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Marine sulfide – bearing sediments that oxidize when in contact with oxygen and leach outelements in high concentrations to small watercourses have been a problem for many years allover the world especially around the Bothnian Bay. The purpose of this study was to furtherinvestigate the sulfur mineralogy present in acid sulfate soils in the area of Luleå, Sweden. Asecondary aim was to see if elements leach out and accumulate in an acid sulfate soil closer tothe recipient. Samples were taken in two profiles (one oxidized and one waterlogged) fromfour sites (sites A-D) and were analyzed for whole rock geochemistry. Two sites were furtherinvestigated for mineralogy in polished samples with an optical microscope, Ramanspectroscopy and SEM-EDS. Each profile consisted of three layers: oxidation zone, transitionzone and reduced zone. The oxidation zone above the groundwater table was light grey withbrown iron hydroxide staining. Parts that lied under the water table were dark grey-black within general strong odor (“rotten eggs”) due to its sulfur content. It was usually straightforwardto distinguish and separate the layers from each other directly in the field, however in somecases pH was needed for confirmation.A general feature of investigated polished samples is the presence of abundant framboidalpyrites that are common in reduced marine sediments. The transition zone was formed in suboxicconditions and this feature is reflected by the mineralogy. Many morphologies of theframboidal pyrite were observed in this layer and signs of both dissolution and formationoccur. In the sample from site C one could observe elemental sulfur in form of large (up to 50μm) euhedral crystals. In the samples with pH

Background Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a relatively rare hematological malignancy with a constant incidence of approximately 90 new cases each year in Sweden (0.9 cases/100 000 inhabitants). The etiology is largely unknown but high doses of ionizing radiation are a known but rare risk factor. The treatment options were for a long time limited to chemotherapies i.e. hydroxyurea and busulfan, interferon’s and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the median survival were only about four years. Since the beginning of the 21st century a new way of treating CML has been introduced, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), leading to a rapid decrease in leukemic cells and symptoms. Due to the TKIs, the overall 5-year survival is nowadays approximately 85 % and CML patients have time to develop other diseases, including other malignancies. The aims of this thesis was to investigate the present and future prevalence of CML and the prevalence of other malignancies prior and subsequent to the diagnosis of CML, malignancies among first-degree relatives of persons with CML. In addition, the incidence of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases among patients with CML was also investigated. Methods From the Swedish CML register, data over nearly all Swedish CML patients from 2002 and forward were obtained for paper II-IV. For paper I, the Swedish cancer register was used to identify all Swedish CML patients since 1970 and the Swedish cause of death register was used to identify an eventual date of death for these patients. With a constant incidence and the relative survival rates for CML patients between 2006 and 2012 as a model, the present and future prevalence was calculated. For paper II-IV, data from the Swedish cancer register was used to identify other malignancies than CML. For paper II, information about autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases was retrieved from the Swedish national patient register. For paper II and IV, five controls matched for year of birth, gender and county of residence were randomly selected from the Swedish register of the total population. To calculate odds ratio (OR), conditional logistic regression was used. To calculate the risk of a second malignancy for paper III, Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was used. In paper IV, first-degree relatives (parents, siblings and offsprings) for both cases and controls were retrieved from the Swedish multi-Generation Register, where persons born later than 1932 and registered in Sweden at some time since 1961 are registered. Results Prevalence and survival As shown in paper I, the 5-year overall survival for CML patients increased remarkably from 0.18 to 0.82 between 1970 and 2012. The prevalence increased from 3.9 to 11.9 per 100 000 inhabitants in Sweden between 1985 and 2012. By assuming no further improvements in relative survival as compared to the survival rates between 2006 and 2012, the prevalence by 2060 is expected to increase to 22.0 per 100 000 inhabitants. This corresponds to 2 587 CML patients as compared to 1 137 CML patients in 2012. Malignancies, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases prior to CML In study II, more than 45 000 person-years of follow-up were evaluated in 984 CML patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2012. With an OR of 1.47 (95 % CI 1.20–1.82) and 1.55 (95 % CI 1.21–1.98), respectively, the prevalence of prior malignancies and autoimmune diseases were significantly increased as compared to matched controls. On the other hand, no association between CML and chronic inflammatory diseases was shown. Second malignancies In 868 CML patients, diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, 52 malignancies were observed in the Swedish cancer register, as shown in paper III. When compared to expected rates in the background population, a significantly increased risk of second malignancies with a SIR of 1.52 (95 % CI 1.13–1.99) was shown. When looking at specific cancer types, gastrointestinal as well as nose and throat cancer were significantly increased. Familial aggregation of malignancies 984 CML patients were identified in paper IV. However, 184 had a birth date prior to 1932, subsequently only 800 patients were analyzed. Among them, 4 287 first-degree relatives were identified, compared to 20 930 first-degree relatives of the matched controls. 611 malignancies were retrieved; no significant increase of malignancies in first-degree relatives of CML patients was shown (OR 1.06; 95 % CI: 0.96–1.16). Conclusion Since CML patients nowadays have a high survival rate, the calculations in this thesis shows that the prevalence of CML will almost double by 2060. CML patients have an increased risk of developing malignancies prior and subsequent to the diagnosis of CML, suggesting a hereditary or acquired predisposition to develop cancer. Since there is no familial aggregation of malignancies in CML patients, a hereditary predisposition to develop cancer is unlikely to be part of the pathogenesis of CML, leaving an acquired predisposition more likely.

China has a long tradition of using deception and psychological tactics. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China displayed extensive perception management, aiming at showing a better picture of China. The purpose of this study is to examine if China has continued to display a distorted image since the Olympics and if it could be classified as attempts on deception directed towards a western audience. By combining case studies with descriptive, comparative and a qualitative content analysis method, three cases are researched in order to establish how they are portrayed in the Chinese newspaper China Daily and the BBC News. The differences discovered are matched with the six different kinds of deception presented in Barton Whaley’s general deception theory. In all three cases, numerous examples can be found which indicates that China attempts to deceive their western audience through the media. Both passive and active types of deception are discovered. The results are discussed concerning whether the differences are examples of deception, perception management or both. Numerous suggestions for future studies conclude the paper. Kina har en lång och gammal tradition av informationsoperationer och av att vilseleda sin motståndare i krig. Denna tradition lever kvar idag och kan bland annat ses i nyare kinesiska doktriner. Under OS i Peking 2008 visade Kina i fredstid exempel på så kallad perceptionsstyrning där kommunistpartiet styrde vad som skulle visas i media och gjorde allt för att framställa den egna staten i så gott ljus som möjligt. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om Kina även efter OS 2008 försöker framställa en tillrättalagd bild av den egna staten och om det i så fall kan klassificeras som vilseledning. Syftet uppnås genom att undersöka om försök till vilseledning förekommer i kinesisk medierapportering riktad mot en västerländsk publik. Uppsatsen är uppbyggd kring tre stycken fallstudier av händelser som antas kunna påverka Kinas internationella anseende negativt. De tre fallen är när den kinesiska regimkritikern Liu Xiaobo anhålls 2009, när han tilldelas Nobels Fredspris 2010 samt när Google 2010 meddelar att de överväger att sluta censurera sin kinesiska sökmotor google.cn och eventuellt lämna den kinesiska marknaden. En beskrivande metod används för att undersöka hur kinesisk media riktad mot Europa rapporterar om händelserna. Som kinesisk media används tidningen China Dailys Internetupplaga. Den kinesiska framställningen jämförs sedan med hur brittiska BBC News skriver om samma händelser. Genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys och med komparativ metod analyseras hur den kinesiska medierapporteringen skiljer sig från den västerländska. De skillnader som upptäcks i de olika nyhetsmediernas framställningar jämförs därefter med Barton Whaleys generella deceptionsteori som säger att vilseledning genomförs på ett av sex olika sätt. Jämförelsen visar att det i samtliga studerade fall förekommer skillnader i nyhetsrapporteringen som kan klassificeras som försök till vilseledning. Både passiv och aktiv form av vilseledning kan identifieras.

If mitigation measures are not made to prevent global warming the consequences of a continued global climate change, caused by the use of fossil fuels, may be severe. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been suggested as a way of decreasing the global atmospheric emission of CO2. In the realms of MUSTANG, a four year (2009-2013) large-scale integrating European project funded by the EU FP7, the objective is to gain understanding of the performance as well as to develop improved methods and models for characterizing so- called saline aquifers for geological storage of CO2. In this context a number of sites of different geological settings and geographical locations in Europe are also analyzed and modeled in order to gain a wide understanding of CO2 storage relevant site characteristics. The south Scania site is included into the study as one example site with data coming from previous geothermal and other investigations. The objective of the Master's thesis work presented herein was to construct a 3D model for the south Scania site by using modeling/simulation software Petrel, evaluate well log data as well as carry out stochastic simulations by using different geostatistical algorithms and evaluate the benefits in this. The aim was to produce a 3D model to be used for CO2 injection simulation purposes in the continuing work of the MUSTANG project. The sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm was used in the porosity modeling process of the Arnager greensand aquifer with porosity data determined from neutron and gamma ray measurements. Five hundred realizations were averaged and an increasing porosity with depth was observed. Two different algorithms were used for the facies modeling of the alternative multilayered trap, the truncated Gaussian simulation algorithm and the sequential indicator simulation algorithm. It was seen that realistic geological models were given when the truncated Gaussian simulation algorithm was used with a low-nugget variogram and a relatively large range. Den antropogena globala uppvärmningen orsakad av användandet av fossila bränslen kan få förödande konsekvenser om ingenting görs. Koldioxidavskiljning och lagring är en åtgärd som föreslagits för att minska de globala CO2-utsläppen. Inom ramarna för MUSTANG, ett fyra år långt (2009-2013) integrerande projekt finansierat av EU FP7 (www.co2mustang.eu), utvecklas metoder, modeller och förståelse angående så kallade saltvattenakviferers lämplighet för geologisk koldioxidlagring. En del av projektet är att analysera ett antal representativa formationer i olika delar av Europa för att få kunskap angående förekommande koldioxidlagringsspecifika egenskaper hos saltvattenakviferer. Ett av områdena som har inkluderats är i sydvästra Skåne. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att konstruera en 3D modell över detta område med hjälp av modellerings/simuleringsprogrammet Petrel, utvärdera borrhålsdata samt genomföra stokastiska simuleringar med olika geostatistiska algoritmer och utvärdera dem. Målsättningen var att konstruera en modell för CO2 injiceringssimuleringar i det forstsatta arbetet inom MUSTANG-projektet. En algoritm av sekventiell Gaussisk typ användes vid porositetsmodelleringen av Arnager Grönsandsakviferen med porositetsdata erhållen från neutron- och gammastrålningsmätningar. Ett genomsnitt av femhundra realisationer gjordes och en porositetstrend som visade en ökning med djupet kunde åskådligöras. Två olika algoritmer användes vid faciesmodelleringen av den alternativa flerlagrade fällan: en algoritm av trunkerade Gaussisk typ och en sekventiell indikatorsimuleringsalgoritm. Resultaten tyder på att en realistisk geologisk modell kan erhållas vid användandet av den trunkerande algoritmen med ett låg-nugget variogram samt en förhållandevis lång range.

If mitigation measures are not made to prevent global warming the consequences of a continued global climate change, caused by the use of fossil fuels, may be severe. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been suggested as a way of decreasing the global atmospheric emission of CO2. In the realms of MUSTANG, a four year (2009-2013) large-scale integrating European project funded by the EU FP7, the objective is to gain understanding of the performance as well as to develop improved methods and models for characterizing so- called saline aquifers for geological storage of CO2. In this context a number of sites of different geological settings and geographical locations in Europe are also analyzed and modeled in order to gain a wide understanding of CO2 storage relevant site characteristics. The south Scania site is included into the study as one example site with data coming from previous geothermal and other investigations. The objective of the Master's thesis work presented herein was to construct a 3D model for the south Scania site by using modeling/simulation software Petrel, evaluate well log data as well as carry out stochastic simulations by using different geostatistical algorithms and evaluate the benefits in this. The aim was to produce a 3D model to be used for CO2 injection simulation purposes in the continuing work of the MUSTANG project. The sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm was used in the porosity modeling process of the Arnager greensand aquifer with porosity data determined from neutron and gamma ray measurements. Five hundred realizations were averaged and an increasing porosity with depth was observed. Two different algorithms were used for the facies modeling of the alternative multilayered trap, the truncated Gaussian simulation algorithm and the sequential indicator simulation algorithm. It was seen that realistic geological models were given when the truncated Gaussian simulation algorithm was used with a low-nugget variogram and a relatively large range. Den antropogena globala uppvärmningen orsakad av användandet av fossila bränslen kan få förödande konsekvenser om ingenting görs. Koldioxidavskiljning och lagring är en åtgärd som föreslagits för att minska de globala CO2-utsläppen. Inom ramarna för MUSTANG, ett fyra år långt (2009-2013) integrerande projekt finansierat av EU FP7 (www.co2mustang.eu), utvecklas metoder, modeller och förståelse angående så kallade saltvattenakviferers lämplighet för geologisk koldioxidlagring. En del av projektet är att analysera ett antal representativa formationer i olika delar av Europa för att få kunskap angående förekommande koldioxidlagringsspecifika egenskaper hos saltvattenakviferer. Ett av områdena som har inkluderats är i sydvästra Skåne. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att konstruera en 3D modell över detta område med hjälp av modellerings/simuleringsprogrammet Petrel, utvärdera borrhålsdata samt genomföra stokastiska simuleringar med olika geostatistiska algoritmer och utvärdera dem. Målsättningen var att konstruera en modell för CO2 injiceringssimuleringar i det forstsatta arbetet inom MUSTANG-projektet. En algoritm av sekventiell Gaussisk typ användes vid porositetsmodelleringen av Arnager Grönsandsakviferen med porositetsdata erhållen från neutron- och gammastrålningsmätningar. Ett genomsnitt av femhundra realisationer gjordes och en porositetstrend som visade en ökning med djupet kunde åskådligöras. Två olika algoritmer användes vid faciesmodelleringen av den alternativa flerlagrade fällan: en algoritm av trunkerade Gaussisk typ och en sekventiell indikatorsimuleringsalgoritm. Resultaten tyder på att en realistisk geologisk modell kan erhållas vid användandet av den trunkerande algoritmen med ett låg-nugget variogram samt en förhållandevis lång range.

Rapporten handlar om försäkringar mot dolda fel. Vi har granskat vilka alternativ som finns om man vill teckna en försäkring mot dessa fel. Vi har kollat avtalsvillkor, priser m.m. Vidare har vi via en undersökning kollat hur försäkringarna upplevs av säljare respektive köpare/spekulanter. I undersökning ingick även att kolla vad folk upplever som ett dolt fel. Vi har kollat på rättsfall angående vad som kan vara ett dolt fel, hur långt köparens undersökningsplikt sträcker sig, och vad besiktningsmannen har för ansvar. Detta har vi gjort för att komma fram till om det lönar sig att som säljare teckna en dolda fel försäkring, samt om man det är positivt eller negativt att köpa ett hus som är försäkrat. Vi har kommit fram till att folks kunskaper om dolda fel är väldigt dåliga. Trots detta så tycker folk det är tryggt att köpa ett hus som är dolda fel försäkrat och de anser även att ett hus som är försäkrat är mer lätt sålt.