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Christian Nilsen,1 Morten Gundersen,1 Per Graae Jensen,1 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Richard Potvin,2 Øygunn A Utheim,3– 5 Bjørn Gjerdrum1 1Ifocus Eye Clinic, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Frisco, TX, USA; 3Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 5The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Christian Nilsen, Ifocus Eye Clinic, Strandgaten 203, Bergen, 5004, Norway, Tel +47 97189598, Email christian@ifocusstord.noPurpose: The primary objective was to investigate if treatment with artificial tears affected the variability of keratometry measurements for subjects with dry eyes prior to cataract surgery. The secondary objectives were to investigate whether treatment with artificial tears improved refractive precision and whether subjects with non-dry eyes had better refractive precision than subjects with dry eyes.Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial with three arms.Patients and methods: Dry eye diagnostics according to DEWS II were performed, and subjects with dry eyes were randomized to no treatment (group A1) or treatment with artificial tears two weeks prior to cataract surgery (group A2), with the third group (Group B, non-dry eyes) as a control. Keratometry was performed twice at baseline and twice after two weeks at the time of cataract surgery with three different optical biometers. The change in mean variability of keratometry (average K and magnitude of vector differences) and percentages of outliers after two weeks versus baseline were compared for group A2. The refractive and astigmatism prediction errors were calculated eight weeks after cataract surgery and compared for all three groups.Results: One hundred thirty-one subjects were available for analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean variability of keratometry or percentages of outliers for group A2 from baseline to the time of cataract surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in refractive precision (absolute error and astigmatism prediction error) between any groups.Conclusion: Subjects with dry eyes (treated and non-treated) achieved the same refractive precision and percentages of outliers as subjects with non-dry eyes. Treatment with artificial tears for two weeks appeared inadequate to significantly affect variability in biometric measurements for patients with dry eyes prior to cataract surgery. DEWS II criteria for DED may not be optimal in a cataract setting.Keywords: Cataract surgery, non-invasive keratography tear break-up time, ocular surface staining, osmolarity, artificial tears

Per Jensen,1 Christian Nilsen,1 Morten Gundersen,1 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Rick Potvin,2 Parisa Gazerani,3 Xiangjun Chen,4– 6 Tor P Utheim,3– 8 Øygunn A Utheim4,7,8 1Ifocus Eye Clinic, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Frisco, TX, USA; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; 4Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway; 6Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway; 7Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 8The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Per Jensen, Ifocus Eye Clinic, Sørhauggata 111, Haugesund, 5527, Norway, Tel +47 906 13 685, Email per@ifocus.noPurpose: To compare the effect of treatment with preservative-free dexamethasone, NSAIDs and trehalose/hyaluronic acid eye drops with the preservative benzalkonium chloride containing dexamethasone and NSAIDs after cataract surgery in dry versus non-dry eyes.Patients and Methods: In this prospective randomized intervention study, dry eye tests were performed before and 6 weeks after cataract surgery. Patients were considered as having dry eye, SDE (sign of dry eye), if at least one of the following dry eye tests were abnormal; corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), non-invasive keratograph breakup time (NIKBUT) or tear osmolarity. Patients with SDE were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 patients were treated with dexamethasone and bromfenac eye drops with the preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Group 2 patients were treated with preservative-free dexamethasone and preservative-free diclofenac, as well as a preservative-free lubricant with trehalose and hyaluronic acid both before and after surgery. Patients with normal tear film status acted as the control group (group 3) and received same treatment as group 1.Results: A total of 215 patients were enrolled six weeks after surgery, the number of patients with SDE decreased significantly in groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001). Subjective symptoms and objective measures including osmolarity, NIKBUT, CFS, and tear film thickness (TFT) improved after surgery, tear production remained unchanged, while corneal sensitivity and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) parameters worsened. In the control group with normal tear-film status, SDE increased significantly after the surgery (p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in tear film parameters between the three groups after surgery.Conclusion: After cataract surgery, patients with mild to moderate dry eyes may experience improved tear film status and reduced symptoms. However, we found no additional beneficial effect on dry eye parameters with treatment with preservative-free dexamethasone, NSAIDs, and lubricants compared to preservative-containing eye drops.Keywords: sign of dry eye, cataract surgery, osmolarity, corneal fluorescein staining, non-invasive keratograph tear break-up time, ocular surface disease index, meibomian gland dysfunction

Christian Nilsen,1 Morten Gundersen,1 Per Graae Jensen,1 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Richard Potvin,2 Øygunn A Utheim,3– 5 Bjørn Gjerdrum1 1Ifocus Eye Clinic, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Frisco, TX, USA; 3Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 5The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Christian Nilsen, Ifocus Eye Clinic, Strandgaten 203, Bergen, 5004, Norway, Tel +47 97189598, Email christian@ifocusstord.noPurpose: The primary objective was to investigate if subjects with dry eyes had increased variability of keratometry measurements prior to cataract surgery compared to subjects with non-dry eyes. Secondary objectives were to determine which separate signs affected keratometry.Patients and Methods: This study was part of a prospective interventional randomized controlled trial. After dry eye diagnostics were performed (signs only) subjects were divided into sign of dry eye (SDE) positive and negative groups. To investigate variability, we performed two keratometry measurements for each subject with three different optical biometers: Anterion (OCT optical biometer), Eyestar (combined OCT and reflection-based optical biometer), and Lenstar (reflection based-optical biometer).Results: One hundred and thirty-one subjects were available for analysis. The variability of astigmatism was significantly higher for subjects with hyperosmolarity compared to normal eyes for the Lenstar, as was the percentage of eyes with variability of astigmatism greater than 0.25 D. The percentage of eyes with variability of average K greater than 0.25 D was higher for subjects with non-invasive keratograph break-up time < 10 seconds (NIKBUT positive) compared to normal eyes for the Lenstar.Conclusion: Combined diagnostic criteria (signs only) showed no statistically significant differences for keratometry measurements between SDE positive and negative. Eyes with hyperosmolarity and NIKBUT positive showed statistically higher variability of keratometry measurements compared to normal eyes for Lenstar, but not for the Anterion or Eyestar biometers.Keywords: cataract surgery, sign of dry eye, non-invasive keratography tear break-up time, ocular surface staining, osmolarity

Researchers used three different genetic techniques to characterize the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. The results indicate that there are two major clades, one containing Trichodesmium erythraeum and the other containing all other species. They also documented the presence of a highly iterated palindrome in this bacterium.

Bonnie An Henderson,1 Jaime Aramberri,2 Robin Vann,3 Adi Abulafia,4 Margaret Ainslie-Garcia,5 John Berdahl,6 Nicole Ferko,5 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,7 So Goto,8,9 Preeya Gupta,10,11 Samuel Multack,12– 14 Elizabeth Persaud,5 Duna Raoof,15 Giacomo Savini,16 H John Shammas,17 Li Wang,18 Wendy Zhi Wang5 1Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 2Ophthalmology Clinic Miranza Begitek, San Sebastian, Spain; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; 5EVERSANA, Burlington, ON, Canada; 6Vance Thompson Vision, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; 7IFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Haugesund, Norway; 8Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; 9Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan; 10Triangle Eye Consultants, Raleigh, NC, USA; 11Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; 12Laser and Cataract Institute, Frankfort, IL, USA; 13Advocate South Suburban Hospital, Hazel Crest, IL, USA; 14Advocate Trinity Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; 15NVISION Eye Center, Newport Beach, CA, USA; 16IRCCS - G.B. Bietti Foundation, Rome, Italy; 17Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 18Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USACorrespondence: Bonnie An Henderson, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, Tel +1 617 957 9279, Email bonnieanhenderson@gmail.comPurpose: To obtain consensus on the key areas of burden associated with existing devices and to understand the requirements for a comprehensive next-generation diagnostic device to be able to solve current challenges and provide more accurate prediction of intraocular lens (IOL) power and presbyopia correction IOL success.Patients and Methods: Thirteen expert refractive cataract surgeons including three steering committee (SC) members constituted the voting panel. Three rounds of voting included a Round 1 structured electronic questionnaire, Round 2 virtual face-to-face meeting, and Round 3 electronic questionnaire to obtain consensus on topics related to current limitations and future solutions for preoperative cataract-refractive diagnostic devices.Results: Forty statements reached consensus including current limitations (n = 17) and potential solutions (n = 23) associated with preoperative diagnostic devices. Consistent with existing evidence, the panel reported unmet needs in measurement accuracy and validation, IOL power prediction, workflow, training, and surgical planning. A device that facilitates more accurate corneal measurement, effective IOL power prediction formulas for atypical eyes, simplified staff training, and improved decision-making process for surgeons regarding IOL selection is expected to help alleviate current burdens.Conclusion: Using a modified Delphi process, consensus was achieved on key unmet needs of existing preoperative diagnostic devices and requirements for a comprehensive next-generation device to provide better objective and subjective outcomes for surgeons, technicians, and patients.Keywords: next-generation diagnostic device, measurement accuracy and validation, IOL power prediction, surgical planning, cataract surgery

Supramaximal electrical stimulation enhances the transport of 2-(3H)deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in different rat hindlimb muscles. The duration of stimulation with exact impulse trains regulates the rates of transport differently in different muscles. The transport rate is unrelated to the muscle content of the glucose transporter, GLUT-4. The highest 2-DG transport occurs at 10% of NST in muscles. In soleus, 2-DG transport increased in association with percent NST.

Bjørn Gjerdrum,1 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Christian Nilsen,1,2 Morten Gundersen,1,2 Per Jensen1,2 1Ifocus Eye Clinic, Stavanger, Norway; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Bjørn Gjerdrum, Brønngata 36, Stavanger, 4008, Norway, Tel +47 415 11935, Email bjorn@ifocus.noPurpose: To evaluate the agreement of refractive predictability of a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) biometer, which uses segmental AL calculation, with another SS-OCT biometer, and an optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) biometer. The secondary objective was to describe the refractive outcomes, visual acuities, and the agreement of different preoperative biometric parameters.Patients and Methods: The study was a retrospective one-arm study of refractive and visual outcomes after successful cataract surgery. Preoperative biometric data were collected with two different SS-OCT device (Argos, Alcon Laboratories and Anterion, Heidelberg Engineering) and an OLCR device (Lenstar 900, Haag-Streit). The Barrett Universal II formula was used to calculate IOL power for all three devices. Follow-up examination was 1– 2 months after surgery. The main outcome measure, refractive prediction error (RPE), was calculated as the achieved postoperative refraction minus the predicted refraction for each device. Absolute error (AE) was calculated by reducing the mean error to zero.Results: The study included 129 eyes of 129 patients. The mean RPE was 0.06, − 0.14 and 0.17 D for the Argos, Anterion and Lenstar, respectively (p < 0.01). The Argos also had the lowest absolute RPE, while the Lenstar had the lowest median AE, but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.2). The percentages of eyes with RPE within ± 0.5 was 76%, 71%, and 78% for the Argos, Anterion, and Lenstar, respectively. The percentages of eyes with AE within 0.5 D was 79%, 84%, and 82% for the Argos, Anterion and Lenstar, respectively. None of these percentages were statistically significantly different (p > 0.2).Conclusion: All three biometers showed good refractive predictability with no statistically significant differences in AE or percentages of eyes within ± 0.5 D of RPE or AE. The lowest arithmetic RPE was found with the Argos biometer.Keywords: cataract surgery, IOL power, refractive predictability, SS-OCT biometer, segmental AL, OLCR biometer

Per Graae Jensen,1 Morten Gundersen,1 Christian Nilsen,1 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Rick Potvin,2 Parisa Gazerani,3 Xiangjun Chen,4– 6 Tor P Utheim,3,4,7,8 Øygunn A Utheim4,7,8 1Ifocus Eye Clinic, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Bend, OR, USA; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; 4Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Sykehus Arendal, Arendal, Norway; 6Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway; 7Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 8The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Per Graae Jensen, Ifocus Eye Clinic, Djupaskarvegen 64 b, Haugesund, 5561, Norway, Tel +47 906 13 685, Email per@ifocus.noPurpose: To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) in patients scheduled for cataract surgery in a Norwegian eye clinic.Patients and Methods: 218 patients scheduled for cataract surgery were examined for DED in one randomly selected eye and questioned regarding symptoms and risk factors. Patients were diagnosed with DED if they fulfilled the DEWS II criteria with symptom score > 12/100 with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, and the presence of any of the three signs: tear osmolarity > 307 mOsm/L in either eye or a difference in osmolarity between the two eyes of > 8 mOsm/L, corneal fluorescein staining (CSF) ≥ grade 2 and non-invasive tear film breakup time (NIKBUT) of < 10 seconds. Additional tests were the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire, tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer 1, tear film thickness (TFT), corneal sensitivity and meibography (meiboscore). Dry eye test outcomes were correlated with risk factors for DED.Results: The prevalence of DED was 55.5% according to the DEWS II criteria. The abnormal osmolarity percentage was 66.5, while 29.8% had shortened NIKBUT and 19.7% exhibited CFS ≥ 2. 57% had Schirmer 1 ≤ 10 mm/5 min, and 81.1% had a meiboscore of ≥ 1. 71.2% of subjects scored positive for DED symptoms using the OSDI questionnaire and 69.3% using SPEED. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher age correlated with a lower OSDI symptom score, reduced corneal sensitivity and increased meibomian gland atrophy. Female sex was associated with higher odds of having DED, abnormal NIKBUT and abnormal CFS. Ocular tests for DED did not correlate with OSDI symptom scores when assessed with Spearman`s rank analysis.Conclusion: The prevalence of DED in an elderly Norwegian population scheduled for cataract surgery is high and associated with female sex. There was a lack of correlation between signs and symptoms of DED.Keywords: dry eye disease, cataract surgery, corneal fluorescein staining, ocular surface, osmolarity, non-invasive keratograph tear break up time, NIKBUT, meibomian gland dysfunction

Christian Nilsen,1 Per Graae Jensen,1 Morten Gundersen,1 Øygunn A Utheim,2– 4 Bjørn Gjerdrum,1 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 David Jahanlu,5 Rick Potvin6 1iFocus Øyeklinikk, Haugesund, Norway; 2The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway; 3Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 5Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; 6Science in Vision, Bend, OR, USACorrespondence: Christian Nilsen, iFocus Øyeklinikk, Strandgaten 203, Haugesund, 5004, Norway, Tel +47-97189598, Email christian@ifocusstord.noPurpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of inter-eye osmolarity differences in relation to dry eye symptoms and other non-osmolar signs of dry eye disease.Patients and Methods: One hundred ninety one participants who attended a larger interventional study of dry eye disease prior to and after cataract surgery were analyzed for dry eye disease (DED). Dry eye diagnostics were performed for all subjects according to the DEWS II criteria: tear osmolarity was collected from both eyes with the TearLab system, non-invasive Tear film break up time (NIKBUT) was obtained on the test eye with Keratograph and ocular surface staining (OSS) was evaluated using the Oxford schema. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to assess symptoms. Inter-eye osmolarity greater than 8, which is considered as a sign of DED according to the TearLab user manual, was evaluated and compared with other non-osmolar signs of DED.Results: The 191 subjects were divided into three groups according to osmolarity measurements. Sixty-five subjects had normal osmolarity (below 308 mOsmol/L in both eyes and less than 9 mOsmol/L difference between the eyes), 107 had high osmolarity (308 mOsmol/L or higher in one of the eyes) and 19 had an inter-eye difference > 8 mOsmol/L or higher, with neither eye having osmolarity higher than 307 mOsmol/L. Signs and symptoms in this last group were not correlated with the high osmolarity group or the normal group, though they appeared more similar to the normal group.Conclusion: The diagnostic value of inter-eye osmolarity difference in predicting symptoms or other non-osmolar signs of dry eyes appears weak. Our study suggests that the criterion of an inter-eye difference of 8 mOsmol/L is not a useful cut-off for diagnosing dry eyes based on osmolarity.Keywords: dry eye disease, osmolarity, DEWS II

Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Bjørn Gjerdrum,1 Richard Potvin2 1iFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Bend, OR, USACorrespondence: Kjell Gunnar Gundersen, iFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Sørhauggata 111, Haugesund, 5527, Norway, Tel +47 808900, Email kg@ifocus.noPurpose: To evaluate the visual function of patients with a history of prior laser vision correction and cataract surgery with implantation of a monofocal primary IOL after subsequent implantation of a secondary sulcus trifocal intraocular lens (IOL).Setting: One clinical practice in Haugesund, Norway.Design: Prospective, single arm, non-interventional unmasked study.Methods: Eligible subjects who had previous laser vision correction and cataract surgery involving implantation of a monofocal IOL in the capsular bag of one or both eyes were subsequently implanted with a secondary IOL in the sulcus. Postoperative uncorrected and best distance-corrected visual acuities (VAs) were measured at distance (4 m), intermediate (60 cm), and near (40 cm), along with low contrast visual acuity and the monocular distance corrected defocus curve.Results: Twenty-five eyes were evaluated from 7 to 24 months after trifocal implantation. The mean monocular uncorrected VAs were 0.06, 0.21 and 0.10 logMAR at distance, intermediate and near, respectively. Uncorrected near VA was 0.2 logMAR or better in 80% of eyes (20/25). VA of 0.2 logMAR or better at all test distances was achieved in 15/25 eyes (60%) in the uncorrected state and 17/25 eyes (68%) when corrected for distance vision. Binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.1 logMAR or better in all subjects while binocular uncorrected near visual acuity was 0.1 logMAR or better in all but one subject. The defocus curve showed a range of functional vision from distance to 30 cm. No adverse events were identified.Conclusion: The trifocal sulcus IOL provided excellent distance and near vision and a good range of functional vision, similar to results obtained when a primary trifocal IOL is implanted. It is a viable option to provide better intermediate and near vision to patients with a prior history of refractive surgery and a monofocal IOL implanted.Keywords: LASIK surgery, post-LASIK cataract surgery, trifocal IOL, intraocular lens, sulcus IOL, secondary IOL, 1stQ AddOn®

Bjørn Gjerdrum,1 Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Christian Nilsen,1,2 Morten Gundersen,1,2 Per Jensen1,2 1Ifocus Eye Clinic, Stavanger, Norway; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Bjørn Gjerdrum, Ifocus Eye Clinic, Brønngata 36, Stavanger, 4008, Norway, Tel +47 415 11935, Email bjorn@ifocus.no

Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Richard Potvin2 1IFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Bend, OR, USACorrespondence: Kjell Gunnar Gundersen, IFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Sørhauggata 111, Haugesund, 5527, Norway, Tel +47 808900, Email kg@ifocus.noPurpose: To evaluate the range of vision, visual function, and quality of vision after implantation of a secondary extended depth of focus intraocular lens (EDOF IOL) implanted in the sulcus.Setting: One clinical practice in Haugesund, Norway.Design: Prospective single arm non-interventional study.Methods: Eligible subjects presenting for surgery, or who had previous successful primary cataract or refractive lens exchange surgery in both eyes were subsequently implanted with the AddOn® secondary EDOF IOL in the sulcus. Manifest refraction and visual acuity at distance, intermediate and near were measured 3 months after surgery, along with the monocular defocus curve. Subjects also completed a visual function and a quality of vision questionnaire.Results: The study included 32 eyes of 16 subjects. At 3 months postoperative, the mean refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) was − 0.16 ± 0.30 D, with a residual cylinder of 0.29 ± 0.27 D. The mean monocular uncorrected VA was 0.1 logMAR (20/25) or better at all test distances. The monocular defocus curves showed a depth of focus of 2.0 D. For every category except reading fine print, all but one subject (94%) had no difficulty or little difficulty with near tasks. Glare and halos were the most common visual disturbances, with no reports of starbursts. There was no evidence of any intralenticular opacification in any of the eyes, and no evidence of iris chafing/depigmentation.Conclusion: This secondary EDOF IOL provided excellent distance and intermediate vision, and very good near vision to subjects. Subject reported near visual function was also very good and visual disturbances were limited. This lens appears to be a good option for patients who would like to improve their range of vision. Results appear as good or better than those reported for primary EDOF lenses.Keywords: sulcus, secondary IOL, AddOn EDOF, EDOF, extended depth of focus

Kjell Gunnar Gundersen,1 Richard Potvin2 1IFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Bend, OR, USACorrespondence: Kjell Gunnar GundersenIFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Sørhauggata 111, Haugesund, 5527, NorwayTel +47 808900Email kg@ifocus.noPurpose: To provide normative visual acuity and quality of vision data related to bilateral implantation of a wavefront shaping presbyopia correcting intraocular lens (IOL).Patients and Methods: This was a non-interventional research study of the refraction, visual acuity (VA) and quality of vision achieved after bilateral implantation of a wavefront shaping presbyopia correcting intraocular lens between 3 months and 12 months post-surgery. The manifest refraction, and uncorrected and distance corrected VA at near, intermediate and distance (40 cm, 50 cm, 66cm, 4 m) were tested. Binocular mesopic VA at 4m and uncorrected photopic low contrast (25%) VA at 4 m were also tested, the latter with and without a glare source. A patient reported outcome questionnaire was administered. Defocus curve testing with and without simulated myopia in the non-dominant eye was also tested (reported elsewhere).Results: Forty subjects completed the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the uncorrected and distance corrected VA at any distance. Mean logMAR binocular VAs were (− 0.07 ± 0.07) at 4 m, (0.00 ± 0.07) at 66 cm and (0.07 ± 0.11) at 40 cm. Uncorrected photopic low contrast VA was statistically significantly better without glare (0.09 ± 0.10) compared to with glare (0.44 ± 0.21, p < 0.01). Reported glare, halos and starbursts were “not at all” Or “a little” bothersome for more than 95% of subjects. Hazy vision and blurred vision were reported most often.Conclusion: The Vivity IOL provided patients with good distance and intermediate vision, and functional near vision with low reported bother from glare, halos, or starbursts.Keywords: non-diffractive, extended depth of focus, extended vision, cataract, presbyopia, quality of vision, wavefront shaping

Kjell G Gundersen,1 Richard Potvin2 1IFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Haugesund, Norway; 2Science in Vision, Bend, OR, USACorrespondence: Kjell G Gundersen Email kg@ifocus.noPurpose: To quantify the changes in the binocular defocus curve associated with the Vivity™ non-diffractive extended vision intraocular lens when the dominant eye was targeted for emmetropia and the non-dominant eye was artificially targeted for slight myopia using spectacles.Patients and Methods: This was a non-interventional research study of the corrected binocular defocus curve associated with binocular emmetropia (Setting A) and with emmetropia in the dominant eye and two different levels of myopia simulated in the non-dominant eye (− 0.50 D, Setting B and − 1.00 D, Setting C). Subjects were patients implanted with the AcrySof® IQ Vivity® intraocular lens in both eyes 3 to 12 months previously. Using the defocus data, the percentage of subjects with a continuous 2.5 D range of vision (distance to 40 cm) was calculated for various levels of minimum visual acuity (VA).Results: Forty subjects were enrolled. The mean spherical equivalent refraction was − 0.06 D ± 0.36 D, with 0.37 D ± 0.29 D of refractive cylinder. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean VA at − 0.25 D or at − 0.50 D vergences between the test Settings, but there was a statistically significant difference at all other vergences. Differences were particularly noticeable at − 2.00 D, − 2.50 D and − 3.00 D, where higher myopia in the non-dominant eye yielded better binocular VA. A 2.5 D range of functional vision (20/25) was achieved by 38% of subjects at Setting A, 68% of subjects at Setting B and 85% of subjects at Setting C. At setting C, all but one subject (39/40, 97.5%) had a 2.5 D range of vision with a VA of 20/32 or better.Conclusion: Significant gains in binocular near vision, with only a nominal effect on distance vision, can be achieved with the Vivity IOL by leaving the non-dominant eye of patients with 0.50 D or 1.00 D of myopia.Keywords: non-diffractive, extended vision, extended depth of focus, presbyopia, cataract