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Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely applied to treat various diseases among people, especially in East Asia. However, the specific active compounds in S. baicalensis aqueous extracts (SBAEs) responsible for the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties as well as their potential mechanisms of action remain unclear. Objectives: This work aimed to explore the potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic compounds from SBAE and their potential mechanisms of action. Methodology: The in vitro inhibitory tests against lipase and α‐glucosidase, and the effects of SBAE on glucose consumption and total triglyceride content in HepG2 cells were first performed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Then, affinity ultrafiltration liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) screening strategy with five drug targets, including α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), lipase and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) was developed to screen out the potential active constituents from SBAE, and some representative active compounds were further validated. Results: SBAE displayed noteworthy hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties, and 4, 10, 4, 8, and 8 potential bioactive components against α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, PTP1B, HMGCR, and lipase were initially screened out, respectively. The interaction network was thus constructed between the potential bioactive compounds screened out and their corresponding drug targets. Among them, baicalein, wogonin, and wogonoside were revealed to possess remarkable hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Conclusion: The potential hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic bioactive compounds in SBAE and their mode of action were initially explored through ligand–target interactions by combining affinity ultrafiltration LC–MS strategy with five drug targets. The potential hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic bioactive compounds in aqueous extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root and their mode of action were firstly explored through ligand–target interactions by combining affinity ultrafiltration LC‐MS strategy with five drug targets, that is, α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, PTP1B, HMGCR, and lipase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) is a fast-growing and esculent plant with high nutritional and medicinal values. Traditionally, M. oleifera has been applied to treat anaemia, asthma, pain in joints, headaches, diarrhoea and so forth. Phytochemical studies have manifested that more than 300 components, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, alkaloids, lignans, glucosinolates, carotenoids, proteins, fats, minerals, and so on, are present in different parts of M. oleifera. Simultaneously, M. oleifera has exhibited extensive notable pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, etc. Consequently, on the one hand, this work aims to comprehensively and holistically review the nutritional components, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities on various parts of M. oleifera, as well as its applications in functional food products and medicines. On the other hand, this work also looks forward to the new prospects and the future developments in the research of M. oleifera, and thus provides valuable insights for the follow-up and in-depth studies of this multifunctional tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Numerous species of the Euphorbiaceae family, including Euphorbia maculata, Euphorbia humifusa, and Acalypha australis, have been used to manage bleeding disorders. However, few investigations have demonstrated their hemostatic potential, and their procoagulant compounds remain elusive. Objective: This study aimed to determine the most active procoagulant extracts from the three species' crude extract (CE) and fractions in order to screen out the active compounds and to analyze their possible mechanisms of action. Methods: An integrative approach, comprising prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time evaluations and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibitory assessment, followed by bio‐affinity ultrafiltration paired with UPLC/QTOF‐MS targeting uPA and docking simulations, was used. Results: The extracts with highest procoagulant activity were the CE for both E. maculata (EMCE) and E. humifusa (EHCE) and the n‐butanol fraction (NB) for A. australis (AANB). The most promising ligands, namely, isoquercetin, orientin, rutin, and brevifolin carboxylic acid, were selected from these lead extracts. All of these compounds exhibited pronounced specific binding values to the uPA target and showed tight intercalation with the crucial side chains forming the uPA active pocket, which may explain their mode of action. The activity validation substantiated their hemostatic effectivity in inhibiting uPA as they had better inhibition constant (Ki) values than the reference drug tranexamic acid. Conclusion: Collectively, the integrative strategy applied to these three species allowed the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects on bleeding disorders, resulting in the fast detection of four potential hemostatic compounds and their mode of action. The four most promising ligands (isoquercetin, orientin, rutin, and brevifolin carboxylic acid) against uPA target were firstly selected in the active fractions extracted from E. maculata (EMCE), E. humifusa (EHCE), and A. australis (AANB), and their activity validation substantiates their hemostatic effectivity in mediating uPA as they expressed great constant inhibition (Ki) compared to the reference drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential resolved electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanoluminophores are very important for precise analysis and simultaneous determination of multiple targets. Designing ideal potential resolved ECL nanoluminophores, generating multiple high efficiency ECL emissions without overlap and interference of potential and wavelength, is a challenging subject. Herein, we developed a new nanoluminophore, meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP)-functionalized chitosan/Ru(bpy)32+/SiO2 (CRuSiO2) (TCPP@CRuSiO2), with cathode and anode ECL emissions by modifying TCPP on the surface of CRuSiO2 nanoluminophores. The TCPP@CRuSiO2 nanoluminophores presented a uniform sphere morphology (∼50 nm). They exhibited two ECL emissions of 695 nm and 610 nm at −1.20 V and 1.15 V, respectively, by using K2S2O8 and tripropylamine (TPrA) as coreactants. Subsequently, the relevant ECL mechanisms are proposed. In the negative potential range, sulfate radicals (SO4˙−) reacted with TCPP−, generated by the electro-reduction of S2O42− and TCPP, to form the excited state TCPP*, resulting in ECL-1. In the positive potential range, Ru(bpy)33+ and TPrA˙, obtained by electro-oxidation of Ru(bpy)32+ and TPrA, reacted with each other to produce the excited state Ru(bpy)32+*, leading to ECL-2. The synthesized TCPP@CRuSiO2 possesses not only potential and wavelength resolved ECL emissions, but also the advantages of easy synthesis, high ECL efficiency, good stability, and easy film formation on the electrode surface. This work enriches ECL nanoluminophores, which are of important application potential in precise analysis and multiplex analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]