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Background and Purpose: Dioscin has multiple biological activities and is beneficial for cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases. Here, we investigated the protective effects of dioscin against subarachnoid haemorrhage and the molecular mechanisms involved.Experimental Approach: Dioscin was administered after subarachnoid haemorrhage induced in rats. MCC950, a potent selective nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor, was used to suppress NLRP3 and EX527 (selisistat) was used to inhibit sirtuin 1 (SIRT1).Key Results: In vivo, dioscin inhibited acute inflammatory response, oxidative damage, neurological impairment and neural cell degeneration after subarachnoid haemorrhage along with dramatically suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. While pretreatment with MCC950 reduced the inflammatory response and improved neurological outcomes it did not lessen ROS production. However, giving dioscin after MCC950 reduced acute brain damage and ROS production. Dioscin increased SIRT1 expression after subarachnoid haemorrhage, whereas EX527 abolished the up-regulation of SIRT1 induced by dioscin and offset the inhibitory effects of dioscin on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. EX527 pretreatment also reversed the neuroprotective effects of dioscin against subarachnoid haemorrhage. Similarly, in vitro, dioscin dose-dependently suppressed inflammatory response, oxidative damage and neuronal degeneration and improved cell viability in neurons and microglia co-culture system. These effects were associated with inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and stimulation of SIRT1 signalling, which could be inhibited by EX527 pretreatment.Conclusion and Implications: Dioscin provides protection against subarachnoid haemorrhage via the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through SIRT1-dependent pathway. Dioscin may be a new candidate to ameliorate early brain injury after subarachnoid haemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the oral mucosa with characteristic white striations lesions, recurrent erosions, and pains. The etiology and pathogenesis of OLP are still unclear. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the bacterial community structure of buccal mucosa in patients with OLP and normal controls by high‐throughput sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect Prevotella melaninogenica (P. melaninogenica) in 13 OLP samples and 10 controls. The amounts of P. melaninogenica in OLP buccal mucosa and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in co‐culture of mouse‐derived macrophages with P. melaninogenica were detected by RT‐qPCR. Results: The P. melaninogenica was more abundant in OLP than in healthy controls, and the differences were significant at the level of the phylum, family, genus, and species (p <.05). FISH showed that P. melaninogenica can invade the epithelium and even the lamina propria of OLP, while no invasion was found in the normal mucosa. Prevotella melaninogenica can adhere to and invade macrophages and then activate the transcription of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in NF‐κB signaling pathway. Conclusion: Prevotella melaninogenica may be involved in the pathogenic process of OLP, and its specific mechanism deserves further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key parameter in assessing water quality, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has notable prevalence in energy conversion and biological processes, including biosensing. Nevertheless, the long-term usage of the submersible DO sensors leads to undesirable biofilm formation on the electrode surface, deteriorating their sensitivity and stability. Recently, the reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the two-electron pathway ORR byproduct, H 2 O 2 , had been known for its biofilm-degradation activity. Herein, for the first time, we reported N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) for H 2 O 2 selectivity as the self-antibiofouling DO sensor. Introducing foreign atom doping could reorient the electron network of graphene by the electronegativity gap, which facilitated highly selective and efficient two electron pathway of ORR. Mitigating the N content of N-rGO had enhanced the H 2 O 2 selectivity (57.5%) and electron transfer number ( n = 2.84) in neutral medium. Moreover, the N-rGO could be integrated to a wireless DO monitoring device that might realize an applicable device in the aquatic fish farming.

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is a familial hereditary disease; while it is rare and usually benign, it is also characterized by the slow and progressive development of gingival tissue. This paper reports on the clinical examina-tion and history of HGF in a family of patients.