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Named Entity Disambiguation is the task of assigning entities from a Knowledge Graph (KG) to mentions of such entities in a textual document. The state-of-the-art for this task balances two disparate sources of similarity: lexical, defined as the pairwise similarity between mentions in the text and names of entities in the KG; and semantic, defined through some graph-theoretic property of a subgraph of the KG induced by the choice of entities for each mention. Departing from previous work, our notion of semantic similarity is rooted in Information Theory and is defined as the mutual information between random walks on the disambiguation graph induced by choice of entities for each mention. We describe an iterative algorithm based on this idea, and show an extension that uses learning-to-rank, which yields further improvements. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that this approach is robust and very competitive on well-known existing benchmarks. We also justify the need for new and more difficult benchmarks, and provide an extensive experimental comparison of our method and previous work on these new benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been regarded as a promising technology for sustainable hydrogen production. The development of efficient photoelectrode materials is the key to improve the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency towards practical application. Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) is one of the most promising photoanode materials with the advantages of visible light absorption, good chemical stability, nontoxic feature, and low cost. However, the PEC performance of BiVO 4 photoanodes is limited by the relatively short hole diffusion length and poor electron transport properties. The recent rapid development of vacancy defect engineering has significantly improved the PEC performance of BiVO 4 . In this review article, the fundamental properties of BiVO 4 are presented, followed by an overview of the methods for creating different kinds of vacancy defects in BiVO 4 photoanodes. Then, the roles of vacancy defects in tuning the electronic structure, promoting charge separation, and increasing surface photoreaction kinetics of BiVO 4 photoanodes are critically discussed. Finally, the major challenges and some encouraging perspectives for future research on vacancy defect engineering of BiVO 4 photoanodes are presented, providing guidelines for the design of efficient BiVO 4 photoanodes for solar fuel production.