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In order to explore the response of the precious tree species Toonaciliate var. pubescens to different amounts of different fertilizers, the young forest of T. ciliate var. pubescens was taken as the research object. A random block design was used to analyze the effects of fertilization on the growth, leaf nutrients and physiology of young forest of T. ciliate var. pubescens, and three fertilization levels (high, medium and low) were set, including nitrogenous fertilizer (N), phosphate fertilizer (P), compound fertilizer (CF) and slow-release fertilizer (SRF). The results were as follows: (1) Fertilization could promote the height and diameter at breast height (DBH) growth, and the effects of nitrogenous fertilizer and compound fertilizer were more obvious. The average tree height, average DBH and average volume of 4-year old tree with nitrogenous fertilizer increased by 15.0%, 21.9% and 67.5% compared with CK (no fertilizer), respectively, and the annual average growth of DBH under low nitrogenous fertilizer (N1) treatment was the highest (2.99 cm). Compared with CK, the average tree height, average DBH and average volume of compound fertilizer were increased by 16.7%, 19.2% and 54.3%, respectively. High slow-release fertilizer (SRF3) and low phosphate (P1) had the largest annual increases in tree height and DBH (1.96 m and 2.33 cm) in the 4th year, respectively. (2) Fertilization significantly increased chlorophyll content and non-structural carbohydrate content in leaves of T. ciliate var. pubescens, nitrogenous fertilizer significantly promoted the synthesis of soluble sugar and phosphate fertilizer significantly promoted the synthesis of starch. (3) N1 and phosphate fertilizer significantly promote the increase of N and P contents, respectively, and phosphate fertilizer, compound fertilizer and nitrogenous fertilizer significantly increased K content in leaves. (4) The principal component analysis showed that the effect of fertilizer to promote growth was nitrogenous fertilizer>compound fertilizer>phosphate fertilizer>slow-release fertilizer>no fertilizer. Among them, N1, i.e. 100 g·plant-1·year-1, had the highest comprehensive evaluation value. Comprehensive fertilization cost and benefit, nitrogenous fertilizer or compound fertilizer can effectively promote the growth and development of T. ciliate var. pubescens young forest. It is recommended to apply 100 g nitrogenous fertilizer per plant per year in young forest stage. The results can provide a reference for the forest nutrient management in the early stage of afforestation.

In the context of globalization, cross-boundary regions have become strategic areas for improving national competitiveness and promoting local development. Moreover, cross-boundary governance has gradually become a key issue in regional integration research. Recently, with the increasing trend of anti-globalization, exploring regional governance transformation is crucial for national development. This article conceptualizes a research framework that is a cross-boundary governing network based on policy network theory. It is believed that in cross-boundary governance, various state actors based on common development goals form multi-level and systematic state communities under the restructuring of state capacity while working together to promote cross-boundary regional development. Among them, economic territorialization and state capacity are the key to understanding this concept. Furthermore, under the institutional framework of "one country, two systems," an empirical study was conducted using the Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-boundary region as an example, highlighting the close relationship between the process of economic territorialization and the construction of the cross-boundary governing network. This study explored the operational methods of cross-boundary governing network, and further analyzed the impact of state-society paradigms on the operation of cross-boundary governing network under asymmetric governance. Research has proven that the cross-boundary governing network is a resilient governance mechanism for understanding the process of government-led institutional integration in cross-boundary areas. The new framework also contributes to the policy network as follows: First, the new conceptual framework is more likely to be understood as a complex, multi-type mixed network that is used to overcome the problem of the limited applicability and oversimplification of ideal policy network typologies in practice. It helps to understand the connection between the state-led decision-making process and the state-society interaction process. Second, it is configured on a logical need to contextualize the policy network to the broader and everchanging meso-level territorial scales within which state actors are defined and located within different state-society relations. Third, the factors of "resource" and "power," which are the functional core of the policy network, have yet to be fully defined with little consensus. The "new" will be centered on the configuration and realization of the state capacity of involved state actors as the bridging role of both meso-level networks. Furthermore, the "general-purpose" and "task-specific" components inherent in the multilevel governance approach are adopted to describe different systematic state communities. Meanwhile, the inter-actor idea of an "advocacy coalition" is also incorporated to understand the consensus-forming process within the intra-territorial network. Under the dynamic construction of the cross-boundary governing network, this multi-level and systematic governance approach will continuously deepen the development of Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-boundary cooperation, to make a theoretical contribution to cross-boundary synergistic development in other regions.

ObjectiveTo establish a rat hyperalgesia model of acute pulpitis induced by lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) administration to the maxillary molars. In addition, to analyze and evaluate the acute pain and LPS-induced pulpitis, and to investigate the change of pain threshold in rats with acute pulpitis.MethodsForty-five adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were equally divided into LPS group, normal saline (NS) group, and blank control (SHAM) group, with 15 rats in each group. Under isoflurance anesthesia, the rats in the LPS group had their right upper molar teeth drilled and LPS was sealed temporarily with Caviton, while those in the NS group had their right upper molar teeth drilled and normal saline was sealed temporarily with Caviton. Rats in the SHAM group, serving as blank control group,were only anesthetized with isoflurane. Pain behavioral indexes, including spontaneous pain behavior scores, 50% paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), head withdrawal thresholds (HWT), paw withdrawal latency (PWL), and head withdrawal latency (HWL) were measured before and 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery. After rats were anesthetized and sacrificed, the pathological status of pulp tissues was confirmed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and pathological examination and serum IL-1β and TNF-α were determined by ELISA.ResultsConcerning spontaneous pain behavior, the facial grooming time in the LPS group was significantly higher than that in the NS group postoperatively (P＜0.05), and increased gradually with time, although there was no significant difference in activity time. The HWT in the LPS group was significantly lower than that in the NS group at 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h postoperatively (P＜0.05). Additionally, 50% PWT in the LPS and NS groups were significantly lower than those in the SHAM group (P＜0.05). The LPS group had a significantly lower HWL than the NA group at 2 h and 48 h postoperatively (P＜0.05). Likewise, the PWL was significantly lower in the LPS group than the NS group (P＜0.05) at 72 h postoperatively. The IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the rats’ serum were significantly higher in the LPS group than in the NS group (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). Moreover, the IL-1β and TNF-α levels in all groups began increasing 2 h after the model establishment, reaching a peak at 48 h. The pathological results of the LPS group showed a gradual expansion in the neutrophil infiltration area from the point of perforation to the crown pulp and upper root pulp, in 24-72 h after modeling. The rats in the NS group exhibited milder degree of inflammation than those in the LPS group.ConclusionBased on the observations regarding rat behavior, pathological changes of dental pulp, and detection of inflammatory factors in serum, the LPS induced acute pulpitis model causes pathological pain and pain threshold alterations in rats.

Background: In China, an increasing number of rural mothers participate in urban labour markets, but little is known about their decisions regarding childcare while living in these cities. Why do some rural mothers migrate to the cities with their children, whereas others leave their children behind in the countryside? Methods: This study analysed 1852 samples from the 2016 China Migrant Dynamic Survey of rural migrant mothers collected in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). These mothers were registered with agricultural hukou outside of the PRD and had at least one child under 18 years of age. Results: The results indicated that 57.8% of these mothers migrated together with their children. Rural migrant mothers who were self‐employed, had a higher level of household income on a log10 scale and had a longer duration of migration were more willing to adopt closely performing motherhood than rural migrant mothers who were not self‐employed. Additionally, rural working mothers who were intra‐provincial migrants and had a smaller number of children were more likely to bring their children to the cities than rural working mothers who were inter‐provincial migrants. Conclusions: This study works to strengthen the understanding of rural migrant working mothers' childcare strategies, provide insights for future policy studies and contribute to evidence‐based recommendations for policymakers regarding internal rural‐to‐urban migration, migrant women and the wellbeing of the families of migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia is an emerging public health issue. Growing evidence emerged on the association between social integration and the risk of dementia. However, the magnitude of the association between different aspects of social integration and the risk of dementia is unclear. Methods: Five databases were systematically searched. Newcastle–Ottawa scale for assessing the quality of the reporting was used for quality appraisal. Longitudinal cohort studies examining the association between social integration and the risk of dementia were analyzed using random effects model. A series of sensitivity analyses was conducted to enhance the robustness of the findings. Results: Forty publications generated from 32 studies/databases were included. The meta‐analysis showed that strong social engagement (overall RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.74–0.89, p < 0.001) and frequent social contact (overall RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.76–0.97, p = 0.018) were positively associated with decreased risk of dementia. The influence of social support (overall RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.80–1.06, p = 0.238) and close social contact (overall RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.48–1.13, p = 0.167) was not significant. Loneliness was significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia (overall RR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.26–1.60, p < 0.001), whereas the influence of social isolation (overall RR = 1.58, 95% CI = 0.80–3.12, p = 0.192) was not significant. A larger social network size (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.59–0.97, p = 0.028) was a promising influencing factor even though the number of studies was insufficient for a meta‐analysis. However, the heterogeneity among studies was generally high even though sensitivity analysis was conducted. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that high social engagement and frequent social contact are significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia, whereas loneliness is associated with a higher risk. The promising impact of large social network size is also identified. Substantial heterogeneity appeared in most of the analysis, making the inference tentative. Nevertheless, the sensitivity analysis provided valuable implications that enhancing social engagement and reducing loneliness may prevent or delay the onset of dementia among middle‐aged and older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to report on the actions and incident management of the advanced practice nurses of a disaster operation team who were deployed in response to the COVID‐19 outbreak, and to explore how it illustrated the Core Competencies in Disaster Nursing Version 2.0 delineated by the International Council of Nurses in 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive study. The participants (responders) communicated and reported their actions in the operation with headquarter on a popular social media platform in China (WeChat), established specifically for the three‐rescue teams. Results: The response approach of advanced nurses to COVID‐19 encompassed six of the eight domains of the competencies outlined in ICN CCDN V2.0, namely on preparation and planning, communication, incident management systems, safety and security, assessment and intervention. Conclusions: The response teams of advanced practice nurses in this study clearly demonstrated their competencies in disaster rescue, which fulfilled most of the core competencies set forth by the ICN. Implications for Nursing Management: The findings of this study contributed to understand the roles played by advanced practice nurses and nurse managers in disaster management and how these relate to the competencies set forth by the ICN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]