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ObjectiveTo investigate the prognostic factors for survival and toxicities in elderly (≥65 years) patients with endometrial cancer who underwent post-operative radiotherapy. Additionally, to compare the treatment outcomes between the older elderly (≥75 years) and younger elderly (65–74 years) patients.MethodsMedical records of patients with enometrial cancer treated between January 1998 and July 2019 were reviewed. Patients with stage IA to IIIC2, all histology subtypes, and any grade were included. All patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and received adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. All but 67 (8.4%) of 801 patients had lymph node dissection. Clinicopathological factors and treatment strategies were compared between the two age groups. The prognostic factors for overall survival and progression-free survival were investigated.ResultsA total of 801 patients with enometrial cancer, 627 patients (78.3%) younger elderly and 174 patients (21.7%) in the older elderly group were included. Median follow-up was 74.3 months (range 0.4–224.6). The older elderly patients had significantly higher rates of grade 3 tumors (51.7% vs 40.8%; p=0.04), cervical glandular involvement (21.8% vs 14.0%; p=0.03), and cervical stromal invasion (34.5% vs 27.9%; p=0.04) than the younger elderly patients. The rates of lymph node dissection (p=0.2), radiotherapy modalities (p=0.92), and systemic chemotherapy (p=0.2) did not differ between the two groups. The 5-year locoregional control and distant metastasis rates were 88.3% and 23.8%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival and progression-free survival rates for younger and older elderly patients, were 79.8% vs 74.3% (p=0.04) and 67.5% vs 57.8% (pConclusionsPost-operative radiotherapy for elderly patients with endometrial cancer is effective and well tolerated. Advanced age should not preclude appropriate treatment, especially in those with adequate quality of life, life expectancy, and functional status.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in patients with synchronous or metachronous oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: The clinical data of 87 patients with 138 lesions who received MDT between February 2008 and January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had ≤5 metastasis at diagnosis (synchronous) or during progression (metachronous) and were treated with SBRT for their metastasis. The primary endpoints were local control (LC) and progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Results: Median follow-up was 20.4 months for entire cohort and 27.2 months for survivors. Synchronous oligometastatic disease was observed in 35 patients (40.2%), and 52 patients (59.8%) had metachronous disease. Seventy-two patients (82.8%) received systemic treatment synchronously or after MDT, while 15 patients (17.2%) did not receive any systemic treatment. The 1- and 2-year OS rates were 79.4% and 58.1%, respectively, and the 1- and 2-year PFS rates were 58.6% and 15.1%, respectively. The 1- and 2-year LC rates per lesion were 96.6% and 91.4%, respectively. There were no significant differences in survival between patients with synchronous oligometastasis and those with metachronous oligometastasis. All disease progressions were observed at a median time of 31.6 months (range: 1.9–196.9 months) after the completion of SBRT. Patients with solitary oligometastasis had significantly better OS compared to patients with >1 metastasis (p = 0.04). No patients experienced grade 3 or higher acute or late toxicities. Conclusion: SBRT is a successful treatment for oligometastatic RCC patients due to its excellent LC and minimal toxicity profile. There were no statistically significant survival differences between patients with synchronous and metachronous oligometastasis. Patients with solitary oligometastasis outlived their counterparts.

We retrospectively analysed the prognostic significance of serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin to ALP ratio (AAPR) and other prognostic factors affecting the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 200 cervical cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The prognostic factors for OS and DFS, in addition to the predictive factors of albumin, ALP and AAPR, were investigated. Older age, lymph node metastasis, non-complete response (CR) to treatment and low serum albumin levels emerged as predictors of poor OS and PFS in multivariate analysis. However, with a cut-off value of 0.51, AAPR was not a significant prognostic factor of survival in multivariable analysis. There were no significant differences in clinicopathological factors between patients with low and high AAPR, except for lymph node metastasis, where lymph node metastasis rate was significantly higher in patients with a low AAPR compared to those with a high AAPR. Patients with CR had a significantly higher serum albumin level and AAPR compared to patients without CR. The pre-treatment serum albumin level was independent predictive for survival; therefore, it could be a suitable biomarker to guide systemic therapy and predict patient outcomes. Impact Statement

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver tumor, with curative treatment options being liver transplant and resection. However, approximately 20% to 30% of patients have substantial disease progression while awaiting transplant. Here, we report our initial experience on stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy as a bridge to liver transplant for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Seven patients with 9 lesions received stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy as a bridge treatment to transplant. All patients underwent radiofrequency ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, or hepatic resection before stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate radiographic responses 1 month later.Median age of patients was 65 years (range, 63-71 years), median stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy dose was 45 Gy (range, 30-54 Gy; delivered in 3-5 fractions), and median tumor diameter was 17 mm (range, 12-30 mm). Before stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy, all patients underwent liver-directed therapies, including transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for 3 lesions, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation for 4 lesions, surgical resection for 1 lesion, and surgical resection plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the remaining lesion. Patients showed no evidence of gastrointestinal toxicity or radiation-induced liver disease. Acute toxicity was negligible; all patients completed the treatment course. One month after stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy administration, response rates were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, with complete responses obtained in 5 lesions (55.5%), partial responses for 2 lesions, and stable disease for 2 lesions. No disease progression was shown following stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy application.Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy is an effective, safe, and tolerable bridging therapy option. Although we observed an early response after treatment, exact response rates will not be known for at least 3 months following stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy. Thus, our findings should be confirmed through additional prospective studies with longer follow-up.

BackgroundEncapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) is a rare malignant papillary breast cancer accounting for approximately .5%-2% of all breast tumors. The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate clinicopathologic features of EPC in addition to oncological outcomes and radiotherapy (RT) details. MethodsFrom 10 different academic hospitals in Turkey, we obtained pathology reports of 80 patients with histologically confirmed EPC between 2005 and 2022. Demographic, diagnostic, and treatment data were collected from medical records, retrospectively. Local failure, distant progression, toxicity-adverse effects, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival were evaluated, and survival analyzes were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. ResultsEighty patients with the diagnosis of misspelled sorry (ECP) were retrospectively evaluated. The median age of the patients was 63 (range, 35-85). After a median follow-up of 48 (range; 6-206) months, local recurrence was observed in three patients (4%). Local recurrence was less common in the patients who received whole breast RT with a tumour bed boost (p = .025). There were not any distant metastasis or disease-related death. RT was applied to 61% of the cases, and no treatment-related grade 3 or higher toxicity was reported in any of the patients. Five year OS, cancer-specific survival (CSS), and were observed as 85%, 100%, and 96%, respectively. ConclusionsECP is a rare, slow-progressing breast carcinoma associated with good prognosis, it is a disease of elderly patient, and usually occurs in postmenopausal women. It responds extremely well to optimal local treatments and appropriate adjuvant treatments on a patient basis, and has excellent OS and CSS ratios.

Aim: To evaluate the prognostic value of the lymph node ratio (LNR) and other clinicopathological factors in patients with stage IIIC endometrial cancer. Methods: Factors affecting overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed in 397 patients with stage IIIC endometrial cancer treated with postoperative radiotherapy. Patients undergoing the removal of at least ten lymph nodes were included in the study. Results: The 5-year OS and PFS rates were 58% and 52%, respectively, with a median follow-up time of 35.7 months. The LNR cutoff value was 9.6%. In the multivariate analysis, advanced age (≥60 years), grade III tumor, presence of cervical stromal invasion, higher LNR and lack of adjuvant chemotherapy were independent predictors for worse OS and PFS. Conclusion: The LNR is an independent predictor for OS and PFS in patients with stage IIIC endometrial cancer treated with postoperative radiotherapy.

Few studies have determined the viability of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We examined the results of RCC patients who had five or fewer lesions and were treated with TKI and SBRT.The clinical data of 42 patients with 96 metastases treated between 2011 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. The prognostic factors predicting overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed in uni- and multivariable analyses.Median follow-up and time between TKI therapy and SBRT were 62.3 and 3.7 months, respectively. The 2‑year OS and PFS rates were 58.0% and 51.3%, respectively, and 2‑year local control rate was 94.1% per SBRT-treated lesion. In univariable analysis, the time between TKI therapy and SBRT and treatment response were significant prognostic factors for OS and PFS. In multivariable analysis, a time between TKI therapy and SBRT of less than 3 months and complete response were significant predictors of better OS and PFS. Only 12 patients (28.6%) had a systemic treatment change at a median of 18.2 months after SBRT, mostly in patients with a non-complete treatment response after this therapy. Two patients (4.8%) experienced grade III toxicity, and all side effects observed during metastasis-directed therapy subsided over time.We demonstrated that SBRT in combination with TKIs is an effective and safe treatment option for RCC patients with ≤ 5 metastases. However, distant metastasis was observed in 60% of the patients, indicating that distant disease control still has room for improvement.

Background We sought to analyze the toxicity rates and the treatment outcomes in endometrial cancer (EC) patients treated with postoperative three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Material and methods The clinical data of 646 EC patients treated with postoperative adjuvant 3DCRT (265 patients, 41%) or with IMRT (381 patients, 59%) between April 2007 and August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoints were treatment-related acute and late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities. The secondary endpoints were LC and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results Median follow-up time was 37 months. The rates for acute GI and GU toxicities of any grade for the entire group were 55.6% and 46.8%, respectively. Acute grade ≥2 GI toxicity was significantly less in patients treated with IMRT compared to those treated with 3DCRT (11.0% vs. 19.2%, p=.004). However, no significant difference grade ≥2 GU toxicities was observed between the 3DCRT and IMRT groups (15.1% vs. 11.0%; p=.15). Acute grade ≥2 GI and GU toxicities were higher in patients receiving systemic chemotherapy, while paraaortic field irradiation increases only the risk of acute grade ≥2 GI toxicity. Estimated 3-year late grade ≥3 GI toxicity rates in the 3DCRT- and IMRT-treated patients were 4.6% and 1.9% (p= .03), respectively. The patients treated with adjuvant ChT had higher rates of late serious GI complications than those without adjuvant ChT. No significant difference in terms of survival and disease control was observed between the 3DCRT and IMRT treatment groups. No significant factor for LC was found in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion In this multicentric study involving one of largest patient population, we found that IMRT-treated EC patients showed comparable clinical outcomes but with a lower incidence of GI toxicities compared with those treated with 3DCRT.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, beyin sapı tümör tanısı alan ve tedavi edilen hastalarımızın klinik bulguları, tedavi yaklaşımları ve sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kliniğimizde, 2006 ile 2019 yılları arasında beyin sapı tümörü tanısı alan ve tedavi alan hastaların onkoloji dosyaları geriye yönelik olarak incelendi. Bulgular: Beyin sapı tümör tanısı almış 20 hasta çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Hastaların yaşı 2 ile 16 yıl arasında değişiyordu (median, 6,5 yıl). Cinsiyet dağılımı, 14’ü erkek (%70), 6’sı ise kızdı (%30). En sık başvuru şikâyetleri, yürüme bozukluğu (%60), baş ağrısı (%45) ve gözde kayma (%40) idi. En sık fizik muayene bulguları ise ataksi (%55) ve VI. Kranial sinir felci ( %55) idi. Tümör yerleşimleri, pons (%90), bulbus (%5) ve medulla (%5) idi. Dört hastaya parsiyel kitle eksizyonu yapılabilirken, bir hastada sadece biyopsi yapılabildi. Patolojik incelemede tanılar, grade II astrositom (n: 2), pilositik astrositom (n:1), primitif nöroektodermal tümör (n: 1) ve glioblastoma (n: 1) idi. En sık uygulanan tedavi yaklaşımı radyoterapi + kemoterapi (n: 7, %35) idi. İzlem süreleri 1 ay ile 11 yıl arasında değişiyordu (median, 10,5 ay). Genel yaşam oranı %19,5 idi. Sonuç: Çocukluk çağının birçok kanserinde ve hatta beyin tümörlerinde multidisipliner yaklaşımlarla yaşam oranlarında artışlar olmasına karşın, özellikle diffüz intrensek pons gliomlarında maalesef istenilen başarı elde edilememiştir. Özellikle kemoterapide yeni tedavi yaklaşımlara ihtiyaç vardır., Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical findings, treatment approaches and outcomes of our patients who were diagnosed and treated for brainstem tumor.Material and Method: Between 2006 and 2019, oncology files of patients diagnosed with brain stem tumor and treated were analyzed retrospectively in our clinic.Results: Twenty patients with brainstem tumor diagnosis were included in the study. The age of patients ranged from 2 to 16 years (median age, 6.5 years). The gender distribution was 14 males (70%) and 6 females (30%). The most common complaints were gait disturbance (60%), headache (45%), and strabismus (40%). The most common physical examination findings were ataxia (55%) and 6th cranial nerve palsy (55%). Tumor locations were pons (90%), bulbus (5%) and medulla (5%). Partial mass excision could be done in four patients, while only one biopsy could be performed in one patient. In the pathological examination, the diagnoses were grade II astrocytoma (n: 2), pilocytic astrocytoma(n: 1) primitive neuroectodermal tumor (n: 1) and glioblastoma (n: 1). The most common treatment approach was radiotherapy + chemotherapy (n: 7, 35%). Follow-up time varied between 1 month and 11 years (median, 10.5 months). The overall survival rate was 19.5%.Conclusion: Despite the increase in overall survival rates with multidisciplinary approaches in many cancers and even brain tumors of childhood, unfortunately the desired success could not be achieved especially in diffuse intrinsic pons gliomas. New treatment approaches are needed, especially in chemotherapy.

Amaç: Kolorektal kanserler arasında her evrede sağkalımın en olumsuz olduğu tümörler rektum kanserleridir. Bununla birlikte cerrahi tekniğin optimizasyonu ve neo-adjuvan tedavi yaklaşımı, son yıllarda rektum kanserlerinde 5 yıllık sağ kalım sürelerinin kolon kanserinden daha iyi olmasına neden olmuştur. Erken evre rektum tümörlü hastaların tedavisinde küratif tedavinin köşe taşı cerrahidir. Ancak transmural invazyon ve/veya pozitif perirektal lenf nodu olan hastalarda, hastalığın lokal kontrolü ve kürü açısından olumlu sonuçlar elde edebilmek için cerrahi tedaviye radyoterapi ve kemoterapinin eklenmesi gerekir. Kanser kök hücre belirteci olan ALDH1 ekspresyonunun kemoterapiye rezistansta, tümör progresyonunda ve metastazında anlamlı olduğu yapılan çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca metastatik ve ileri evre meme over, karaciğer, prostat ve kolon kanserlerinde normal dokudan farklı olarak anormal gamma synuclein ekspresyonu varlığı da gösterilmiştir. Gamma synuclein ekspresyonu meme kanser hücrelerinin proliferasyonu, invazyonu ve metastazıyla ilişkili bulunmuştur. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda rektum rezeksiyon materyallerinden rektal adenokarsinom tanısı alan 55 olguya ait tümöral ve normal mukoza örnekleri incelendi. Prognostik parametreler ile ALDH 1 ve Gamma synuclein antikorlarının ekspresyonları arasındaki ilişki araştırıldı. Bu şekilde çalışmamızda rektum kanserinde gamma- synuclein ve ALDH1 ekspresyonu ile tümör agresivitesi ve prognozu üzerine etkilerini belirlemeyi amaçladık. Bulgular: İmmunohistokimyasal olarak Gamma synucleinin rektum kanseri ve normal mukozasında boyanmadığı görüldü. ALDH 1 ile farklı boyanma paternleri saptanarak bulgular literatür eşliğinde yorumlandı. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda rektum kanseri ve normal mukozal dokuda derece, evre, lenf nodu metastazı, Lenfovasküler invazyon ve Perinöral invazyon ile ALDH1 ekspresyonu arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı olmayan, boyanma kuvveti açısından ters orantılı bir ilişki saptandı. Gamma synucleinin ise rektum kanserlerinde eksprese olmadığı görülmüştür., Objective: Rectum cancers are the most negative survival in all stages of colorectal cancer. However, optimization of the surgical technique and neo-adjuvant treatment approach have led to 5-year survival times in rectal cancers better than colon cancer in recent years. The corner stone of curative treatment in the treatment of patients with early-stage rectum tumors is surgery. However, in patients with transmural invasion and / or positive perirectal lymph node, radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be added to surgical treatment to achieve positive results in terms of local control and cure of the disease. Cancer stem cell marker ALDH1 expression has been shown to be significant in chemotherapy resistance, tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, the presence of abnormal gamma synuclein expression in metastatic and advanced breast, ovarian, liver, prostate and colon cancers, as opposed to normal tissue, has also been demonstrated. Gamma synuclein expression has been associated with proliferation, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Material and Methods: In our study, tumoral and normal mucosa samples of 55 cases diagnosed with rectal adenocarcinoma from rectum resection materials were examined. The relationship between prognostic parameters and the expression of ALDH 1 and Gamma synuclein antibodies was investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of gamma-synuclein and ALDH1 expression on tumor aggressivity and prognosis in rectal cancer. Results: Immunohistochemically, it was observed that Gamma synuclein was not stained in rectum cancer and normal mucosa. With ALDH 1, different staining patterns were detected and the findings were interpreted in the light of the literature. Conclusion: In our study, a statistically insignificant, inversely proportional relationship was found between rectum cancer and grade, stage, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, and expression of ALDH1 in normal mucosal tissue. Gamma synuclein was not found to be expressed in rectum cancers.

This study aimed to analyze the prognostic factors associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with bone-only metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have five or fewer lesions treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).The clinical data of 54 patients with 70 bone metastases undergoing SBRT treated between 2013 and 2020 with a dose of at least 5 Gy per fraction and a biologically effective dose (BED) of at least 90 Gy were retrospectively evaluated.The majority of lesions were located in the spine (57.4%) and had only one metastasis (64.8%). After a median follow-up of 22.4 months, the 1‑ and 2‑year OS rates were 84.6% and 67.3%, respectively, and median OS was 43.1 months. The 1‑ and 2‑year PFS rates and median PFS were 63.0%, 38.9%, and 15.3 months, respectively. In SBRT-treated lesions, the 1‑year local control (LC) rate was 94.9%. Age, metastasis localization, and number of fractions of SBRT were significant prognostic factors for OS in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, patients with spinal metastasis had better OS compared to their counterparts, and patients who received single-fraction SBRT had better PFS than those who did not. No patient experienced acute or late toxicities of grade 3 or greater.Despite excellent LC at the oligometastatic site treated with SBRT, disease progression was observed in nearly half of patients 13 months after metastasis-directed local therapy, particularly as distant disease progression other than the treated lesion, necessitating an effective systemic treatment to improve treatment outcomes.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features, treatment approaches, and outcomes of glial tumors in children. Material and methods Files (2006 to 2020) of children diagnosed with glial tumors and followed-up were reviewed retrospectively. Information regarding demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment approaches, and outcomes were retrieved from the patients\' files. Results Of the total of 180 pediatric patients diagnosed with brain tumors, 73 (40.6%) had glial tumors. The children with astrocytoma were in the age range of 2-18 years (median age: 8.7 years), while the ages of children with ependymoma ranged from three months to 10 years (median age: 3 years). This difference was statistically significant (p 0.0001). The male to female ratio was 1.6. The most common symptoms or signs were headaches (n = 34, 46.6%), abnormal gait or coordination (n = 22, 30.2%), vomiting (n = 21, 28.8%), and cranial nerve palsies (n = 20, 27.4%). The pathological diagnoses were astrocytomas (n = 53, 72.6%), oligodendroglial tumors (n = 2, 2.7%), ependymoma (n = 15, 20.7%), and other glial tumors (n = 3, 4.1%). The most common tumor location was supratentorial (n = 42, 57.5%), while midline glioma was detected in seven patients. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of all glial tumors, astrocytoma, and ependymoma was 42%, 40%, and 55%, respectively. The 5-year OS rate of the tumor Grade I, II, III, and IV was 77.2%, 45%, 32%, and 0%, respectively (p 0.0001). The 5-year OS rate of supratentorial, infratentorial, and spinal tumors was 25.6%, 63.6%, and 50%, respectively (p = 0.021). In Cox regression analysis, it was found that the tumor resection and grade had an effect on the tumor prognosis. Conclusion Treatment results are not satisfactory in high-grade astrocytomas. There is a need for new treatment approaches that would take cognizance of molecular features and adopt multidisciplinary approaches.

Targeting oligometastatic lesions with metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) using stereotactic-body radiotherapy (SBRT) may improve treatment outcomes and postpone the need for second-line systemic therapy (NEST). We looked at the results of oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients who had five or fewer lesions and were treated with SBRT.We examined the treatment outcomes of 70 extracranial metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients treated at two oncology centers between 2011 and 2020. The clinical parameters of patients with and without NEST changes were compared. The prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and NEST-free survival were evaluated.Median age was 67 years (range 31-83 years). Lung and bone metastasis were found in 78.4% and 12.6% of patients, respectively. With a median follow-up of 21.1 months, median OS was 49.1 months and the median PFS was 18.3 months. Histology was a prognostic factor for OS, BED, and treatment switch for PFS in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, the significant predictor of poor OS was clear cell histology, and a lower BED for PFS. Following SBRT for oligometastatic lesions, 19 patients (27.2%) had a median NEST change of 15.2 months after MDT completion. There were no significant differences in median OS or PFS between patients who had NEST changes and those who did not. No patient experienced grade ≥ 3 acute and late toxicities.The SBRT to oligometastatic sites is an effective and safe treatment option for ≤ 5 metastases in RCC patients by providing favorable survival and delaying NEST change.

Background Radiotherapy (RT) involves the use of ionizing radiation in treating malignancies and benign disorders. However, RT damages target and healthy surrounding tissues in a dose-dependent manner. This effectively reduces patient compliance and quality of life, thereby warranting the prevention of RT-induced adverse effects on skin. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are used to treat RT-induced damage and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) provides a scaffold that potentiates the effects of ASCs. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the mechanism employed by ASCs and PRP in protecting against RT-induced adverse effects. Methods We have established an immunodeficient mouse transplantation model using which human hair follicular units were implanted. When the follicular units were macroscopically and microscopically mature and anagenic, we administered localized RT. Subsequently, the mice were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the subcutaneous injection of the following to the irradiated transplantation site: saline, PRP, ASCs, and a combination of ASCs and PRP. Next, we used macroscopic and microscopic analyses to determine the protective effects of the injected solutions on skin and hair follicles. Results Adipose-derived stem cells reduced RT-induced adverse effects, such as impaired wound healing, alopecia, skin atrophy, and fibrosis by suppressing inflammation, dystrophy, degeneration, connective tissue synthesis, and apoptosis and increasing cellular proliferation, differentiation, and signaling. Moreover, these effects were augmented by PRP. Conclusions Thus, co-administering ASCs with PRP in mice prevented RT-induced adverse effects and can be tested for use in clinical practice.

ObjectiveTo analyze the prognostic factors and treatment outcomes in endometrial cancer patients with paraaortic lymph node metastasis.MethodsData from four centers were collected retrospectively for 92 patients with endometrial cancer treated with combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy or adjuvant radiotherapy alone postoperatively, delivered by either the sandwich or sequential method. Prognostic factors affecting overall survival and progression-free survival were analyzed.ResultsThe 5-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 35 % and 33 %, respectively, after a median follow-up time of 33 months. The 5-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates were significantly higher in patients receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy postoperatively compared with patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy alone (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In a subgroup analysis of patients treated with adjuvant combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the 5-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates were significantly higher in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy via the sandwich method compared with patients treated with sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). In the univariate analysis, in addition to treatment strategy, pathology, depth of myometrial invasion, and tumor grade were significant prognostic factors for both overall survival and progression-free survival. In the multivariate analysis, grade III disease, myometrial invasion greater than or equal to 50%, and adjuvant radiotherapy alone were negative predictors for both overall survival and progression-free survival.ConclusionWe demonstrated that adjuvant combined treatment including radiotherapyand chemotherapy significantly increases overall survival and progression-free survival rates compared with postoperative pelvic and paraaortic radiotherapy.

IntroductionStandard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) includes concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) that typically controls localized disease. However, most patients develop distant metastasis, ultimately leading to death.ObjectiveTo determine the role of adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel for clinical outcomes in patients with LACC.MethodsBetween 2010 and 2017, 109 patients with LACC were retrospectively evaluated. All patients received cisplatin (40 mg/m2) with concurrent external-beam radiotherapy (up to 50.4 Gy), followed by intra-cavitary brachytherapy. Forty-six of 109 patients received a median of six cycles (range 3–6 cycles) of adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and carboplatin (CRT + chemotherapy group; area under the curve 5). The remaining 63 patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (CRT group).ResultsDisease-free survival and overall survival after a median follow-up of 24.5 months (range 2.6–94.75 months) were 93.5% and 95.7% and 69.8% and 82.5 % for the CRT + chemotherapy and CRT groups, respectively (p = 0.001, p = 0.012, respectively). No acute grade 3/4 gastrointestinal or genitourinary toxicities were seen during CRT. During adjuvant chemotherapy, the most troublesome side effects were hematologic and neurologic toxicities; however, most were manageable. No chronic grade 3/4 genitourinary toxicities were seen.DiscussionAdjuvant chemotherapy in patients with LACC significantly improved both disease-free survival and overall survival without increasing unmanageable toxicity. Future larger prospective trials are warranted to verify these findings.

Highlights • Bladder cancer patients who are unsuitable for standard radical treatments present a large unfulfilled clinical need. • Hypofractionated RT can be an appropriate solution for these patients; however organ movement and changes in bladder filling is important obstacle for such treatment strategies. • The only way to overcome this obstacle is that using online adaptive image-guided RT. • There is need of new studies evaluating the role of MRgRT for bladder cancer patients.

WOS: 000424218200011, PubMed: 29379668, Objective: Sleep disorders affect 54.9% of gynaecologic cancer survivors. The effect of treatment methods on sleep quality is not clear. This study evaluated the sleep quality of survivors of endometrial cancer and compared the effects of different treatments on sleep quality. Materials and Methods: Patients were categorised as surgery (group 1), surgery + brachytherapy (BRT) (group 2), surgery + external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) (group 3), and surgery + EBRT + BRT + chemotherapy (group 4). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The PSQI was completed by the participants before surgery, 1, 3, and 6 months after each treatment was completed. The PSQI scores were compared between the different measurement times and different study groups. Results: This study enrolled 114 patients with a mean age of 58.1 +/- 11 years. The number of participants in each group was 53 (46.5%), 14 (12.3%), 12 (10.5%), and 35 (30.7%), respectively. At baseline, 28 (24.6%) patients reported poor sleep quality. The mean PSQI score reached the maximum level at the second measurement and decreased slightly during follow-up and the change in the PSQI score was significant (p=0.001). Group 3 and group 4 had significantly higher scores from baseline (p

The authors present a case of delayed radiation myelopathy in a 12-year-old girl with Hodgkin lymphoma and Artemis mutation. This is the first of such a case presented in the literature.

Radiation therapy (RT) is used widely for the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors. The protection of organs at risk (OAR) in the central nervous system (CNS) is crucial, especially to preserve cognition in cancer survivors. This chapter will outline the pathophysiology of radiation-induced CNS toxicity, biologic and clinical principles of CNS tolerance to radiation, and the treatment strategies of both acute and chronic radiation-induced CNS toxicity.

There is limited data regarding to treatment of cervical cancer patients with isolated non-regional lymph node metastasis. Herein we report a case of cervical cancer with left inguinal lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis. A 52-year-old woman referred to gynecologic oncology department with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding history for a year. Gynecological examination revealed a bulky cervical tumor with left parametrial invasion. The biopsy of this lesion revealed a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a bulky cervical mass with a parametrial extension on left side, in addition to the suspicious lymph nodes in the para-aortic, pelvic and left inguinal chains. The patient was underwent extraperitoneal para-aortic lymph node dissection and left inguinal lymphadenectomy. Histopathological examination of the lymph nodes revealed that there were metastatic lymph nodes in the para-ortic, and left inguinal chains. We planned neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin; and we decided to plan adjuvant treatment with respect to the treatment response to the induction chemotherapy. The control computed tomography after 6 cycle of chemotherapy showed that there was a good-partial response; therefore definitive radiotherapy was planned. A month after the radiotherapy pelvic MRI was performed and it showed a complete response. After 38 months of follow-up the patient admitted to the emergency department with ileus. The patient developed sepsis and forty months after the completion of the radiotherapy the patient expired because of septic shock.

Vaginal malignant melanoma is a rare form of mucosal melanoma, and accounts for only

Spinal cord metastasis from rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is extremely rare, with three cases reported to date. Herein, we report an aggressive case of RMS of the infratemporal fossa who which developed spinal cord metastases during treatment. A 6-year-old girl presented with an enlarging painless mass around her right ear for 3 months. An enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 5 × x4 × x4.5 5 cm mass on her right infratemporal fossa. A tru-cut biopsy was performed, and histopathologic examination revealed the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. At the time of the diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid cytology was negative for malignant cells. The patient underwent induction chemotherapy. There was minimal response to chemotherapy, and the patient underwent curative radiotherapy. However, by 12th fraction of RT, the patient developed a progressive weakness on her lower extremity. Spinal MRI revealed multiple gross masses in different parts of the spinal cord. The local radiotherapy was changed toas craniospinal radiotherapy. However, two 2 weeks after the completion of the RT, the patient developed sepsis and expired because of septic shock. Parameningeal RMS is a peculiar subgroup of RMS, which needs an aggressive approach. Despite aggressive approach, meningeal spread is the most important cause of the treatment failure. We should keept in mind that during the treatment, there can be meningeal spread towards to either the brain or spinal cord; therefore, we should follow -up the patients closely from this aspect.

To evaluate effects of halofuginone (H) on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), 60 rats were divided into six groups: Group (G) 1 control, G2 radiotherapy (RT) only, G3 and G4 2. 5 and 5 μg H and G5 and G6 RT + 2.5 and 5 μg H groups, respectively. A single dose of 12 Gy RT was given to both lungs. H was applied intraperitoneally with daily doses, until animals were killed at 6 and 16 weeks after RT. At 6th and 16th weeks of RT, five rats from each group were killed. Lung tissues were dissected for light and electron microscopy. Chronic inflammation, fibrosis and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-β scores of all study groups were significantly different at 6th and 16th week ( p < 0.001). Chronic inflammation, fibrosis and TGF-β scores of G2 were higher than G5 and G6 at 6th and 16th weeks of RT. At 16th week, fibrosis and TGF-β scores of G5 were higher than G6 ( p = 0.040 and 0.028, respectively). Electron microscopical findings also supported these results. Therefore, H may ameliorate RILI. The effect of the H was more prominent at higher dose and after long-term follow-up. These findings should be clarified with further studies.

WOS: 000483634700009, Brachytherapy (BRT) is defined as treatment from a short distance. The word is derived from the word "brachy" that means "short" in Greek. Treatment in BRT is performed by placing the radioactive source in or near the tumor tissue. According to the report 38 of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU 38), BRI is divided into three types according to the activity of the radioactive source. Low-dose rate (LDR) implants deliver dose at the rate of 0.4-2 Gy/h, requiring treatment times of 24-144 11. LDR BRT has extensive experience with well-known efficacy and side effects. Medium-dose rate (MDR) BRT, defined as the 2-12 Gy/h range, is rarely used. High-dose rate (HDR) BRT uses dose rates in excess of 0.2 Gy/min (12 Gy/h). Although not defined in ICRU 38, there is also a very-low dose (ultra LDR: ultra-low dose rate (ULDR)) BRT of 0.01-0.3 Gy/h. Pulse dose rate (PDR) BRT is a new BRT concept that is also not defined in ICRU 38. PDR BRT combines physical advantages of LDR BRT technology with the radiobiological advantages of LDR BRT. Each dose rate in the clinic has its advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to compare the efficacy of dose rates in the clinic because of the lack of prospective randomized studies comparing the defined dose rates with each other. In this review, we aimed to explain the advantages, disadvantages, and common clinical sites of use of different dose rates.

WOS: 000463671300001, IntroductionIn recent years, there has been undoubted progress in the evaluation and development of targeted agents for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). At the same time, remarkable progress in radiation therapy (RT) has been developed largely due to our ability to more effectively focus and deliver radiation to the tumor target volume. Both developments brought the idea of combining the radiation with molecularly targeted agents in order to improve outcomes in NSCLC patients who have limited survival times with standard chemoradiotherapy.MethodsWe identified patients with gastric cancer treated with post-operative radiation at our institution between 2002 and 2016. Acute and late toxicities were evaluated per RTOG/EORTC Radiation Toxicity Grading Scale. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square tests, t tests, log-rank, and logistic regression.ResultsCetuximab has no survival benefit, and it seems to be toxic in this patient population. Bevacizumab has severe toxicity including tracheoesophageal fistulae formation in addition to its ineffectiveness. It is difficult to have an opinion about TKIs when combined with RT since most of the studies were conducted on unselected patients. For oligometastatic/oligoprogressive NSCLC patients, it seems to be reasonable to use a combined regimen since combined regimen resulted in superior survival time; however, the patients should be followed up closely with respect to the toxicity. In patients with brain metastases, the use of concomitant RT + TKIs increased survival with acceptable toxicity levels.ConclusionsIn this review, we summarize the recent literature about the use of molecularly targeted agents with concurrent RT in NSCLC patients.

The purpose of this study was to compare gamma an alysis by using portal dosimetry (PD) between static (SMLC) and dynamic (DMLC) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) techniques. Simultane Integrated Boost (SIB) treatment plans were created using four treatment volumes (PTV_54, PTV_59.4, PTV_66, PTV_70) for 10 patients with nasopharyngeal car cinoma. The treatment plans were performed using Varian DHX eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) version 15.1. Six out of ten patients treatment plans were planned with 7 fields IMRT technique using the ganrty angels of 0°, 52°, 104°, 156°, 204°, 256° and 308°. The remaining four patients treatment plans were planned using 9 fields IMRT technique with the gantry angles 0°, 40°, 80°, 120°,160°, 200°, 240°, 280° and 320°. A total dose 6996 cGy in 33 fractions were given and the dose calculation were performed using SW and MMS technique. The plans were measured by aS500 EPID integrated into Varian DHX linear accelerator. Dose distributions images were obtained. Gamma analyses were evaluated using different γ criteria (2%/2 mm, 3%/3 mm and 4%/4 mm) for the 6 MV photon beams. Gamma analysis was performed by using Portal Dosimetry software in 2, 3, 4 mm distance to agreement and 2%, 3% and 4% dose difference criteria and their algorithms were compared. When compared the calculated and measured dose distributions images of the gamma analyses the average result for SW technique in 7 fields for gamma criteria 2/2%, 3/3% 4/4% were 98.64±0.34 99.36±0.22 99.74±0.11 and 9 fields for the gamma criteria 2/2%, 3/3% 4/4% were 96,90±0.70 98,98±0,33 99,60±0,31 respectively. The average result for MMS technique in 7 fields for the gamma criteria 2/2%, 3/3% 4/4 were 97.46±0.22 98.92±0.39 99.42±0.18 and 9 fields for the gamma criteria 2/2%, 3/3% 4/4% were 94.94±1.13, 97.74±0.33, 98.82±0.24 respectively. SW and MMS techniques showed comparable results with the respect to gamma analysis so but both techniques are suitable for the gamma analysis criteria.

WOS: 000494069300001, Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that represents about 12-20% of all lung cancers. Most of the SCLC patients present with extensive-stage (ES) disease. Primary therapy for ES-SCLC is 4-6 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) followed by prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in selected cases. Although the response rate to CT is approximately 60-70%, median survival times are very limited. The main problem of ES-SCLC patients after CT is intra-thoracic tumor recurrence since 75% of the patients had persisting intra-thoracic disease after CT, and approximately 90% of the patients had intra-thoracic progressive disease within the first year after diagnosis. Such high rate of intra-thoracic disease progression explains the need of local treatment in selected patients. There are three randomized studies and two meta-analyses evaluating the role of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) in patients with ES-SCLC who responded to CT. Two of the randomized trials and one of the meta-analyses showed survival benefit of TRT. According to the results of relevant studies, the patients who responded to CT and have intra-thoracic residual disease after CT, who had limited metastatic sites (

WOS: 000461481000002, PubMed: 30887753, Objective: To analyze the outcomes of sequential or sandwich chemotherapy (ChT) and radiotherapy (RT) in patients with node-positive endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: Data from 4 centers were collected retrospectively for 179 patients with stage IIIC EC treated with postoperative RT and ChT (paclitaxel and carboplatin). Patients were either treated with 6 cycles of ChT followed by RT (sequential arm; 96 patients) or with 3 cycles of ChT, RT, and an additional 3 cycles of ChT (sandwich arm; 83 patients). Prognostic factors affecting overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Results: The 5-year OS and PFS rates were 64% and 59%, respectively, with a median followup of 41 months (range, 5-167 months). The 5-year OS rates were significantly higher in the sandwich than sequential arms (74% vs. 56%; p=0.03) and the difference for 5-year PFS rates was nearly significant (65% vs. 54%; p=0.05). In univariate analysis, treatment strategy, age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, pathology, rate of myometrial invasion, and grade were prognostic factors for OS and PFS. In multivariate analysis, non-endometrioid histology, advanced FIGO stage, and adjuvant sequential ChT and RT were negative predictors for OS, whereas only non-endometrioid histology was a prognostic factor for PFS. Conclusion: Postoperative adjuvant ChT and RT for stage IIIC EC patients, either given sequentially or sandwiched, offers excellent clinical efficacy and acceptably low toxicity. Our data support the superiority of the sandwich regimen compared to the sequential strategy in stage IIIC EC patients for OS.

PubMed: 29969326, We aimed to evaluate effects of ?-hydroxy-?-methylbutyrate, L-glutamine, and L-arginine (HMB/GLN/ARG) on radiation-induced acute intestinal toxicity. Forty rats were divided into four groups: group (G) 1 was defined as control group, and G2 was radiation therapy (RT) control group. G3 and G4 were HMB/GLN/ARG control and RT plus HMB/GLN/ARG groups, respectively. HMB/GLN/ARG started from day of RT and continued until the animals were sacrificed 10 days after RT. The extent of surface epithelium smoothing, villous atrophy, lamina propria inflammation, cryptitis, crypt distortion, regenerative atypia, vascular dilatation and congestion, and fibrosis were quantified on histological sections of intestinal mucosa. Statistical analyses were performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. There were significant differences between study groups regarding extent of surface epithelium smoothing, villous atrophy, lamina propria inflammation, cryptitis and crypt distortion, regenerative atypia, vascular dilatation and congestion, and fibrosis (p values were 0.019 for fibrosis, 14401052, This work was supported by Selcuk University (Project number: 14401052). There is no role of study sponsors in the study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.