nearly straight, posterior margin undulate between trochanters III and IV. Lateral extensions of metapodosomal ventral plate extend over tergites D and EF laterally. Tegula 3 long (~ 0.02x LI), 18 (16–18) wide (~ 0.2x WI), margin convex. Ag 40 (38–40) long (~ 0.25x LI), without setae. Ps 9 long (~ 0.6x LI), 16 wide at level of setae ps (~ 0.2x WI), posterior margin slightly concave. Ventral extensions of coxisternal plates IV slightly overlapped medially behind tegula. Ventral setae and coxal pits (Fig. 11): setae 1a 8 (7–8) (~ 0.8x DBB 1a), setiform, smooth, near posteromedial margin of apodemes 1; 2a 8 (8–10) (~ 0.3x DBB 2a), setiform, smooth, near posteromedial margin of apodemes 2; 3a 7 (6–7) (~ 0.5x DBB 3a), setiform, smooth, near bifurcation of poststernal apodeme; 3b 8 (7–9) (~ 0.3x DBB 3b), setiform, near posterior margin of apodemes 4; ps 14 (12–14) (~ 0.9x DBB ps), setiform, serrate. Relative length of ventral setae (1a: 2a: 3a: 3b: ps): 1: 1.0: 0.9: 1.0: 1.9. Distance between ventral setae: 1a–1a 10 (9–10); 2a–2a 23 (22–24); 3a–3a 13 (13–14); 3b–3b 25 (24–26); ps–ps 16 (16–17). Relative distance of ventral setae bases (mean values— 1a–1a: 2a–2a: 3a–3a: 3b–3b: ps–ps): 1: 2.3: 1.3: 2.5: 1.6. Coxal pits: 1b located well laterad of setae 1a; 2b located well laterad of setae 2a. Ventral apodemes (Figs. 11–14): Apodemes 1 well defined, joined with anterior end of prosternal apodeme. Apodemes 2 not joined to prosternal apodeme. Prosternal apodeme well defined, extending from junction with apodeme 1 to sejugal apodeme. Sejugal apodeme well defined, uninterrupted. Apodemes 3 extending diagonally from proximity of base of seta 3a to (but not laterally beyond) anterior margin of trochanters III, with a median bent. Apodemes 4 extending diagonally, from posterior third of poststernal apodeme nearly to base of seta 3b. Poststernal apodeme bifurcated anteriorly. Legs (Figs. 15–16): length (measured from trochanter to tarsus): leg I 45 (45–49) (~ 0.3x LI); leg II 49 (43–49) (~ 0.3x LI); leg III 86 (80–86) (~ 0.5x LI); leg IV 28 (27–28) (~ 0.2x LI). Relative lengths of legs (mean values— I:II:III:IV): 1: 1.0: 2.0: 0.5. Free leg segments: leg I: femur I 14 (13–14) long (~ 0.3x LLI), 10 (9–10) wide (~ 0.6x LFeI); genu I 8 (8–9) long (~ 0.2x LLI), 8 (7–8) wide (~ 1.0 x LGeI); tibiotarsus I 15 (15–17) long (~ 0.3x LLI), 5 wide (0.3x LTbTaI). Leg II: femur II 12 (12–14) long (~ 0.25x LLII), 11 (11–13) wide (~ 1.0x LFeII), with a small concavity; genu II 7 (7–8) long (~ 0.2x LLII), 8 (8–9) wide (~ 1.1x LGeII); tibia II 7 (7–8) long (~ 0.2x LLII), 6 (6– 7) wide (~ 1.0x LTbII); tarsus II 7 long (~ 0.2x LLII), 5 (5–6) wide (~ 0.8x LTaII). Leg III: femorogenu III 16 (16– 18) long (~ 0.2x LLIII), 6 (6–8) wide (~ 0.4x LFeGeIII); tibia III 17 (16–18) long (~ 0.2x LLIII), 6 (6–7) wide (~ 0.3x LTbIII); tarsus III 10 (10–12) long (~ 0.1x LLIII), 4 (4–6) wide (~ 0.4x LTaIII). Leg IV: femorogenu IV 15 (15–16) long (~ 0.5x LLIV), 3 wide (~ 0.2x LFeGeIV); tibiotarsus IV 8 (8–9) long (~ 0.3x LLIV), 3 wide (~ 0.3x LTbTaIV). Trochanters IV separated by interval of ~ 3x their widths. Ambulacra of legs I-III: ambulacrum I with minute empodial pad bearing one short claw curved distally; ambulacra II-III with empodial pads and two symmetrically paired claws. Leg chaetotaxy (Figs. 15–16): Number of setae (solenidia in parentheses) on femur, genu, tibia and tarsus, respectively: leg I: 3–4–6(1 φ)+7(1 ω); leg II: 3–3–4–4(1 ω); leg III: 1+1–4–4; leg IV:1+1–1+1. Setae present on each leg segment: Leg I: femur I: d 6 (5–6) (~ 0.5x LFeI) serrate, l' 8 (8–9) (~ 0.6x LFeI) smooth, v" 6 (~ 0.5x LFeI) smooth; genu I: l' 9 (8–9) (~ 1.0x LGeI) serrate, l" 6 (5–6) (~ 0.7x LGeI) serrate, v' 5 (4–5) (~ 0.6x LGeI) smooth, v" 7 (7–8) (~ 0.9x LGeI) smooth; tibiotarsus I: (setae): d 28 (28–31) (~ 1.9x LTbTaI) serrate, l' 17 (17–19) (~ 1.1x LTbTaI) serrate, l" 12 (12–13) (~ 0.8x LTbTaI) serrate, v' 13 (13–14) (~ 0.9x LTbTaI) serrate, v" 16 (16–17) (~ 1.1x LTbTaI) serrate, k 5 (~ 0.3x LTbTaI), pv' 6 (~ 0.3x LTbTaI) smooth, pv" 8 (8–9) (~ 0.6x LTbTaI) smooth, s 2 (~ 0.1x LTbTaI) spine-like, (eupathidia): p' 11 (~ 0.7x LTbTaI), p" 17 (~ 1.1x LTbTaI), tc' 16 (16–17) (~ 1.1x LTbTaI), tc" 18 (17–18) (~ 1.2x LTbTaI), (solenidia): cluster incomplete, inserted at same level: solenidion φ1 3 (~ 0.2x LTbTaI) slender and clavate; solenidion ω 7 (6–7) (~ 0.4x LTbTaI), fusiform. Leg II: femur II: d 6 (5–6) (~ 0.5x LFeII) serrate, l' 7 (7–8) (~ 0.5x LFeII) smooth, v" 14 (13–15) (~ 1.2x LFeII) smooth; genu II: l' 13 (12–13) (~ 1.9x LGeII) serrate, l" 6 (6–7) (~ 1.0x LGeII) serrate, v' 15 (14–15) (~ 2.1x LGeII) serrate; tibia II: d 13 (12–13) (~ 1.9x LTbII) serrate, l' 13 (13–14) (~ 1.9x LTbII) serrate, v' 14 (~ 2.0x LTbII) serrate, v" 14 (14–16) (~ 2.0x LTbII) serrate; tarsus II: tc' 10 (9–10) (~ 1.2x LTaII) smooth, tc" 9 (~ 1.1x LTaII) serrate, pv' 14 (13–14) (~ 2.0x LTaII) serrate, u' 3 (~ 0.4x LTaII) spine-like, (solenidia): solenidion ω 6 (~ 0.4x LTaII) proximally inserted, stout, fusiform. Leg III: femorogenu III: v' F 7 (~ 0.4x LFeGeIII) smooth, l' G 10 (9–10) (~ 0.6x LFeGeIII) smooth; tibia III: d 10 (9–10) (~ 0.6x LTbIII) smooth, l' 14 (14–15) (~ 0.8x LTbIII) serrate, v' 9 (9–10) (~ 0.5x LTbIII) serrate, v" 9 (9–10) (~ 0.5x LTbIII) smooth; tarsus III: tc' 13 (12–13) (~ 1.3x LTaIII) serrate, tc" 18 (18–20) (~ 1.8x LTaIII) serrate, pv' 12 (11–12) (~ 1.2x LTaIII) smooth, u' 3 (~ 0.2x LTaIII) spine-like. Leg IV: femorogenu IV: v' F 8 (7–9) (~ 0.5x LFeGeIV) smooth, v' G 9 (9–11) (~ 0.6x LFeGeIV) smooth; tibiotarsus IV: v' Ti 22 (21–24) (~ 2.9x LTbTaIV) falcate, tc" 35 (32–37) (~ 3.5x LTbTaIV) smooth. Male and Larva: unknown. Type material: holotype and 19 paratypes on Psychotira sp. (Rubiaceae), four paratypes on Bignoniaceae sp. and one paratype on Annonaceae sp., 58°14ʹW 9°51ʹS, Cotriguaçú, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 01/II/2015, A. C. Lofego, F. S. R. Amaral & J. M. Rezende. Holotype and 15 paratypes deposited at DZSJRP; 10 paratypes deposited at USNM. Remarks. Females of Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus sp. nov. are most similar to those of Ceratotarsonemus alas Ochoa & Vargas in having tergite C with reticulation forming a broad inverted U-shape, the reticula wider than long, identical lengths of dorsal setae sc1 and f, and the sejugal apodeme well defined along its whole extension. Female C. amazonicus, sp. nov. are distinguished by the length of their dorsal setae c2 and e (~ 30% longer than female C. alas, for both pairs of setae) and by the number of reticula rows on tergite C (four rows observed in C. amazonicus sp. nov. whereas just two in C. alas). Etymology. The species is named amazonicus indicating the biome where the species has been found.

Ceratotarsonemus absurdus (Suski) (Fig. 2) Daidalotarsonemus absurdus Suski 1971: 55. Ceratotarsonemus absurdus; Lindquist 1986: 315; Ochoa et al. 1997: 177; Lin & Zhang 2002: 48. Diagnosis. Female: Pharyngeal pump about 1/3 gnathosomal width. Palpal length about �� gnathosomal length. Prodorsum without reticulation. Tergite C without reticulation, with median furrow posteriorly. Dorsal setae v1, sc2, c1, c2 and h coarsely barbed; d and f broadly leaf-shaped, with rounded apex; setae e broadly leaf-shaped, with pointed apex. Vertical setae v1 distinctly shorter than (about 1/3 length) scapular setae sc2 on prodorsum. Setae c1 slightly shorter than c2 on tergite C. Ventral surface of propodosoma with prosternal apodeme incomplete, extending from apodemes 1 to apodemes 2, and becoming diffuse to sejugal apodeme level. Type deposition. Holotype deposited at ZMPAS. Distribution. Forest Reservation of Angavokely, Madagascar., Published as part of Rezende, Jos�� Marcos, Lofego, Antonio Carlos, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary & Ochoa, Ronald, 2018, Review of the genus Ceratotarsonemus De Leon, 1956 (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae), with description of a new species from the Amazon Forest, pp. 271-294 in Zootaxa 4483 (2) on page 274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1437673, {"references":["Suski, Z. W. (1971) Certain mites of the family Tarsonemidae (Acarina, Heterostigmata) from Madagascar. Bulletin de L'Academie Polonaise des Sciences, 19 (1), 55 - 60.","Lindquist, E. E. (1986) The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological, phylogenetic and systematic revision, with classification of family-group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 136, 1 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 118136 fv","Ochoa, R., Vargas, C., Walter, D. E. & OConnor, B. M. (1997) Two new species of the genus Ceratotarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae). International Journal of Acarology, 23 (3), 177 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647959708683560","Lin, J. & Zhang, Z. Q. (2002) Tarsonemidae of the world: Key to genera, geographical distribution, systematic catalogue & annotated bibliography. Systematic and Applied Acarology Society, London, 440 pp."]}

Rezende, José Marcos, Lofego, Antonio Carlos, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary, Ochoa, Ronald (2018): Review of the genus Ceratotarsonemus De Leon, 1956 (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae), with description of a new species from the Amazon Forest. Zootaxa 4483 (2): 271-294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.3

Genus Ceratotarsonemus De Leon, 1956 Type species: Ceratotarsonemus scitus De Leon, 1956 Diagnosis. see Lindquist, 1986, p. 312-315 and Ochoa et al., p. 178. Differential diagnosis. According to Ochoa et al. (1995), the adult females of Ceratotarsonemus, Daidalotarsonemus and Excelsotarsonemus are similar mainly by having some dorsal idiosomal setae enlarged (either greatly elongated and barbed, or thickened and lanceolate). Lindquist (1986) stated that both sexes of Ceratotarsonemus are distinctive in having setae c2 coarsely barbed and at least moderately elongated, in retaining only one genual setae on leg III, and consistently lacking tibial solenidion ��2 on leg I. In Daidalotarsonemus and Excelsotarsonemus females the setae c 2 may be either slender or leaf-shaped, 2-3 setae are present on genu III, and tibial solenidion ��2 is present on leg I., Published as part of Rezende, Jos�� Marcos, Lofego, Antonio Carlos, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary & Ochoa, Ronald, 2018, Review of the genus Ceratotarsonemus De Leon, 1956 (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae), with description of a new species from the Amazon Forest, pp. 271-294 in Zootaxa 4483 (2) on pages 273-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1437673, {"references":["De Leon, D. (1956) Some mites from lychee: descriptions of two new genera and five new species of Tarsonemidae. The Florida Entomologist, 39 (4), 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3492593","Lindquist, E. E. (1986) The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological, phylogenetic and systematic revision, with classification of family-group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 136, 1 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 118136 fv","Ochoa, R., Naskrecki, P. & Colwell, R. K. (1995) Excelsotarsonemus kaliszewskii, a new genus and new species from Costa Rica (Acari: Tarsonemidae). International Journal of Acarology, 21 (2), 67 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647959508684045"]}

Ceratotarsonemus scitus De Leon (Fig. 18) Ceratotarsonemus scitus De Leon 1956: 167; Lindquist 1986: 315; Ochoa et al. 1997: 177; Lin & Zhang 2002: 49. Diagnosis. Female: Pharyngeal pump about 1/3 gnathosomal width. Palpal length about 1/3 gnathosomal length. Prodorsum without reticulation. Tergite C with inverted U-shaped reticulation dorsally, which has four rows of reticula. All dorsal setae coarsely barbed, except for bothridial setae sc1. Vertical setae v1 about ½ length scapular setae sc2 on prodorsum. Setae c1 distinctly longer than c2 on tergite C. Setae d distinctly shorter than e. Ventral surface of propodosoma with prosternal apodeme complete, extending from apodemes 1 to sejugal apodeme. Type deposition. Holotype, allotype and 12 paratypes deposited at USNM. Distribution. U.S. Plant Introduction Garden, Florida State, USA., Published as part of Rezende, José Marcos, Lofego, Antonio Carlos, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary & Ochoa, Ronald, 2018, Review of the genus Ceratotarsonemus De Leon, 1956 (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae), with description of a new species from the Amazon Forest, pp. 271-294 in Zootaxa 4483 (2) on pages 288-289, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1437673, {"references":["De Leon, D. (1956) Some mites from lychee: descriptions of two new genera and five new species of Tarsonemidae. The Florida Entomologist, 39 (4), 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3492593","Lindquist, E. E. (1986) The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological, phylogenetic and systematic revision, with classification of family-group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 136, 1 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 118136 fv","Ochoa, R., Vargas, C., Walter, D. E. & OConnor, B. M. (1997) Two new species of the genus Ceratotarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae). International Journal of Acarology, 23 (3), 177 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647959708683560","Lin, J. & Zhang, Z. Q. (2002) Tarsonemidae of the world: Key to genera, geographical distribution, systematic catalogue & annotated bibliography. Systematic and Applied Acarology Society, London, 440 pp."]}

Ceratotarsonemus hexagonalis Ochoa & Walter (Fig. 17) Ceratotarsonemus hexagonalis Ochoa et al. 1997: 180; Lin & Zhang 2002: 49. Diagnosis. Female: Pharyngeal pump about 1/3 gnathosomal width. Palpal length about 1/3 gnathosomal length. Prodorsum with hexagonal reticulation medially. Tergite C with four rows of hexagonal reticula dorsally, uniformly distributed along the plate. All dorsal setae coarsely barbed, except for bothridial setae sc1. Vertical setae v1 about �� length scapular setae sc2 on prodorsum. Setae c1 about as long as c2 on tergite C. Ventral surface of propodosoma with prosternal apodeme complete, extending from apodemes 1 to sejugal apodeme. Type deposition. Holotype and two paratypes deposited at UQIC; one paratype deposited at MZUM. Distribution. Queensland, Australia., Published as part of Rezende, Jos�� Marcos, Lofego, Antonio Carlos, Gulbronson, Connor, Bauchan, Gary & Ochoa, Ronald, 2018, Review of the genus Ceratotarsonemus De Leon, 1956 (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae), with description of a new species from the Amazon Forest, pp. 271-294 in Zootaxa 4483 (2) on page 288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1437673, {"references":["Ochoa, R., Vargas, C., Walter, D. E. & OConnor, B. M. (1997) Two new species of the genus Ceratotarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae). International Journal of Acarology, 23 (3), 177 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647959708683560","Lin, J. & Zhang, Z. Q. (2002) Tarsonemidae of the world: Key to genera, geographical distribution, systematic catalogue & annotated bibliography. Systematic and Applied Acarology Society, London, 440 pp."]}

Flagellation in polar flagellates is one of the rare biosynthetic processes known to be numerically regulated in bacteria. Polar flagellates must spatially and numerically regulate flagellar biogenesis to create flagellation patterns for each species that are ideal for motility. FlhG ATPases numerically regulate polar flagellar biogenesis, yet FlhG orthologs are diverse in motif composition. We discovered that Campylobacter jejuni FlhG is at the center of a multipartite mechanism that likely influences a flagellar biosynthetic step to control flagellar number for amphitrichous flagellation, rather than suppressing activators of flagellar gene transcription as in Vibrio and Pseudomonas species. Unlike other FlhG orthologs, the FlhG ATPase domain was not required to regulate flagellar number in C. jejuni. Instead, two regions of C. jejuni FlhG that are absent or significantly altered in FlhG orthologs are involved in numerical regulation of flagellar biogenesis. Additionally, we found that C. jejuni FlhG influences FlhF GTPase activity, which may mechanistically contribute to flagellar number regulation. Our work suggests that FlhG ATPases divergently evolved in each polarly flagellated species to employ different intrinsic domains and extrinsic effectors to ultimately mediate a common output - precise numerical control of polar flagellar biogenesis required to create species-specific flagellation patterns optimal for motility.