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"My main objective in this article will be to compare Heidegger’s description of the way we perceive our environment in everyday coping – which is based on the concept of equipment (Zeug) – and James Gibson’s theory of affordance perception. More precisely, I will discuss whether equipment and affordance can be equated. In contrast to some interpretations, I will defend that they cannot: equipment and affordances refer to different ontological kinds and the perceptual or cognitive processes that are implied in each case have nothing in common. In addition, I will defend that distinguishing equipment and affordances is a key step towards a more comprehensive account of the way we perceive and deal with the possibilities offered by our environment, and that Heidegger’s and Gibson’s accounts, far from being mutually exclusive, complement each other. Some work has however to be done in order to articulate them in a coherent theoretical framework. Keywords: Heidegger, Gibson, affordance, equipment, perception "

The aim of this narrow-focused text is to argue against the claim that the appresentation of unperceived features of objects that is implied in perceptual intentionality presupposes a reference to ...

Alva Noe’s strategy to solve the puzzle of perceptual presence entirely relies on the principle of presence as access. Unaccessed or unattended parts or details of objects are perceptually present insofar as they are accessible, and they are accessible insofar as one possesses sensorimotor skills that can secure their access. In this paper, I consider several arguments that can be opposed to this claim and that are chiefly related to the modal status of action, i.e. the fact that the action that would secure access to the absent aspects is a possibility, something that can (or maybe could) be done. The main difficulty Noe’s account must face is –as several situations demonstrate– that the action that should be performed for the absent aspects to be actually accessed does not have to be itself available for these aspects to be perceptually present. What matters for the absent aspects to be present is not their de facto (i.e. effective) accessibility, but their de jure accessibility. To overcome those difficulties, I propose to rely on a ternary model of the role of action possibilities in perceptual awareness. This model builds on Husserl’s analysis of the role of perceptual circumstances in perception and connection between sense (Sinn) registering and horizontal intentionality.

Background: Searching into the MedDRA terminology is usually limited to a hierarchical search, and/or a string search. Our objective was to compare user performances when using a new kind of user interface enabling semantic queries versus classical methods, and evaluating term selection improvement in MedDRA. Methods: We implemented a forms-based web interface: OntoADR Query Tools (OQT). It relies on OntoADR, a formal resource describing MedDRA terms using SNOMED CT concepts and corresponding semantic relations, enabling terminological reasoning. We then compared time spent on five examples of medical conditions using OQT or the MedDRA web-based browser (MWB), and precision and recall of the term selection. Results: OntoADR Query Tools allows the user to search in MedDRA: One may enter search criteria by selecting one semantic property from a dropdown list and one or more SNOMED CT concepts related to the range of the chosen property. The user is assisted in building his query: he can add criteria and combine them. Then, the interface displays the set of MedDRA terms matching the query. Meanwhile, on average, the time spent on OQT (about 4 min 30 s) is significantly lower (−35%; p < 0.001) than time spent on MWB (about 7 min). The results of the System Usability Scale (SUS) gave a score of 62.19 for OQT (rated as good). We also demonstrated increased precision (+27%; p = 0.01) and recall (+34%; p = 0.02). Computed “performance” (correct terms found per minute) is more than three times better with OQT than with MWB. Discussion: This pilot study establishes the feasibility of our approach based on our initial assumption: performing MedDRA queries on the five selected medical conditions, using terminological reasoning, expedites term selection, and improves search capabilities for pharmacovigilance end users. Evaluation with a larger number of users and medical conditions are required in order to establish if OQT is appropriate for the needs of different user profiles, and to check if conclusions can be extended to other kinds of medical conditions. The application is currently limited by the non-exhaustive coverage of MedDRA by OntoADR, but nevertheless shows good performance which encourages continuing in the same direction.

Background: Formal definitions allow selecting terms (e.g., identifying all terms related to “Infectious disease” using the query “has causative agent organism”) and terminological reasoning (e.g., “hepatitis B” is a “hepatitis” and is an “infectious disease”). However, the standard international terminology Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) used for coding adverse drug reactions in pharmacovigilance databases does not beneficiate from such formal definitions. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of reuse of ontological and non-ontological resources for generating such definitions for MedDRA. Methods: We developed several methods that collectively allow a semiautomatic semantic enrichment of MedDRA: 1) using MedDRA-to-SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) mappings (available in the Unified Medical Language System metathesaurus or other mapping resources, e.g., the MedDRA preferred term “hepatitis B” is associated to the SNOMED CT concept “type B viral hepatitis”) to extract term definitions (e.g., “hepatitis B” is associated with the following properties: has finding site liver structure, has associated morphology inflammation morphology, and has causative agent hepatitis B virus); 2) using MedDRA labels and lexical/syntactic methods for automatic decomposition of complex MedDRA terms (e.g., the MedDRA systems organ class “blood and lymphatic system disorders” is decomposed in blood system disorders and lymphatic system disorders) or automatic suggestions of properties (e.g., the string “cyclic” in preferred term “cyclic neutropenia” leads to the property has clinical course cyclic). Results: The Unified Medical Language System metathesaurus was the main ontological resource reusable for generating formal definitions for MedDRA terms. The non-ontological resources (another mapping resource provided by Nadkarni and Darer in 2010 and MedDRA labels) allowed defining few additional preferred terms. While the Ci4SeR tool helped the curator to define 1,935 terms by suggesting potential supplemental relations based on the parents’ and siblings’ semantic definition, defining manually all MedDRA terms remains expensive in time. Discussion: Several ontological and non-ontological resources are available for associating MedDRA terms to SNOMED CT concepts with semantic properties, but providing manual definitions is still necessary. The ontology of adverse events is a possible alternative but does not cover all MedDRA terms either. Perspectives are to implement more efficient techniques to find more logical relations between SNOMED CT and MedDRA in an automated way.

A large number of technical devices attempt to help blind persons improve their spatial perception and facilitate their mobility . We wish to present here the principles on which these prosthetic perceptual devices function, the conditions of their appropriation, and the general perspectives they open concerning the role of technical objects and systems in the constitution of human experience.

The aim of this chapter is to highlight the main phenomenological features of lived space , that is, space as it is experienced by the subject through various intentional modes , first of all perception, but also non-perceptual modes, such as trying to remember where something is or how a room is arranged, or thinking about the way to go from A to B (itinerary planning). A general overview of the most important phenomenological accounts made in the literature is proposed, with a focus on the following topics: the relation between bodily skills, and more generally motricity (i.e. the capacity to move), and lived space; the impact of one’s body materiality on one’s experience of space: how possessing a physical body with material properties such as impenetrability and heaviness affects one’s experience of space; the role of the anticipation of possibilities in the enacting and organization of lived space; the role of sociality and the impact of one’s body ‘visibility’, i.e. the fact that one can be perceived by others, in one’s experience of space. The objective of this overview in the context of this book is to get a better understanding of the experience of space in visually impaired people. Based on this phenomenological account, this chapter will, as a result, offer a series of reflections about the peculiarities of the space blind people live in.

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted MedDRA's current format limits accurate and consistent term selection for coding.OntoADR, a formalized ("ontologized") version of MedDRA can improve MedDRA coding and support signal detection.OntoADR is an OWL representation of MedDRA using SNOMED-CT formal definitions.Formalizing MedDRA enables terminological reasoning on terms semantics.The process of formalization of MedDRA can be semi-automated. Although MedDRA has obvious advantages over previous terminologies for coding adverse drug reactions and discovering potential signals using data mining techniques, its terminological organization constrains users to search terms according to predefined categories. Adding formal definitions to MedDRA would allow retrieval of terms according to a case definition that may correspond to novel categories that are not currently available in the terminology. To achieve semantic reasoning with MedDRA, we have associated formal definitions to MedDRA terms in an OWL file named OntoADR that is the result of our first step for providing an "ontologized" version of MedDRA. MedDRA five-levels original hierarchy was converted into a subsumption tree and formal definitions of MedDRA terms were designed using several methods: mappings to SNOMED-CT, semi-automatic definition algorithms or a fully manual way. This article presents the main steps of OntoADR conception process, its structure and content, and discusses problems and limits raised by this attempt to "ontologize" MedDRA.

Philosophical engineering : Toward a Philosophy of the Web. The Web is commonly considered the most significant computational phenomenon to date. However, the Web itself has received scant attention from philosophy, being best regarded as a mere engineering artifact. Furthermore, the efforts to evolve the Web into the Semantic Web are viewed with suspicion by most philosophers as a return to Cartesian artificial intelligence. I argue that these widely held viewpoints are incorrect, and that the Web succeeds because of its design principles that distinguish it from both previous hypertext systems and knowledge representation systems in classical AI. Furthermore, the Web embodies the logical conclusion of Clark''s Extended Mind thesis since it allows multiple individuals to access and manipulate the same representation, so offering the ultimate in cognitive scaffolding. This undermines the notion of individual intelligence at the heart of Cartesian artificial intelligence and presents a challenge to the role of representations as given in the recent wave of neo-Heideggerian focus on embodiment. Taking the Web seriously moves the primary focus of philosophy away from the role, or lack thereof, of internal representations to external representations. The Web is then properly understood as the creation and evolution of external representations in a universal information space. Berners-Lee calls this “ philosophical engineering,” and it has surprising connections to neo-Fregeanism, antirealism, and other long-standing philosophical debates., Bien qu’il soit généralement considéré comme le système computationnel le plus important à l’heure actuelle, le Web n’a suscité qu’une attention limitée de la philosophie, qui tend à ne voir en lui qu’un produit de l’ingénierie. Les initiatives pour faire évoluer le Web vers un Web sémantique sont également perçues avec méfiance par la plupart des philosophes, qui suspectent en elles une régression vers l’Intelligence Artificielle (IA) cartésienne. Dans cet article, je soutiens que ce point de vue largement répandu est erroné, et que le Web a le succès qu’on lui connait parce qu’il est conçu suivant des principes qui le distinguent radicalement à la fois des systèmes hypertextuels qui l’ont précédé et des systèmes de représentation des connaissances de l’IA classique. Parce qu’il permet à différents individus d’accéder et de manipuler la même représentation, le Web incarne par ailleurs les principes de la Thèse de l’Esprit Étendu de Clark, dont il représente l’ultime étape en termes d’étayage cognitif. Cette particularité va à l’encontre du modèle cartésien de l’intelligence qui en fait une vertu individuelle, et elle constitue un défi pour le courant néo-heideggérien de l’embodiment, qui assume une forme d’antireprésentationnalisme. Prendre le Web au sérieux conduit à s’interroger sur le rôle (ou l’absence de rôle) non plus des représentations internes, mais des représentations externes. Correctement compris, le Web correspond à la création et l’évolution de représentations externes dans un espace informationnel universel. Ce processus, qui relève de ce que Berners-Lee appelle «l’ingénierie philosophique » , soulève des problèmes déjà discutés par les néo-frégéens et les antiréalistes, et rejoint d’autres débats animant de longue date la philosophie., Halpin Harry, Declerck Gunnar. Ingénierie philosophique. Vers une philosophie du Web. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°61, 2014/1. Philosophie du Web et Ingénierie des Connaissances. pp. 41-57.

Summary Objectives: To summarize current excellent medical informatics research in the field of human factors and organizational issues. Methods: Using PubMed, a total of 3,024 papers were selected from 17 journals. The papers were evaluated on the basis of their title, keywords, and abstract, using several exclusion and inclusion criteria. 15 preselected papers were carefully evaluated by six referees using a standard evaluation grid. Results: Six best papers were selected exemplifying the central role cognitive and social sciences can play in medical informatics research. Among other contributions, those studies: (i) make use of the distributed cognition paradigm to model and understand clinical care situations; (ii) take into account organizational issues to analyse the impact of HIT on information exchange and coordination processes; (iii) illustrate how models and empirical data from cognitive psychology can be used in medical informatics; and (iv) highlight the need of qualitative studies to analyze the unexpected side effects of HIT on cognitive and work processes. Conclusion: The selected papers demonstrate that paradigms, methodologies, models, and results from cognitive and social sciences can help to bridge the gap between HIT and end users, and contribute to limit adoption failures that are reported regularly.

Display Omitted OntoADR a semantic resource describing MedDRA terms is proposed.A formal definition is proposed for 67% of MedDRA preferred terms.OntoADR enables a new kind of criteria based data retrieval.Sensitivity and specificity are improved compared to previous approaches. IntroductionEfficient searching and coding in databases that use terminological resources requires that they support efficient data retrieval. The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) is a reference terminology for several countries and organizations to code adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for pharmacovigilance. Ontologies that are available in the medical domain provide several advantages such as reasoning to improve data retrieval. The field of pharmacovigilance does not yet benefit from a fully operational ontology to formally represent the MedDRA terms. Our objective was to build a semantic resource based on formal description logic to improve MedDRA term retrieval and aid the generation of on-demand custom groupings by appropriately and efficiently selecting terms: OntoADR. MethodsThe method consists of the following steps: (1) mapping between MedDRA terms and SNOMED-CT, (2) generation of semantic definitions using semi-automatic methods, (3) storage of the resource and (4) manual curation by pharmacovigilance experts. ResultsWe built a semantic resource for ADRs enabling a new type of semantics-based term search. OntoADR adds new search capabilities relative to previous approaches, overcoming the usual limitations of computation using lightweight description logic, such as the intractability of unions or negation queries, bringing it closer to user needs. Our automated approach for defining MedDRA terms enabled the association of at least one defining relationship with 67% of preferred terms. The curation work performed on our sample showed an error level of 14% for this automated approach. We tested OntoADR in practice, which allowed us to build custom groupings for several medical topics of interest. DiscussionThe methods we describe in this article could be adapted and extended to other terminologies which do not benefit from a formal semantic representation, thus enabling better data retrieval performance. Our custom groupings of MedDRA terms were used while performing signal detection, which suggests that the graphical user interface we are currently implementing to process OntoADR could be usefully integrated into specialized pharmacovigilance software that rely on MedDRA.

Elements for a phenomenological interpretation of weightiness. The aim of this text is to set up a certain number of elements which may serve as the foundation for a phenomenological interpretation of weightiness ; in other words, a characterisation of the phenomena of gravity and weight as they appear and are meaningful for an individual in his daily, “ pre-reflexive” relation with the world. Although the thoughts presented here are primarily philosophical in nature, we invoke a set of observations which derive from empirical science, in particular psychology, in order to support the chain of reasoning. We will first show, on the basis of a number of results from experimental psychology, that the “ weight” of an object that is being manipulated is spontaneously evaluated/ perceived by the individual on the basis of the effort that is required to lift it ; and that the amplitude of the effort that must be furnished in order to produce a given level of force is itself proportional to the maximal force that the individual is capable of producing. This leads us to propose an initial phenomenological characterisation of weightiness. We then seek to identify the structures which, on the part of the perceiving subject, make it possible for something like “ weight” to become manifest. Two main ideas become patent. On one hand, “ weight” can be understood as one of the ways by which an individual can make his world intelligible, by referring the object he is manipulating to the latitude of his capacity to act, in other words to the purchase he has on the object. On the other hand, since a weight is not something that one can see but something one has to bear, something which can only be perceived by taking charge of it, only a perceiver who is able to relate to himself as to a finite power, a being who is perpetually exhausted, will have the requisite conformation for encountering something like “ weight” – in order to open up a world where weightiness reigns., Ce texte vise à mettre en place une série d’éléments devant servir de fondement à une interprétation phénoménologique de la pesanteur, à savoir une caractérisation de la pesanteur telle qu’elle se montre et fait sens pour l’individu dans son rapport quotidien, «préréflexif » , au monde. Bien que les réflexions ici proposées soient prioritairement à rattacher à la philosophie, nous convoquerons une série d’observations issues des sciences empiriques – au premier chef la psychologie – pour appuyer leur cheminement. Après avoir montré, sur la base d’un ensemble de résultats de la psychologie, que le poids d’un objet manipulé est spontanément évalué/ perçu par l’individu sur la base de l’effort requis pour le soulever, et que l’amplitude de l’effort devant être fourni pour développer un niveau de force donné est elle-même proportionnée à la capacité de production de force variable dont dispose l’individu, nous proposerons une première caractérisation phénoménologique de la pesanteur. Nous chercherons à partir de là à mettre en lumière les structures qui, du côté du sujet percevant, rendent possible la manifestation de quelque chose de tel que le poids. Deux idées principales s’imposeront : d’une part, la pesanteur peut être comprise comme une des manières dont l’individu se rend intelligible son monde en référant l’objet qu’il manipule à la prise dont il dispose, au sens de la latitude de son pouvoir d’action ; d’autre part, parce que le poids n’est pas quelque chose que l’on voit mais quelque chose que l’on supporte, quelque chose qui pour être perçu doit être pris en charge, seul un percevant capable de se rapporter à soi comme à une puissance finie, un être en perpétuel épuisement, aura la conformation requise pour rencontrer quelque chose de tel que le poids – pour ouvrir un monde où règne la pesanteur., Declerck Gunnar. Eléments pour une interprétation phénoménologique de la pesanteur. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°53-54, 2010/1-2. Philosophie, Technologie et Cognition. pp. 401-432.

International audience; Objective: To propose a method to build customized sets of MedDRA terms for the description of a medical condition. We illustrate this method with upper gastrointestinal bleedings (UGIB).Research design and methods: We created a broad list of MedDRA terms related to UGIB and defined a gold standard with the help of experts. MedDRA terms were formally described in a semantic resource named OntoADR. We report the use of two semantic queries that automatically select candidate terms for UGIB. Query 1 is a combination of two SNOMED CT concepts describing both morphology ‘Hemorrhage’ and finding site ‘Upper digestive tract structure’. Query 2 complements Query 1 by taking into account MedDRA terms associated to SNOMED CT concepts describing clinical manifestations ‘Melena’ or ‘Hematemesis’.Results: We compared terms in queries and our gold standard achieving a recall of 71.0% and a precision of 81.4% for query 1 (F1 score 0.76); and a recall of 96.7% and a precision of 77.0% for query 2 (F1 score 0.86).Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the feasibility of applying knowledge engineering techniques for building customized sets of MedDRA terms. Additional work is necessary to improve precision and recall, and confirm the interest of the proposed strategy.

According to the motor simulation theory, the knowledge we possess of what we can do is based on simulation mechanisms triggered by an off-line activation of the brain areas involved in motor control. Action capabilities memory does not work by storing some content, but consists in the capacity, rooted in sensory-motor systems, to reenact off-line action sequences exhibiting the range of our powers. In this paper, I present several arguments from cognitive neuropsychology, but also first-person analysis of experience, against this hypothesis. The claim that perceptual access to affordances is mediated by motor simulation processes rests on a misunderstanding of what affordances are, and comes up against a computational reality principle. Motor simulation cannot provide access to affordances because (i) the affordances we are aware of at each moment are too many for their realization to be simulated by the brain and (ii) affordances are not equivalent to currently or personally feasible actions. The explanatory significance of the simulation theory must then be revised downwards compared to what is claimed by most of its advocates. One additional challenge is to determine the prerequisite, in terms of cognitive processing, for the motor simulation mechanisms to work. To overcome the limitations of the simulation theory, I propose a new approach: the direct content specification hypothesis. This hypothesis states that, at least for the most basic actions of our behavioral repertoire, the action possibilities we are aware of through perception are directly specified by perceptual variables characterizing the content of our experience. The cognitive system responsible for the perception of action possibilities is consequently far more direct, in terms of cognitive processing, than what is stated by the simulation theory. To support this hypothesis I review evidence from current neuropsychological research, in particular data suggesting a phenomenon of ‘fossilization’ of affordances. Fossilization can be defined as a gap between the capacities that are treated as available by the cognitive system and the capacities this system really has at its disposal. These considerations do not mean that motor simulation cannot contribute to explain how we gain perceptual knowledge of what we can do based on the memory of our past performances. However, when precisely motor simulation plays a role and what it is for exactly currently remain largely unknown. Keywords: cognitive neuropsychology; phenomenology; action memory; motor simulation; mental imagery; affordance; action possibility (Published: 26 October 2015) Responsible Editor: Mathieu Hainselin, Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, France. Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2015, 5 : 24807 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v5.24807

OntolUrgences is a termino-ontological resource developed to index and retrieve information in electronic Emergency Medical Record. In this project, we improved the ontology coverage to accommodate both anatomical and pathophysiological concepts in emergency medicine. This work lead to the automatic addition of 3,470 concepts and their underlying semantic formalization. In our method, we reuse and select the anatomical concepts relevant to emergency from FMA: To capture the anatomical specific concepts, (i) we involved Emergency practitioners and identified the key concepts from this domain; (ii) we applied an automatic algorithm to define the semantic relationships and integrated the result in the existing ontology.

Evaluation and validation have become a crucial problem for the development of semantic resources. We developed Ci4SeR, a Graphical User Interface to optimize the curation work (not taking into account structural aspects), suitable for any type of resource with lightweight description logic. We tested it on OntoADR, an ontology of adverse drug reactions. A single curator has reviewed 326 terms (1020 axioms) in an estimated time of 120 hours (2.71 concepts and 8.5 axioms reviewed per hour) and added 1874 new axioms (15.6 axioms per hour). Compared with previous manual endeavours, the interface allows increasing the speed-rate of reviewed concepts by 68% and axiom addition by 486%. A wider use of Ci4SeR would help semantic resources curation and improve completeness of knowledge modelling.

Robust alignments between ICD and MedDRA are essential to enable the secondary use of clinical data for pharmacovigilance research. UMLS makes available ICD-to-MedDRA mappings, but they are only poorly specified, which introduces difficulties when exploited in an automatic way. SKOS vocabulary can help achieve quality and machine-processable mappings. We have developed an algorithm based on several simple rules which annotates automatically ICD-to-MedDRA mappings with SKOS predicates. The method was tested and evaluated on a sample of ICD-10-to MedDRA mappings extracted from UMLS. The algorithm demonstrated satisfying performances, especially for skos:exactMatch properties, which suggests that automatic methods can be used to improve the quality of terminology mappings.

Why naïve semantics cannot be formalized and why this is (almost) of no consequence for ontology engineering. The project of representing the semantics of human concepts using formal languages is not new, but it currently knows a renewed interest with computational ontologies. The main objective of these representation systems, which constitute one essential component of the semantic Web, is to provide machines with “ awareness” of the meaning of the data being processed. Formal languages have always been criticized and their use in ontology engineering is no exception. Various authors denounce this attempt to subject our naive semantics to logical formalisms, which are too strict and too mechanical to capture its expressiveness and adaptability, and propose alternative approaches and models, supposedly closer to “ natural” humanconceptualization and representation mechanisms. The purpose of the present article is to demonstrate that those criticisms are mostly ill-founded, and in any case irrelevant, in the sense that they assume the subordination of ontologies to epistemic requirements (to model faithfully a referent) rather than operational requirements (to be efficient and fulfil needs). They become inappropriate from the moment that one considers that the function of ontologies is not (i) to represent faithfully the furniture and the constituent structures of the reality (realism) or how the mind represents that reality (conceptualism), but (ii) to improve the capacity of categorization, access to information and manipulation of data and documents, and (iii) to standardize practices of categorization and encoding. Based on this conception, a new epistemological approach to computational ontologies can be proposed : instrumentalism., Le projet de représenter la sémantique des termes et concepts humains à l’aide de langages formels ne date pas d’hier, mais il connait aujourd’hui un regain d’intérêt avec le développement des ontologies computationnelles. Fer de lance du Web sémantique, la principale ambition de ces systèmes de représentation est de permettre aux machines d’accéder au «sens » des données qu’elles manipulent. Les langages formels ont toujours eu leurs détracteurs et l’usage qui en est fait en ingénierie ontologique ne fait pas exception. Différents auteurs dénoncent le projet de soumettre notre sémantique naïve à des formalismes logiques, trop rigides et trop mécaniques pour en capter la mobilité et l’adaptabilité, et proposent de leur substituer des approches et modèles alternatifs, censés être plus proches des mécanismes de conceptualisation et de représentation «naturels » de l’humain. L’objet de cet article est de montrer que ces critiques sont pour la plupart infondées, et en tout cas hors sujet, en ce qu’elles présupposent la subordination des ontologies à une exigence épistémique (modéliser de manière fidèle un référent) plutôt qu’opérationnelle (fonctionner et rendre service). Elles perdent leur raison d’être dès lors que l’on considère que la fonction des ontologies n’est pas (i) de représenter de manière fidèle le mobilier et les structures constitutives de la réalité (réalisme) ou la manière dont l’esprit se représente cette réalité (conceptualisme), mais (ii) d’augmenter les capacités de catégorisation, d’accès à l’information et de manipulation de données et documents, et (iii) de normaliser les pratiques de catégorisation et d’encodage. Considérer les ontologies computationnelles dans la perspective de l’augmentation cognitive et de l’instrumentation des pratiques exige un nouveau cadre épistémologique pour leur conception. Nous en décrivons ici les principes de base et proposons de qualifier cette nouvelle approche d’instrumentaliste., Declerck Gunnar, Charlet Jean. Pourquoi notre sémantique naïve n’est pas formalisable et pourquoi c’est (presque) sans conséquence sur l’ingénierie ontologique. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°61, 2014/1. Philosophie du Web et Ingénierie des Connaissances. pp. 143-188.

Monnin Alexandre, Declerck Gunnar. Philosophie du Web et Ingénierie des Connaissances. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°61, 2014/1. Philosophie du Web et Ingénierie des Connaissances. pp. 7-39.

The difficult task of detecting adverse drug events (ADEs) and the tedious process of building manual reports of ADE occurrences out of patient profiles result in a majority of adverse reactions not being reported to health regulatory authorities. The SALUS individual case safety report (ICSR) reporting tool, a component currently developed within the SALUS project, aims to support semi-automatic reporting of ADEs to regulatory authorities. In this paper, we present an initial design and current state of of our ICSR reporting tool that features: (i) automatic pre-population of reporting forms through extraction of the patient data contained in an Electronic Health Record (EHR); (ii) generation and electronic submission of the completed ICSRs by the physician to regulatory authorities; and (iii) integration of the reporting process into the physician's work-flow to limit the disturbance. The objective is to increase the rates of ADE reporting and the quality of the reported data. The SALUS interoperability platform supports patient data extraction independently of the EHR data model in use and allows generation of reports using the format expected by regulatory authorities.

Summary Introduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Managing Interoperability and Complexity in Health Systems”. Background: SALUS project aims at building an interoperability platform and a dedicated toolkit to enable secondary use of electronic health records (EHR) data for post marketing drug surveillance. An important component of this toolkit is a drug-related adverse events (AE) reporting system designed to facilitate and accelerate the reporting process using automatic prepopulation mechanisms. Objective: To demonstrate SALUS approach for establishing syntactic and semantic inter-operability for AE reporting. Method: Standard (e.g. HL7 CDA-CCD) and proprietary EHR data models are mapped to the E2B(R2) data model via SALUS Common Information Model. Terminology mapping and terminology reasoning services are designed to ensure the automatic conversion of source EHR terminologies (e.g. ICD-9-CM, ICD-10, LOINC or SNOMED-CT) to the target terminology MedDRA which is expected in AE reporting forms. A validated set of terminology mappings is used to ensure the reliability of the reasoning mechanisms. Results: The percentage of data elements of a standard E2B report that can be completed automatically has been estimated for two pilot sites. In the best scenario (i.e. the avail able fields in the EHR have actually been filled), only 36% (pilot site 1) and 38% (pilot site 2) of E2B data elements remain to be filled manually. In addition, most of these data elements shall not be filled in each report. Conclusion: SALUS platform’s interopera bility solutions enable partial automation of the AE reporting process, which could con tribute to improve current spontaneous reporting practices and reduce under-report ing, which is currently one major obstacle in the process of acquisition of pharmacovigilance data.

Signal detection in pharmacovigilance should take into account all terms related to a medical concept rather than a single term. We built an OWL-DL file with formal definitions of MedDRA and SNOMED-CT concepts and performed two queries, Query 1 and 2, to retrieve narrow and broad terms within the Standard MedDRA Query (SMQ) related to 'anaphylactic shock' and the terms from the High Level Term (HLT) grouping related to 'anaphylaxis'. We compared values of the EB05 (EBGM) statistical test for disproportionality with 50 active ingredients randomly selected in the public version of the FDA pharmacovigilance database. Coefficient of correlation was R(2) = 1.00 between Query 1 and HLT; R(2) = 0.98 between Query 1 and SMQ narrow; R(2) = 0.89 between Query 2 and SMQ Narrow+Broad. Generating automated groupings of terms for signal detection is feasible but requires additional efforts in modeling MedDRA terms in order to improve precision and recall of these groupings.

In the context of PROTECT European project, we have developed an ontology of adverse drug reactions (OntoADR) based on the original MedDRA hierarchy and a query-based method to achieve automatic MedDRA terms groupings for improving pharmacovigilance signal detection. Those groupings were evaluated against standard handmade MedDRA groupings corresponding to first priority pharmacovigilance safety topics. Our results demonstrate that this automatic method allows catching most of the terms present in the reference groupings, and suggest that it could offer an important saving of time for the achievement of pharmacovigilance groupings. This paper describes the theoretical context of this work, the evaluation methodology, and presents the principal results.

International audience; For Husserl, kinaesthetic capability is a key piece of the perception process. By ensuring the junction between the actual and the potential, it allows the exhibition of an object that is always more than what appears. Kinaesthetic capability preserves the transcendence of the object by preventing the phenomenon from being confined to pure actuality. This idea, however, poses significant challenges when one questions the nature of the possibilities that are at stake here. Especially, the perceived seems to enjoy a kind of emancipation from these capabilities as they actually are. How can one justify that the structures of the perceived world are the intentional correlate of the kinaesthetic skills of the subject, if such structures continue to regulate the sense of the appearing objects when those skills are neutralized? We will see that only a genetic perspective, assuming the intrinsically historical character of the subject, provides a satisfactory answer to this question, and that this perspective leads to question the actualist position that Husserl sometimes tends to adopt.

International audience; L'Ingénierie des Connaissances (IC) peut-elle, comme prétend parfois le faire l'Intelligence Artificielle (IA), nous renseigner sur les mécanismes de la connaissance ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous partirons des analyses que H.L. Dreyfus a consacrées à l'IA, en particulier dans son ouvrage What computers can't do, en essayant de déterminer si l'IC est en mesure de contribuer à la critique de la raison artificielle qu'il tenta de mettre en place. Nous chercherons à étayer l'idée que l'IC, bien que n'ayant pas comme l'IA pour projet de reproduire le comportement intelligent, peut néanmoins permettre de faire progresser notre compréhension des mécanismes de la connaissance, à travers l'entreprise d'augmentation ou de supplémentation de la cognition humaine qu'elle prétend réaliser.

National audience; Cet article de tonalité théorique vise à dresser un état des lieux des dernières avancées en ingénierie des connaissances médicales dans le domaine spécifique de la conception d'ontologies et systèmes à base de connaissances. Reprenant des débats ayant animé le paysage de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) à partir des années 1960, sous l'impulsion des travaux de H. L. Dreyfus, il vise notamment à montrer que la plupart des difficultés aujourd'hui rencontrées par l'ingénierie des connaissances dans le domaine de la santé sont inhérentes à la nature même de l'IA, en tant que projet de mécanisation de l'activité cognitive. Et il promeut à ce titre l'idée que seule une juste compréhension de ce que les machines ne peuvent faire, étant donné leur caractère machinique même, et qui reste, malgré sa finitude cognitive, une propriété exclusive de l'humain, pourra offrir d'équilibrer la balance entre les tâches allouables aux machines et celles laissées à la charge de ce dernier.