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Photo-catalytically converting the greenhouse gas CO2 into ethanol is an important avenue for the mitigation of climate issues and the utilization of renewable energies. Catalysts play critical roles in the reaction of photocatalytic CO2 conversion to ethanol, and a number of catalysts have been investigated, including semiconductors and plasmonic metal-based catalysts, as well as several other catalysts. In this review, the progress in the development of each category of catalysts is summarized, the current status is reviewed, the remaining challenges are pointed out, and the future research directions are prospected, with the aim being to pave pathways for the rational design of better catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a procedure to identify magnetic flux ropes in Martian ionosphere using the MAVEN observations of magnetic field. Preliminary results show that the terminator play an important role on the distribution of flux ropes. On the dayside they are observed from 130 km to 300 km altitude and more frequently observed around ~170 km altitude. The flux ropes near the terminator are much denser than that in the sub-solar region. On the nightside (SZA > 100 deg), flux ropes are sparser and only observed below ~180 km altitude. This distribution suggest Kelvin-Helmholtz instability could be an important source of the flux ropes in the ionosphere. The characteristics of the ropes, such as field amplitude and diameter will be identified in subsequent study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]