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Objective: The intestine is responsible for approximately one‐third of uric acid (UA) excretion. The effect of commensal Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), one of the most colonized bacteria in the gut, on UA excretion in the intestine remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of commensal E. faecalis on UA metabolism and gut microbiota. Methods: The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to examine the species of Enterococcus in mouse fecal content. E. faecalis strain was isolated from mouse feces and identified to be E. faecalis W5. The hyperuricemia (HUA) animal model was established with yeast‐rich forage and 250 mg·kg−1·day−1 potassium oxonate. Oral administration of E. faecalis W5 was given for 20 days, serving as the Efa group. Results: Disrupted intestinal barrier, activated proinflammatory response and low UA excretion in the intestine were found in HUA mice. After E. faecalis W5 treatment, the gut barrier was restored and serum UA level was decreased. Additionally, fecal and intestinal UA levels were elevated, intestinal urate transporter ABCG2 and purine metabolism were upregulated. Moreover, short‐chain fatty acid levels were increased, and intestinal inflammation was ameliorated. Conclusions: Commensal E. faecalis W5 ameliorated HUA through reversing the impaired gut barrier, promoting intestinal UA secretion by regulating ABCG2 expression, and decreasing intestinal UA synthesis by regulating purine metabolism. The results may provide the potential for developing treatments for HUA through the intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To design a bifunctional antimicrobial peptide with high antibacterial activity and endotoxin neutralization against P.aeruginosa and explore its bactericidal properties. Methods: The neutralizing endotoxin peptides and antimicrobial peptide against P.aeruginosa were connected by a GGGS-linker to get a bi-functional bybrid peptide. Its structural parameter was tested by EMBOSS software. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and bactericidal kinetics against P.aeruginosa were determined. Its effect on endotoxin neutralization and hemolysis were also evaluated. Results: We designed and obtained a bybrid peptide LLM, which carried +8 positive charge with high activity against P.aeruginosa and neutralizing endotoxin. The MIC of LLM against P.aeruginosa CMCC10104 and P.aeruginosa ATCC 9027 were 2 and 4 gmol/L, and MBC/MIC equal 1. LLM showed rapid anti-P.aeruginosa effects and significantly neutralized the endotoxin released, and not exhibited hemolysis as high as 115 gmol/L (400 gg/mL). Conclusion: The MICs of LLM against P.aeruginosa were 2~4 gmol/L, it showed significant activity of anti-P. aeruginosa and neutralizing endotoxin, and could kill bacteria quickly, and did not show significant hemolytic under 115 gmol/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eagleton is another English Marx literary theorist, cultural critic and humanist who has the world influence after Raymond Williams. Among more than 40 books that he has published, After Theory is a classic work of great tension which is also critical and predictive reflection on the literary, cultural, religious and other social phenomena since the publication of the Western Literary Theory in 20th Century. In this book, Eagleton first deconstructed the post-modern cultural phenomena, such as the degeneration of the capitalist society, the disorder of post modernism, the chaos of the political life, and so on. Then, he reconstructed the theoretical world after deconstruction with a strong sense of historical responsibility. Through the way of destruction before construction, Eagleton inspired people to review the classics, to reshape the ethics, and to restore order. In essence, through the deconstruction and construction of the theory, After Theory has achieved the purpose of reflecting on the culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the impact of CYP2C9 * 3 on the pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide and lornoxicam., Methods: CYP2C9 * 3 was measured in 83 non-related Chinese subjects by PCR-RFLP. The pharmacokinetics of lornoxicam and glibenclamide were investigated in 18 subjects (7 with CYP2C9 * 1/* 3 genotype and 11 with * 1/* 1 genotype). Glibenclamide and lornoxicam in plasma were determined by the sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, separately., Results: After a single oral dose of 2.5 mg glibenclamide, C(max) was (70.0 +/- 11.5) microg x L(-1) in CYP2C9 * 1/ * 3 subjects and (51.9 +/- 12.3) microg x L(-1) in * 1/ *1 subjects. AUC(0-infinity) were (435 +/- 47) vs (287 +/- 95) microg x h x L(-1) (in * 1/ * 3 vs * 1/ *1 subjects), and CL/F were (96 +/- 9.3) vs (160 +/- 51) mL x min(-1), respectively. Statistic analysis results indicated that glibenclamide AUC(0-infinity) was significantly higher (1.5-fold) and subsequently CL/F was significantly lower (40%) in CYP2C9 * 1/ * 3 subjects than those in * 1/ * 1 subjects (P < 0.01). After a single oral dose of 8 mg lornoxicam, C(max) was (1.54 +/- 0.24) mg x L(-1) in CYP2C9 * 1/ * 3 subjects and (1.19 +/- 0.37) mg x L(-1) in * 1/ * 1 subjects. AUC(o-infinity were (14.9 +/- 2.2) vs (6.92 +/- 1.48) mg x h x L(-1) (in * 1/ *3 vs * 1/ * 1 subjects), and CL/F were (9.1 +/- 1.2) vs (20.1 +/- 4.6) mL x min(-1), respectively. Statistic analysis results indicated that lornoxicam AUC(0-infinity) was significantly higher (2. 2-fold) and subsequently CL/F was significantly lower (55% ) in CYP2C9 * 1/ * 3 subjects than those in * 1/ * 1 subjects (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: CYP2C9 * 3 greatly affects both the pharmacokinetic profiles of glibenclamide and lornoxicam. The elimination of these drugs significantly decreased in subjects with CYP2C9 * 1/ * 3 genotype, especially lornoxicam.