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1. Electron and Positron Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

Author: Aguilar, M, Aisa, D, Alvino, A, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Andeen, K, Arruda, L, Attig, N, Azzarello, P, Bachlechner, A, Barao, F, Barrau, A, Barrin, L, Bartoloni, A, Basara, L, Battarbee, M, Battiston, R, Bazo, J, Becker, U, Behlmann, M, Beischer, B, Berdugo, J, Bertucci, Bruna, Bigongiari, G, Bindi, V, Bizzaglia, S, Bizzarri, M, Boella, G, de Boer, W, Bollweg, K, Bonnivard, V, Borgia, B, Borsini, S, Boschini, Mj, Bourquin, M, Burger, J, Cadoux, F, Cai, Xd, Capell, M, Caroff, S, Casaus, J, Cascioli, V, Castellini, G, Cernuda, I, Cervelli, F, Chae, Mj, Chang, Yh, Chen, Ai, Chen, H, Cheng, Gm, Chen, Hs, Cheng, L, Chikanian, A, Chou, Hy, Choumilov, E, Choutko, V, Chung, Ch, Clark, C, Clavero, R, Coignet, G, Consolandi, C, Contin, A, Corti, C, Coste, B, Cui, Z, Dai, M, Delgado, C, Della Torre, S, Demirköz, Mb, Derome, L, Di Falco, S, Di Masso, L, Dimiccoli, F, Díaz, C, von Doetinchem, P, Du, Wj, Duranti, Matteo, D'Urso, D, Eline, A, Eppling, Fj, Eronen, T, Fan, Yy, Farnesini, L, Feng, J, Fiandrini, Emanuele, Fiasson, A, Finch, E, Fisher, P, Galaktionov, Y, Gallucci, G, García, B, García López, R, Gast, H, Gebauer, I, Gervasi, M, Ghelfi, A, Gillard, W, Giovacchini, F, Goglov, P, Gong, J, Goy, C, Grabski, V, Grandi, D, Graziani, Maura, Guandalini, C, Guerri, I, Guo, Kh, Habiby, M, Haino, S, Han, Kc, He, Zh, Heil, M, Hoffman, J, Hsieh, Th, Huang, Zc, Huh, C, Incagli, M, Ionica, Maria, Jang, Wy, Jinchi, H, Kanishev, K, Kim, Gn, Kim, Ks, Kirn, T, Kossakowski, R, Kounina, O, Kounine, A, Koutsenko, V, Krafczyk, Ms, Kunz, S, La Vacca, G, Laudi, E, Laurenti, G, Lazzizzera, I, Lebedev, A, Lee, Ht, Lee, Sc, Leluc, C, Li, Hl, Li, Jq, Li, Q, Li, Tx, Li, W, Li, Y, Li, Zh, Li, Zy, Lim, S, Lin, Ch, Lipari, P, Lippert, T, Liu, D, Liu, H, Lomtadze, T, Lu, Mj, Lu, Ys, Luebelsmeyer, K, Luo, F, Luo, Jz, Lv, Ss, Majka, R, Malinin, A, Mañá, C, Marín, J, Martin, T, Martínez, G, Masi, N, Maurin, D, Menchaca Rocha, A, Meng, Q, Mo, Dc, Morescalchi, L, Mott, P, Müller, M, Ni, Jq, Nikonov, N, Nozzoli, F, Nunes, P, Obermeier, A, Oliva, A, Orcinha, M, Palmonari, F, Palomares, C, Paniccia, M, Papi, A, Pedreschi, E, Pensotti, S, Pereira, R, Pilo, F, Piluso, A, Pizzolotto, C, Plyaskin, V, Pohl, M, Poireau, V, Postaci, E, Putze, A, Quadrani, L, Qi, Xm, Rancoita, Pg, Rapin, D, Ricol, Js, Rodríguez, I, Rosier Lees, S, Rozhkov, A, Rozza, D, Sagdeev, R, Sandweiss, J, Saouter, P, Sbarra, C, Schael, S, Schmidt, Sm, Schuckardt, D, von Dratzig AS, Schwering, G, Scolieri, G, Seo, Es, Shan, Bs, Shan, Yh, Shi, Jy, Shi, Xy, Shi, Ym, Siedenburg, T, Son, D, Spada, F, Spinella, F, Sun, W, Sun, Wh, Tacconi, M, Tang, Cp, Tang, Xw, Tang, Zc, Tao, L, Tescaro, D, Ting, Sc, Ting, Sm, Tomassetti, Nicola, Torsti, J, Türkoğlu, C, Urban, T, Vagelli, Valerio, Valente, E, Vannini, C, Valtonen, E, Vaurynovich, S, Vecchi, M, Velasco, M, Vialle, Jp, Wang, Lq, Wang, Ql, Wang, Rs, Wang, X, Wang, Zx, Weng, Zl, Whitman, K, Wienkenhöver, J, Wu, H, Xia, X, Xie, M, Xie, S, Xiong, Rq, Xin, Gm, Xu, Ns, Xu, W, Yan, Q, Yang, J, Yang, M, Ye, Qh, Yi, H, Yu, Yj, Yu, Zq, Zeissler, S, Zhang, Jh, Zhang, Mt, Zhang, Xb, Zhang, Z, Zheng, Zm, Zhuang, Hl, Zhukov, V, Zichichi, A, Zimmermann, N, Zuccon, P, Zurbach, C, Pauluzzi, Michele, Azzarello, Philipp, Bourquin, Maurice, Cadoux, Franck, Habiby Alaoui, Marion, Leluc, Catherine, Li, Yang, Paniccia, Mercedes, Pohl, Martin, Rapin, Divic Jean, Saouter, Pierre, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (INFN, Sezione di Perugia), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Institute of Nanotechnology [Karlsruhe] (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CERN [Genève], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 3 (INFN, Sezione di Roma 3), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Turku, Università degli Studi di Trento (UNITN), Department of Applied Mathematics (MIT), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), INFN Sezione di Pisa (INFN Sezione di Pisa), University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (INFN), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire [Genève] (DPNC), Université de Genève (UNIGE), CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse [Firenze] (IGG), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, EWHA Womans University (EWHA), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Shandong University, Yale University [New Haven], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (INFN, Sezione di Bologna), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), AMS, Aguilar, M, Aisa, D, Alvino, A, Ambrosi, G, Andeen, K, Arruda, L, Attig, N, Azzarello, P, Bachlechner, A, Barao, F, Barrau, A, Barrin, L, Bartoloni, A, Basara, L, Battarbee, M, Battiston, R, Bazo, J, Becker, U, Behlmann, M, Beischer, B, Berdugo, J, Bertucci, B, Bigongiari, G, Bindi, V, Bizzaglia, S, Bizzarri, M, Boella, G, de Boer, W, Bollweg, K, Bonnivard, V, Borgia, B, Borsini, S, Boschini, M, Bourquin, M, Burger, J, Cadoux, F, Cai, X, Capell, M, Caroff, S, Casaus, J, Cascioli, V, Castellini, G, Cernuda, I, Cervelli, F, Chae, M, Chang, Y, Chen, A, Chen, H, Cheng, G, Cheng, L, Chikanian, A, Chou, H, Choumilov, E, Choutko, V, Chung, C, Clark, C, Clavero, R, Coignet, G, Consolandi, C, Contin, A, Corti, C, Coste, B, Cui, Z, Dai, M, Delgado, C, Della Torre, S, Demirköz, M, Derome, L, Di Falco, S, Di Masso, L, Dimiccoli, F, Díaz, C, von Doetinchem, P, Du, W, Duranti, M, D’Urso, D, Eline, A, Eppling, F, Eronen, T, Fan, Y, Farnesini, L, Feng, J, Fiandrini, E, Fiasson, A, Finch, E, Fisher, P, Galaktionov, Y, Gallucci, G, García, B, García López, R, Gast, H, Gebauer, I, Gervasi, M, Ghelfi, A, Gillard, W, Giovacchini, F, Goglov, P, Gong, J, Goy, C, Grabski, V, Grandi, D, Graziani, M, Guandalini, C, Guerri, I, Guo, K, Habiby, M, Haino, S, Han, K, He, Z, Heil, M, Hoffman, J, Hsieh, T, Huang, Z, Huh, C, Incagli, M, Ionica, M, Jang, W, Jinchi, H, Kanishev, K, Kim, G, Kim, K, Kirn, T, Kossakowski, R, Kounina, O, Kounine, A, Koutsenko, V, Krafczyk, M, Kunz, S, LA VACCA, G, Laudi, E, Laurenti, G, Lazzizzera, I, Lebedev, A, Lee, H, Lee, S, Leluc, C, Li, H, Li, J, Li, Q, Li, T, Li, W, Li, Y, Li, Z, Lim, S, Lin, C, Lipari, P, Lippert, T, Liu, D, Liu, H, Lomtadze, T, Lu, M, Lu, Y, Luebelsmeyer, K, Luo, F, Luo, J, Lv, S, Majka, R, Malinin, A, Mañá, C, Marín, J, Martin, T, Martínez, G, Masi, N, Maurin, D, Menchaca Rocha, A, Meng, Q, Mo, D, Morescalchi, L, Mott, P, Müller, M, Ni, J, Nikonov, N, Nozzoli, F, Nunes, P, Obermeier, A, Oliva, A, Orcinha, M, Palmonari, F, Palomares, C, Paniccia, M, Papi, A, Pedreschi, E, Pensotti, S, Pereira, R, Pilo, F, Piluso, A, Pizzolotto, C, Plyaskin, V, Pohl, M, Poireau, V, Postaci, E, Putze, A, Quadrani, L, Qi, X, Rancoita, P, Rapin, D, Ricol, J, Rodríguez, I, Rosier Lees, S, Rozhkov, A, Rozza, D, Sagdeev, R, Sandweiss, J, Saouter, P, Sbarra, C, Schael, S, Schmidt, S, Schuckardt, D, von Dratzig, A, Schwering, G, Scolieri, G, Seo, E, Shan, B, Shan, Y, Shi, J, Shi, X, Shi, Y, Siedenburg, T, Son, D, Spada, F, Spinella, F, Sun, W, Tacconi, M, Tang, C, Tang, X, Tang, Z, Tao, L, Tescaro, D, Ting, S, Tomassetti, N, Torsti, J, Türkoğlu, C, Urban, T, Vagelli, V, Valente, E, Vannini, C, Valtonen, E, Vaurynovich, S, Vecchi, M, Velasco, M, Vialle, J, Wang, L, Wang, Q, Wang, R, Wang, X, Wang, Z, Weng, Z, Whitman, K, Wienkenhöver, J, Wu, H, Xia, X, Xie, M, Xie, S, Xiong, R, Xin, G, Xu, N, Xu, W, Yan, Q, Yang, J, Yang, M, Ye, Q, Yi, H, Yu, Y, Yu, Z, Zeissler, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, M, Zhang, X, Zhang, Z, Zheng, Z, Zhuang, H, Zhukov, V, Zichichi, A, Zimmermann, N, Zuccon, P, Zurbach, C, M. Aguilar, D. Aisa, A. Alvino, G. Ambrosi, K. Andeen, L. Arruda, N. Attig, P. Azzarello, A. Bachlechner, F. Barao, A. Barrau, L. Barrin, A. Bartoloni, L. Basara, M. Battarbee, R. Battiston, J. Bazo, U. Becker, M. Behlmann, B. Beischer, J. Berdugo, B. Bertucci, G. Bigongiari, V. Bindi, S. Bizzaglia, M. Bizzarri, G. Boella, W. d. Boer, K. Bollweg, V. Bonnivard, B. Borgia, S. Borsini, M. J. Boschini, M. Bourquin, J. Burger, F. Cadoux, X. D. Cai, M. Capell, S. Caroff, J. Casau, V. Cascioli, G. Castellini, I. Cernuda, F. Cervelli, M. J. Chae, Y. H. Chang, A. I. Chen, H. Chen, G. M. Cheng, H. S. Chen, L. Cheng, A. Chikanian, H. Y. Chou, E. Choumilov, V. Choutko, C. H. Chung, C. Clark, R. Clavero, G. Coignet, C. Consolandi, A. Contin, C. Corti, B. Coste, Z. Cui, M. Dai, C. Delgado, S. D. Torre, M. B. Demirkoz, L. Derome, S. D. Falco, L. D. Masso, F. Dimiccoli, C. Diaz, P. v. Doetinchem, W. J. Du, M. Duranti, D. D'Urso, A. Eline, F. J. Eppling, T. Eronen, Y. Y. Fan, L. Farnesini, J. Feng, E. Fiandrini, A. Fiasson, E. Finch, P. Fisher, Y. Galaktionov, G. Gallucci, B. Garcia, R. Garcia-Lopez, H. Gast, I. Gebauer, M. Gervasi, A. Ghelfi, W. Gillard, F. Giovacchini, P. Goglov, J. Gong, C. Goy, V. Grabski, D. Grandi, M. Graziani, C. Guandalini, I. Guerri, K. H. Guo, M. Habiby, S. Haino, K. C. Han, Z. H. He, M. Heil, J. Hoffman, T. H. Hsieh, Z. C. Huang, C. Huh, M. Incagli, M. Ionica, W. Y. Jang, H. Jinchi, K. Kanishev, G. N. Kim, K. S. Kim, T. Kirn, R. Kossakowski, O. Kounina, A. Kounine, V. Koutsenko, M. S. Krafczyk, S. Kunz, G. L. Vacca, E. Laudi, G. Laurenti, I. Lazzizzera, A. Lebedev, H. T. Lee, S. C. Lee, C. Leluc, H. L. Li, J. Q. Li, Q. Li, T. X. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Z. H. Li, Z. Y. Li, S. Lim, C. H. Lin, P. Lipari, T. Lippert, D. Liu, H. Liu, T. Lomtadze, M. J. Lu, Y. S. Lu, K. Luebelsmeyer, F. Luo, J. Z. Luo, S. S. Lv, R. Majka, A. Malinin, C. Mana, J. Marin, T. Martin, G. Martinez, N. Masi, D. Maurin, A. Menchaca-Rocha, Q. Meng, D. C. Mo, L. Morescalchi, P. Mott, M. Muller, J. Q. Ni, N. Nikonov, F. Nozzoli, P. Nune, A. Obermeier, A. Oliva, M. Orcinha, F. Palmonari, C. Palomare, M. Paniccia, A. Papi, E. Pedreschi, S. Pensotti, R. Pereira, F. Pilo, A. Piluso, C. Pizzolotto, V. Plyaskin, M. Pohl, V. Poireau, E. Postaci, A. Putze, L. Quadrani, X. M. Qi, P. G. Rancoita, D. Rapin, J. S. Ricol, I. Rodriguez, S. Rosier-Lee, A. Rozhkov, D. Rozza, R. Sagdeev, J. Sandwei, P. Saouter, C. Sbarra, S. Schael, S. M. Schmidt, D. Schuckardt, A. S. von, G. Schwering, G. Scolieri, E. S. Seo, B. S. Shan, Y. H. Shan, J. Y. Shi, X. Y. Shi, Y. M. Shi, T. Siedenburg, D. Son, F. Spada, F. Spinella, W. Sun, W. H. Sun, M. Tacconi, C. P. Tang, X. W. Tang, Z. C. Tang, L. Tao, D. Tescaro, S. C. C., S. M. Ting, N. Tomassetti, J. Torsti, C. Turkoglu, T. Urban, V. Vagelli, E. Valente, C. Vannini, E. Valtonen, S. Vaurynovich, M. Vecchi, M. Velasco, J. P. Vialle, L. Q. Wang, Q. L. Wang, R. S. Wang, X. Wang, Z. X. Wang, Z. L. Weng, K. Whitman, J. Wienkenhover, H. Wu, X. Xia, M. Xie, S. Xie, R. Q. Xiong, G. M. Xin, N. S. Xu, W. Xu, Q. Yan, J. Yang, M. Yang, Q. H. Ye, H. Yi, Y. J. Yu, Z. Q. Yu, S. Zeissler, J. H. Zhang, M. T. Zhang, X. B. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. M. Zheng, H. L. Zhuang, V. Zhukov, A. Zichichi, N. Zimmermann, P. Zuccon, and C. Zurbach
Subjects: ASTROPHYSICS, Astrophysics and Astronomy, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Positron spectrum, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Electron, ddc:500.2, Space mission, Nuclear physics, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Radiative flux, Physics and Astronomy (all), FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, Positron, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, ddc:550, Dark matter, Positron emission, AMS, Cosmic rays, electron flux, positron flux, international space station, Cosmic rays, Physics, Spectral index, Range (particle radiation), ta115, POSITRONS, ELECTRONS, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, High Energy Physics::Experiment, COSMIC RAYS, ELECTRONS, POSITRONS, AMS, Electron spectrum, Astroparticle physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: International audience; Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the primary cosmic-ray electron flux in the range 0.5 to 700 GeV and the positron flux in the range 0.5 to500 GeV are presented. The electron flux and the positron flux each require a description beyond a single power-law spectrum. Both the electron flux and the positron flux change their behavior at∼30GeV but the fluxes are significantly different in their magnitude and energy dependence. Between 20 and 200 GeV the positron spectral index is significantly harder than the electron spectral index. The determination of the differing behavior of the spectral indices versus energy is a new observation and provides important information on the origins of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons.
Published: 2014
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2. First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–350 GeV

Author: Aguilar, M, Alberti, G, Alpat, B, Alvino, A, Ambrosi, G, Andeen, K, Anderhub, H, Arruda, L, Azzarello, P, Bachlechner, A, Barao, F, Baret, B, Barrau, A, Barrin, L, Bartoloni, A, Basara, L, Basili, A, Batalha, L, Bates, J, Battiston, R, Bazo, J, Becker, R, Becker, U, Behlmann, M, Beischer, B, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Bigongiari, G, Biland, A, Bindi, V, Bizzaglia, S, de Boer, W, Bollweg, K, Bolmont, J, Borgia, B. Borsini, S, Boschini, MJ, Boudoul, G, Bourquin, M, Brun, P, Buenerd, M, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cadoux, F, Cai, XD, Capell, M, Casadei, D, Casaus, J, Cascioli, V, Castellini, G, Cernuda, I, Cervelli, F, Chae, MJ, Chang, YH, Chen, AI, Chen, CR, Chen, H, Cheng, GM, Chen, HS, Cheng, L, Chernoplyiokov, N, Chikanian, A, Choumilov, E, Choutko, V, Chung, CH, Clark, C, Clavero, R, Coignet, G, Commichau, V, Consolandi, C, Contin, A, Corti, C, Dios, MT, Costado Coste, B, Crespo, D, Cui, Z, Dai, M, Delgado, C, Della Torre, S, Demirkoz, B, Dennett, P, Derome, L, Di Falco, S, Diao, XH, Diago, A, Djambazov, L, Diaz, C, von Doetinchem, P, Du, WJ, Dubois, JM, Duperay, R, Duranti, M, D'Urso, D, Egorov, A, Eline, A, Eppling, FJ, Eronen, T, van Es, J, Esser, H, Falvard, A, Fiandrini, E, Fiasson, A, Finch, E, Fisher, P, Flood, K, Foglio, R, Fohey, M, Fopp, S, Fouque, N, Galaktionov, Y, Gallilee, M, Gallin Martel, L, Gallucci, G, Garcia, B, Garcia, J, Garcia Lopez, R, Garcia Tabares, L, Gargiulo, C, Gast, H, Gebauer, I, Gentile, S, Gillard, W, Giovacchini, F, Girard, L, Goglov, P, Gong, J, Goy Henningsen, C, Grandi, D, Graziani, M, Grechko, A, Gross, A, Guerri, I, de la Guia, C, Guo, KH, Habiby, M, Haino, S, Hauler, F, He, ZH, Heil, M, Heilig, J, Hermel, R, Hofer, H, Huang, ZC, Hungerford, W, Incagli, M, Ionica, M, Jacholkowska, A, Jang, WY, Jinchi, H, Jongmanns, M, Journet, L, Jungermann, L, Karpinski, W, Kim, GN, Kim, KS, Kirn, Th, Kossakowski, R, Koulemzine, A, Kounina, O, Kounine, A, Koutsenko, V, Krafczyk, MS, Laudi, E, Laurenti, G, Lauritzen, C, Lebedev, A, Lee, MW, Lee, SC, Leluc, C, Vargas, HL, Lepareur, V, Li, JQ, Li, Q, Li, TX, Li, W, Li, ZH, Lipari, P, Lin, CH, Liu, D, Liu, H, Lomtadze, T, Lu, YS, Lucidi, S, Luebelsmeyer, K, Luo, JZ, Lustermann, W, Lv, S, Madsen, J, Majka, R, Malinin, A, Mana, C, Marin, J, Martin, T, Martinez, G, Masciocchi, F, Masi, N, Maurin, D, McInturff, A, McIntyre, P, Menchaca Rocha, A, Meng, Q, Menichelli, M, Mereu, I, Millinger, M, Mo, DC, Molina, M, Mott, P, Mujunen, A, Natale, S, Nemeth, P, Ni, JQ, Nikonov, N, Nozzoli, F, Nunes, P, Obermeier, A, Oh, S, Oliva, A, Palmonari, F, Palomares, C, Paniccia, M, Papi, A, Park, WH, Pauluzzi, M, Pauss, F, Pauw, A, Pedreschi, E, Pereira, R, Perrin, E, Pierschel, G, Pilo, F, Piluso, A, Pizzolotto, C, Plyaskin, V, Pochon, J, Pohl, M, Poireau, V, Porter, S, Pouxe, J, Putze, A, Quadrani, L, Qi, XN, Rancoita, PG, Rapin, D, Ren, ZL, Ricol, JS, Riihonen, E, Rodriguez, I, Roeser, U, Rosier Lees, S, Rossi, L, Rozhkov, A, ROZZA, DAVIDE, Sabellek, A, Sagdeev, R, Sandweiss, J, Santos, B, Saouter, P, Sarchioni, M, Schael, S, Schinzel, D, Schmanau, M, Schwering, G, von Dratzig, AS, Scolieri, G, Seo, ES, Shan, BS, Shi, JY, Shi, YM, Siedenburg, T, Siedling, R, Son, D, Spada, F, Spinella, F, Steuer, M, Stiff, K, Sun, W, Sun, WH, Sun, XH, Tang, CP, Tang, XW, Tang, ZC, Tao, L, Tassan Viol, J, Ting, Samuel CC, Ting, SM, Titus, C, Tomassetti, N, Toral, F, Torsti, J, Tsai, JR, Tutt, JC, Ulbricht, J, Urban, T, Vagelli, V, Valente, E, Vannini, C, Valtonen, E, Trevino, MV, Vaurynovich, S, Vecchi, M, Vergain, M, Verlaat, B, Vescovi, C, Vialle, JP, Viertel, G, Volpini, G, Wang, D, Wang, NH, Wang, QL, Wang, RS, Wang, X, Wang, ZX, Wallraff, W, Weng, ZL, Willenbrock, M, Wlochal, M, Wu, H, Wu, KY, Wu, ZS, Xiao, WJ, Xie, S, Xiong, RQ, Xin, GM, Xu, NS, Xu, W, Yan, Q, Yang, J, Yang, M, Ye, QH, Yi, H, Yu, YJ, Yu, ZQ, Zeissler, S, Zhang, JG, Zhang, Z, Zhang, MM, Zheng, ZM, Zhuang, HL, Zhukov, V, Zichichi, A, Zuccon, P, Zurbach, C., BOELLA, GIULIANO FILIPPO, GERVASI, MASSIMO, PENSOTTI, SIMONETTA, PESSINA, GIANLUIGI EZIO, TACCONI, MAURO, M. Aguilar, G. Alberti, B. Alpat, A. Alvino, G. Ambrosi, K. Andeen, H. Anderhub, L. Arruda, P. Azzarello, A. Bachlechner, F. Barao, B. Baret, A. Barrau, L. Barrin, A. Bartoloni, L. Basara, A. Basili, L. Batalha, J. Bate, R. Battiston, J. Bazo, R. Becker, U. Becker, M. Behlmann, B. Beischer, J. Berdugo, P. Berge, B. Bertucci, G. Bigongiari, A. Biland, V. Bindi, S. Bizzaglia, G. Boella, W. de Boer, K. Bollweg, J. Bolmont, B. Borgia, S. Borsini, M. J. Boschini, G. Boudoul, M. Bourquin, P. Brun, M. Buénerd, J. Burger, W. Burger, F. Cadoux, X. D. Cai, M. Capell, D. Casadei, J. Casau, V. Cascioli, G. Castellini, I. Cernuda, F. Cervelli, M. J. Chae, Y. H. Chang, A. I. Chen, C. R. Chen, H. Chen, G. M. Cheng, H. S. Chen, L. Cheng, N. Chernoplyiokov, A. Chikanian, E. Choumilov, V. Choutko, C. H. Chung, C. Clark, R. Clavero, G. Coignet, V. Commichau, C. Consolandi, A. Contin, C. Corti, M. T. Costado Dio, B. Coste, D. Crespo, Z. Cui, M. Dai, C. Delgado, S. Della Torre, B. Demirkoz, P. Dennett, L. Derome, S. Di Falco, X. H. Diao, A. Diago, L. Djambazov, C. Díaz, P. von Doetinchem, W. J. Du, J. M. Duboi, R. Duperay, M. Duranti, D. D’Urso, A. Egorov, A. Eline, F. J. Eppling, T. Eronen, J. van E, H. Esser, A. Falvard, E. Fiandrini, A. Fiasson, E. Finch, P. Fisher, K. Flood, R. Foglio, M. Fohey, S. Fopp, N. Fouque, Y. Galaktionov, M. Gallilee, L. Gallin-Martel, G. Gallucci, B. García, J. García, R. García-López, L. García-Tabare, C. Gargiulo, H. Gast, I. Gebauer, S. Gentile, M. Gervasi, W. Gillard, F. Giovacchini, L. Girard, P. Goglov, J. Gong, C. Goy-Henningsen, D. Grandi, M. Graziani, A. Grechko, A. Gro, I. Guerri, C. de la Guía, K. H. Guo, M. Habiby, S. Haino, F. Hauler, Z. H. He, M. Heil, J. Heilig, R. Hermel, H. Hofer, Z. C. Huang, W. Hungerford, M. Incagli, M. Ionica, A. Jacholkowska, W. Y. Jang, H. Jinchi, M. Jongmann, L. Journet, L. Jungermann, W. Karpinski, G. N. Kim, K. S. Kim, Th. Kirn, R. Kossakowski, A. Koulemzine, O. Kounina, A. Kounine, V. Koutsenko, M. S. Krafczyk, E. Laudi, G. Laurenti, C. Lauritzen, A. Lebedev, M. W. Lee, S. C. Lee, C. Leluc, H. León Varga, V. Lepareur, J. Q. Li, Q. Li, T. X. Li, W. Li, Z. H. Li, P. Lipari, C. H. Lin, D. Liu, H. Liu, T. Lomtadze, Y. S. Lu, S. Lucidi, K. Lübelsmeyer, J. Z. Luo, W. Lustermann, S. Lv, J. Madsen, R. Majka, A. Malinin, C. Mañá, J. Marín, T. Martin, G. Martínez, F. Masciocchi, N. Masi, D. Maurin, A. McInturff, P. McIntyre, A. Menchaca-Rocha, Q. Meng, M. Menichelli, I. Mereu, M. Millinger, D. C. Mo, M. Molina, P. Mott, A. Mujunen, S. Natale, P. Nemeth, J. Q. Ni, N. Nikonov, F. Nozzoli, P. Nune, A. Obermeier, S. Oh, A. Oliva, F. Palmonari, C. Palomare, M. Paniccia, A. Papi, W. H. Park, M. Pauluzzi, F. Pau, A. Pauw, E. Pedreschi, S. Pensotti, R. Pereira, E. Perrin, G. Pessina, G. Pierschel, F. Pilo, A. Piluso, C. Pizzolotto, V. Plyaskin, J. Pochon, M. Pohl, V. Poireau, S. Porter, J. Pouxe, A. Putze, L. Quadrani, X. N. Qi, P. G. Rancoita, D. Rapin, Z. L. Ren, J. S. Ricol, E. Riihonen, I. Rodríguez, U. Roeser, S. Rosier-Lee, L. Rossi, A. Rozhkov, D. Rozza, A. Sabellek, R. Sagdeev, J. Sandwei, B. Santo, P. Saouter, M. Sarchioni, S. Schael, D. Schinzel, M. Schmanau, G. Schwering, A. Schulz von Dratzig, G. Scolieri, E. S. Seo, B. S. Shan, J. Y. Shi, Y. M. Shi, T. Siedenburg, R. Siedling, D. Son, F. Spada, F. Spinella, M. Steuer, K. Stiff, W. Sun, W. H. Sun, X. H. Sun, M. Tacconi, C. P. Tang, X. W. Tang, Z. C. Tang, L. Tao, J. Tassan-Viol, Samuel C. C. Ting, S. M. Ting, C. Titu, N. Tomassetti, F. Toral, J. Torsti, J. R. Tsai, J. C. Tutt, J. Ulbricht, T. Urban, V. Vagelli, E. Valente, C. Vannini, E. Valtonen, M. Vargas Trevino, S. Vaurynovich, M. Vecchi, M. Vergain, B. Verlaat, C. Vescovi, J. P. Vialle, G. Viertel, G. Volpini, D. Wang, N. H. Wang, Q. L. Wang, R. S. Wang, X. Wang, Z. X. Wang, W. Wallraff, Z. L. Weng, M. Willenbrock, M. Wlochal, H. Wu, K. Y. Wu, Z. S. Wu, W. J. Xiao, S. Xie, R. Q. Xiong, G. M. Xin, N. S. Xu, W. Xu, Q. Yan, J. Yang, M. Yang, Q. H. Ye, H. Yi, Y. J. Yu, Z. Q. Yu, S. Zeissler, J. G. Zhang, Z. Zhang, M. M. Zhang, Z. M. Zheng, H. L. Zhuang, V. Zhukov, A. Zichichi, P. Zuccon, C. Zurbach, Azzarello, Philipp, Bourquin, Maurice, Cadoux, Franck, Habiby Alaoui, Marion, Leluc, Catherine, Masciocchi, Florian, Paniccia, Mercedes, Perrin, Eric, Pohl, Martin, Rapin, Divic Jean, Saouter, Pierre, Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, OpenMETU, CERN [Genève], Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (INFN, Sezione di Perugia), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Theoretical Physics [ETH Zürich] (ITP), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), RWTH Aachen University, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire [Genève] (DPNC), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (INFN, Sezione di Bologna), Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Instituto de Matematicas (UNAM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare [Sezione di Roma 1] (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN Sezione di Pisa (INFN Sezione di Pisa), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (INFN), AMS, Aguilar, M, Alberti, G, Alpat, B, Alvino, A, Ambrosi, G, Andeen, K, Anderhub, H, Arruda, L, Azzarello, P, Bachlechner, A, Barao, F, Baret, B, Barrau, A, Barrin, L, Bartoloni, A, Basara, L, Basili, A, Batalha, L, Bates, J, Battiston, R, Bazo, J, Becker, R, Becker, U, Behlmann, M, Beischer, B, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Bigongiari, G, Biland, A, Bindi, V, Bizzaglia, S, Boella, G, de Boer, W, Bollweg, K, Bolmont, J, Borgia, B., B, S, Boschini, M, Boudoul, G, Bourquin, M, Brun, P, Buenerd, M, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cadoux, F, Cai, X, Capell, M, Casadei, D, Casaus, J, Cascioli, V, Castellini, G, Cernuda, I, Cervelli, F, Chae, M, Chang, Y, Chen, A, Chen, C, Chen, H, Cheng, G, Cheng, L, Chernoplyiokov, N, Chikanian, A, Choumilov, E, Choutko, V, Chung, C, Clark, C, Clavero, R, Coignet, G, Commichau, V, Consolandi, C, Contin, A, Corti, C, Dios, M, Costado Coste, B, Crespo, D, Cui, Z, Dai, M, Delgado, C, Della Torre, S, Demirkoz, B, Dennett, P, Derome, L, Di Falco, S, Diao, X, Diago, A, Djambazov, L, Diaz, C, von Doetinchem, P, Du, W, Dubois, J, Duperay, R, Duranti, M, D'Urso, D, Egorov, A, Eline, A, Eppling, F, Eronen, T, van Es, J, Esser, H, Falvard, A, Fiandrini, E, Fiasson, A, Finch, E, Fisher, P, Flood, K, Foglio, R, Fohey, M, Fopp, S, Fouque, N, Galaktionov, Y, Gallilee, M, Gallin Martel, L, Gallucci, G, Garcia, B, Garcia, J, Garcia Lopez, R, Garcia Tabares, L, Gargiulo, C, Gast, H, Gebauer, I, Gentile, S, Gervasi, M, Gillard, W, Giovacchini, F, Girard, L, Goglov, P, Gong, J, Goy Henningsen, C, Grandi, D, Graziani, M, Grechko, A, Gross, A, Guerri, I, de la Guia, C, Guo, K, Habiby, M, Haino, S, Hauler, F, He, Z, Heil, M, Heilig, J, Hermel, R, Hofer, H, Huang, Z, Hungerford, W, Incagli, M, Ionica, M, Jacholkowska, A, Jang, W, Jinchi, H, Jongmanns, M, Journet, L, Jungermann, L, Karpinski, W, Kim, G, Kim, K, Kirn, T, Kossakowski, R, Koulemzine, A, Kounina, O, Kounine, A, Koutsenko, V, Krafczyk, M, Laudi, E, Laurenti, G, Lauritzen, C, Lebedev, A, Lee, M, Lee, S, Leluc, C, Vargas, H, Lepareur, V, Li, J, Li, Q, Li, T, Li, W, Li, Z, Lipari, P, Lin, C, Liu, D, Liu, H, Lomtadze, T, Lu, Y, Lucidi, S, Luebelsmeyer, K, Luo, J, Lustermann, W, Lv, S, Madsen, J, Majka, R, Malinin, A, Mana, C, Marin, J, Martin, T, Martinez, G, Masciocchi, F, Masi, N, Maurin, D, Mcinturff, A, Mcintyre, P, Menchaca Rocha, A, Meng, Q, Menichelli, M, Mereu, I, Millinger, M, Mo, D, Molina, M, Mott, P, Mujunen, A, Natale, S, Nemeth, P, Ni, J, Nikonov, N, Nozzoli, F, Nunes, P, Obermeier, A, Oh, S, Oliva, A, Palmonari, F, Palomares, C, Paniccia, M, Papi, A, Park, W, Pauluzzi, M, Pauss, F, Pauw, A, Pedreschi, E, Pensotti, S, Pereira, R, Perrin, E, Pessina, G, Pierschel, G, Pilo, F, Piluso, A, Pizzolotto, C, Plyaskin, V, Pochon, J, Pohl, M, Poireau, V, Porter, S, Pouxe, J, Putze, A, Quadrani, L, Qi, X, Rancoita, P, Rapin, D, Ren, Z, Ricol, J, Riihonen, E, Rodriguez, I, Roeser, U, Rosier Lees, S, Rossi, L, Rozhkov, A, Rozza, D, Sabellek, A, Sagdeev, R, Sandweiss, J, Santos, B, Saouter, P, Sarchioni, M, Schael, S, Schinzel, D, Schmanau, M, Schwering, G, von Dratzig, A, Scolieri, G, Seo, E, Shan, B, Shi, J, Shi, Y, Siedenburg, T, Siedling, R, Son, D, Spada, F, Spinella, F, Steuer, M, Stiff, K, Sun, W, Sun, X, Tacconi, M, Tang, C, Tang, X, Tang, Z, Tao, L, Tassan Viol, J, Ting, S, Titus, C, Tomassetti, N, Toral, F, Torsti, J, Tsai, J, Tutt, J, Ulbricht, J, Urban, T, Vagelli, V, Valente, E, Vannini, C, Valtonen, E, Trevino, M, Vaurynovich, S, Vecchi, M, Vergain, M, Verlaat, B, Vescovi, C, Vialle, J, Viertel, G, Volpini, G, Wang, D, Wang, N, Wang, Q, Wang, R, Wang, X, Wang, Z, Wallraff, W, Weng, Z, Willenbrock, M, Wlochal, M, Wu, H, Wu, K, Wu, Z, Xiao, W, Xie, S, Xiong, R, Xin, G, Xu, N, Xu, W, Yan, Q, Yang, J, Yang, M, Ye, Q, Yi, H, Yu, Y, Yu, Z, Zeissler, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhang, M, Zheng, Z, Zhuang, H, Zhukov, V, Zichichi, A, Zuccon, P, and Zurbach, C
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, education, Dark matter, General Physics and Astronomy, Electrons, Cosmic ray, ddc:500.2, Electron, 01 natural sciences, and other elementary particle detectors, cosmic ray detectors, Nuclear physics, Physics and Astronomy (all), Positron, cosmic rays, muon, Neutrino, 0103 physical sciences, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Physics, Range (particle radiation), ta115, ta213, ta114, Cosmic rays, positron fraction, space experiments, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], pion, Observable, energy spectra and interactions, pion, and other elementary particle detectors, ELECTRONS, cosmic rays, dark matter, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Composition
Abstract: A precision measurement by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV based on 6.8 x 10(6) positron and electron events is presented. The very accurate data show that the positron fraction is steadily increasing from 10 to similar to 250 GeV, but, from 20 to 250 GeV, the slope decreases by an order of magnitude. The positron fraction spectrum shows no fine structure, and the positron to electron ratio shows no observable anisotropy. Together, these features show the existence of new physical phenomena. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102
Published: 2013
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3. Ketogenic diet combined with intermittent fasting: an option for type 2 diabetes remission?

Author: Zhou XY, Guo KH, Huang SF, Liu RK, and Zeng CP
Subjects: Humans, Remission Induction, Intermittent Fasting, Diet, Ketogenic methods, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 diet therapy, Fasting, Blood Glucose metabolism, Blood Glucose analysis
Abstract: With increasing attention to diabetes remission, various special dietary patterns have been found to be effective in achieving diabetes remission. The effect of a single dietary pattern on lowering blood glucose is clear, but studies on the synergistic effects of different dietary patterns are limited. This article describes the types of intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets, potential mechanisms, contraindications of combination diets, recommendations for combination diets, and their health outcomes. This paper aims to illustrate the evidence for intermittent fasting combined with a ketogenic diet on outcomes of diabetes remission and effect on blood glucose control. Knowledge of these findings can help doctors and patients determine dietary patterns for achieving diabetes remission and understanding their application., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2025
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4. Anatomic Interpretability in Neuroimage Deep Learning: Saliency Approaches for Typical Aging and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Author: Guo KH, Chaudhari NN, Jafar T, Chowdhury NF, Bogdan P, and Irimia A
Subjects: Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Aged, Female, Adult, Neuroimaging methods, Deep Learning, Aging physiology, Aging pathology, Brain Injuries, Traumatic diagnostic imaging, Brain Injuries, Traumatic pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain pathology
Abstract: The black box nature of deep neural networks (DNNs) makes researchers and clinicians hesitant to rely on their findings. Saliency maps can enhance DNN explainability by suggesting the anatomic localization of relevant brain features. This study compares seven popular attribution-based saliency approaches to assign neuroanatomic interpretability to DNNs that estimate biological brain age (BA) from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cognitively normal (CN) adults (N = 13,394, 5,900 males; mean age: 65.82 ± 8.89 years) are included for DNN training, testing, validation, and saliency map generation to estimate BA. To study saliency robustness to the presence of anatomic deviations from normality, saliency maps are also generated for adults with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, N = 214, 135 males; mean age: 55.3 ± 9.9 years). We assess saliency methods' capacities to capture known anatomic features of brain aging and compare them to a surrogate ground truth whose anatomic saliency is known a priori. Anatomic aging features are identified most reliably by the integrated gradients method, which outperforms all others through its ability to localize relevant anatomic features. Gradient Shapley additive explanations, input × gradient, and masked gradient perform less consistently but still highlight ubiquitous neuroanatomic features of aging (ventricle dilation, hippocampal atrophy, sulcal widening). Saliency methods involving gradient saliency, guided backpropagation, and guided gradient-weight class attribution mapping localize saliency outside the brain, which is undesirable. Our research suggests the relative tradeoffs of saliency methods to interpret DNN findings during BA estimation in typical aging and after mTBI., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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5. Regulatory effect of Yinchenhao decoction on bile acid metabolism to improve the inflammatory microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice.

Author: Shi J, Zhu L, Tang BY, Yang WQ, Xi SY, Zhang CL, Li PF, Wang YJ, Guo KH, Huang JR, Huang CR, Yu ZX, Yu BK, Zhang CF, and Zhang YM
Subjects: Animals, Mice, Male, Liver drug effects, Liver metabolism, Liver pathology, Inflammation drug therapy, Inflammation metabolism, Drugs, Chinese Herbal pharmacology, Drugs, Chinese Herbal therapeutic use, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular drug therapy, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular metabolism, Bile Acids and Salts metabolism, Tumor Microenvironment drug effects, Liver Neoplasms drug therapy, Liver Neoplasms metabolism
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with extremely high mortality. The tumor microenvironment is the "soil" of its occurrence and development, and the inflammatory microenvironment is an important part of the "soil". Bile acid is closely related to the occurrence of HCC. Bile acid metabolism disorder is not only directly involved in the occurrence and development of HCC but also affects the inflammatory microenvironment of HCC. Yinchenhao decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, can regulate bile acid metabolism and may affect the inflammatory microenvironment of HCC. To determine the effect of Yinchenhao decoction on bile acid metabolism in mice with HCC and to explore the possible mechanism by which Yinchenhao decoction improves the inflammatory microenvironment of HCC by regulating bile acid metabolism, we established mice model of orthotopic transplantation of hepatocellular carcinoma. These mice were treated with three doses of Yinchenhao decoction, then liver samples were collected and tested. Yinchenhao decoction can regulate the disorder of bile acid metabolism in liver cancer mice. Besides, it can improve inflammatory reactions, reduce hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, and even reduce liver weight and the liver index. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and taurohyodeoxycholic acid are important molecules in the regulation of the liver inflammatory microenvironment, laying a foundation for the regulation of the liver tumor inflammatory microenvironment based on bile acids. Yinchenhao decoction may improve the inflammatory microenvironment of mice with HCC by ameliorating hepatic bile acid metabolism., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy.)
Published: 2024
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6. Comprehensive molecular findings in primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: A multicenter study.

Author: Deng L, Wang HY, Hu CF, Liu XY, Jiang K, Yong JJ, Wu XY, Guo KH, and Wang F
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Aged, Middle Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Adult, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Prognosis, Melanoma genetics, Melanoma pathology, Esophageal Neoplasms genetics, Esophageal Neoplasms pathology, Mutation genetics
Abstract: Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) is an extremely rare but highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Due to the scarcity of driver gene alterations, there is a need for more clinical data to comprehensively depict its molecular alterations. This study reviewed 26 PMME cases from three medical centers. Hybrid capture-based targeted sequencing of 295 and 1021 genes was performed in 14 and 12 cases, respectively. We found that PMME patients had a relatively low tumor mutation burden (median, 2.88 mutations per Mb) and were simultaneously accompanied by mutations in genes such as KIT (6/26, 23%), TP53 (6/26, 23%), SF3B1 (4/26, 15%), and NRAS (3/26, 12%). KIT, NRAS, and BRAF were mutually exclusive, and SF3B1 co-occurred with KIT mutation and amplification. The most common pathways affected were the mitogen-activated protein kinases and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. Stage IV was a risk factor for both progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-19.91) and overall survival (OS), HR = 4.33, 95% CI = 1.22-15.30). Treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was an independent factor for favorable OS (HR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01-0.91). Overall, PMME is a complex malignancy with diverse gene alterations, especially with harboring DDR alterations for potentially response from ICIs., (© 2023 The Authors. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2024
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7. Editorial: Non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs in type 2 diabetes remission.

Author: Guo KH, Zhou XY, and Zeng CP
Subjects: Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents therapeutic use, Blood Glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 drug therapy
Abstract: Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Published: 2023
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8. Clinical significance of genetic profiling based on different anatomic sites in patients with mucosal melanoma who received or did not receive immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Author: Wang HY, Liu Y, Deng L, Jiang K, Yang XH, Wu XY, Guo KH, and Wang F
Abstract: Background: To date, data on the efficacy of targeted therapies for mucosal melanoma (MM) are limited. In this study, we analyzed genetic alterations according to the primary site of origin, which could provide clues for targeted therapy for MM., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 112 patients with MM. Targeted sequencing was performed to analyze genetic aberrations. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted with the log-rank test to compare the significance among subgroups., Results: In total, 112 patients with MM were included according to the anatomic sites: 38 (33.9%) in the head and neck, 22 (19.6%) in the genitourinary tract, 21 (18.8%) in the anorectum, 19 (17.0%) in the esophagus, 10 (8.9%) in the uvea, and 2 (1.8%) in the small bowel. The most significantly mutated genes included BRAF (17%), KIT (15%), RAS (15%), TP53 (13%), NF1 (12%), SF3B1 (11%), GNA11 (7%), GNAQ (5%), and FBXW7 (4%). A large number of chromosomal structural variants was found. The anatomic sites of esophagus and small bowel were independent risk factors for progression-free survival (PFS, hazard ratio [HR] 4.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.42-9.45, P < 0.0001) and overall survival (OS, HR 5.26, 95% CI 2.51-11.03, P < 0.0001). Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL) mutants showed significantly poorer PFS and OS. In contrast, MM patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) had a significantly more favorable OS (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.75, P = 0.008)., Conclusions: Our findings reveal the genetic features of patients with MM, mainly across six anatomic sites, offering a potential avenue for targeted therapies., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)
Published: 2023
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9. Clinical characteristics and acute complication of COVID-19 patients with diabetes: a multicenter, retrospective study in Southern China.

Author: Zhou XY, Huang SF, Lin JX, Zhi HN, Xiao L, Wang XZ, Guo KH, Zhou L, Long T, You HM, Lin MR, Luo XY, Sun WP, and Zeng CP
Subjects: Humans, Retrospective Studies, Anosmia, China epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Ageusia, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 epidemiology
Abstract: Aims: This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics, laboratory data and complications of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) since epidemic prevention and control optimization was adjusted in December 2022 in China., Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included 298 patients with confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without COVID-19. We collected data from the first wave of the pandemic in The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Loudi Central Hospital and The First People's Hospital of Xiangtan from December 1, 2022 to February 1, 2023. We extracted baseline data, clinical symptoms, acute complications, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome data of each patient from electronic medical records., Results: For among 298 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, 136 (45.6%) were COVID-19 uninfected, and 162 (54.4%) were COVID-19 infected. We found that the incidence of cough, fatigue, fever, muscle soreness, sore throat, shortness of breath, hyposmia, hypogeusia and polyphagia (all p<0.01) were significantly higher in the exposure group. They showed higher levels of ketone (p=0.04), creatinine (p<0.01), blood potassium (p=0.01) and more diabetic ketoacidosis (p<0.01). Patients with COVID-19 less use of metformin (p<0.01), thiazolidinediones (p<0.01) and SGLT2 (p<0.01) compared with patients without COVID-19., Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with diabetes showed more severe respiratory and constitutional symptoms and an increased proportion of hyposmia and hypogeusia. Moreover, COVID-19 patients with diabetes have a higher incidence of acute complications, are more prone to worsening renal function, and are more cautious about the use of antidiabetic drugs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhou, Huang, Lin, Zhi, Xiao, Wang, Guo, Zhou, Long, You, Lin, Luo, Sun and Zeng.)
Published: 2023
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10. Amelioration of olfactory dysfunction in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease via enhancing GABAergic signaling.

Author: Liu XY, Wang K, Deng XH, Wei YH, Guo R, Liu SF, Zhu YF, Zhong JJ, Zheng JY, Wang MD, Ye QH, He JQ, Guo KH, Zhu JR, Huang SQ, Chen ZX, Lv CS, and Wen L
Abstract: Background: Olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). As the foremost pathological hallmark, α-synuclein initiates the pathology in the olfactory pathway at the early stage of PD, particularly in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB). However, the local neural microcircuit mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction between OE and OB in early PD remain unknown., Results: We observed that odor detection and discrimination were impaired in 6-month-old SNCA-A53T mice, while their motor ability remained unaffected. It was confirmed that α-synuclein increased and accumulated in OB but not in OE. Notably, the hyperactivity of mitral/tufted cells and the excitation/inhibition imbalance in OB were found in 6-month-old SNCA-A53T mice, which was attributed to the impaired GABAergic transmission and aberrant expression of GABA transporter 1 and vesicular GABA transporter in OB. We further showed that tiagabine, a potent and selective GABA reuptake inhibitor, could reverse the impaired olfactory function and GABAergic signaling in OB of SNCA-A53T mice., Conclusions: Taken together, our findings demonstrate potential synaptic mechanisms of local neural microcircuit underlying olfactory dysfunction at the early stage of PD. These results highlight the critical role of aberrant GABAergic signaling of OB in early diagnosis and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for early-stage PD., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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11. The APP intracellular domain promotes LRRK2 expression to enable feed-forward neurodegenerative mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.

Author: Zhang ZW, Tu H, Jiang M, Vanan S, Chia SY, Jang SE, Saw WT, Ong ZW, Ma DR, Zhou ZD, Xu J, Guo KH, Yu WP, Ling SC, Margolin RA, Chain DG, Zeng L, and Tan EK
Subjects: Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor metabolism, Animals, Dopaminergic Neurons metabolism, Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2 genetics, Mice, Mutation, Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2 metabolism, Parkinson Disease genetics, Parkinson Disease metabolism
Abstract: Gain-of-function mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) gene are common in familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration that impairs motor and cognitive function. We previously demonstrated that LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) triggers the production and nuclear translocation of the APP intracellular domain (AICD). Here, we connected LRRK2 to AICD in a feed-forward cycle that enhanced LRRK2-mediated neurotoxicity. In cooperation with the transcription factor FOXO3a, AICD promoted LRRK2 expression, thus increasing the abundance of LRRK2 that promotes AICD activation. APP deficiency in LRRK2 G2019S mice suppressed LRRK2 expression, LRRK2-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein accumulation, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss in the brain, phenotypes associated with toxicity and loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Conversely, AICD overexpression increased LRRK2 expression and LRRK2-mediated neurotoxicity in LRRK2 G2019S mice. In LRRK2 G2019S mice or cultured dopaminergic neurons from LRRK2 G2019S patients, treatment with itanapraced reduced LRRK2 expression and was neuroprotective. Itanapraced showed similar effects in a neurotoxin-induced PD mouse model, suggesting that inhibiting the AICD may also have therapeutic benefits in idiopathic PD. Our findings reveal a therapeutically targetable, feed-forward mechanism through which AICD promotes LRRK2-mediated neurotoxicity in PD.
Published: 2022
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12. Mutational landscape of primary pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors through targeted next-generation sequencing.

Author: Wang F, Xi SY, Hao WW, Yang XH, Deng L, Xu YX, Wu XY, Zeng L, Guo KH, and Wang HY
Subjects: Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Forkhead Transcription Factors, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Minor Histocompatibility Antigens, Mutation, Nuclear Proteins, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, RNA-Binding Proteins, Repressor Proteins, Salivary Glands, Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid genetics, Lung Neoplasms genetics
Abstract: Objectives: Primary pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors (PSGTs) mainly comprise of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), which are rare and molecularly poorly understood. This study aimed to profile the molecular alterations of PSGTs via targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS)., Material and Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to screen PSGTs in 32 patients and MAML2 and MYB rearrangements were detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization. 1021-Genepanel of targeted NGS was conducted to profile genomic mutations in all the PSGT patients., Results: Among the 32 patients, 25 had MEC and 7 had ACC. MAML2 and MYB rearrangements were detected in 80.0% (20/25) of the MEC and 71.4% (5/7) of the ACC patients. Among the MEC patients, 10 (40.0%) had ≥1 mutation, and 6 of them had 11 isolated mutations with abundance >5%, namely NFE2L2, MYOD1, INPP4B, CCND2, SNTG1, HSPD1, TGFBR1, RBM10, NOTCH4, ASXL1, and PTPRD mutations. The remaining 4 patients had 9 mutations with abundance <5%, namely KMT2A, PDCD11, FLT1, BRCA2, APC, SLX4, FOXP1, FGFR1, and HRAS mutations. All the ACC patients had mutations, which were enriched in 5 pathways including the PI3K and NOTCH pathways, chromatin and cytoskeleton remodeling, and DNA damage. These results explain PSGTs harbor distinct driver features of MAML2 or MYB rearrangement, accompanied with wide mutational diversity with very low rate of somatic mutation. Several important pathways, including the NOTCH and PI3K pathways, and chromatin remodeling could be targeted to improve the survival in patients with ACC., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
Published: 2021
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13. Impaired neurogenesis in the hippocampus of an adult VPS35 mutant mouse model of Parkinson's disease through interaction with APP.

Author: Jiang M, Tu HT, Zhang K, Zhang W, Yu WP, Xu J, Tan EK, Guo KH, and Zeng L
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Transgenic, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor genetics, Hippocampus metabolism, Neurogenesis genetics, Parkinsonian Disorders genetics, Vesicular Transport Proteins genetics
Abstract: Vacuolar protein sorting protein 35 (VPS35) is a core component of the retromer complex involved in regulating protein trafficking and retrieval. Recently, a missense mutation, Asp620Asn (D620N), in VPS35 (PARK17) has been identified as a pathogenic mutation for late-onset autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). Although PD is characterized by a range of motor symptoms associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra, non-motor symptoms such as impaired hippocampal neurogenesis were observed in both PD patients and animal models of PD caused by multiple PD-linked pathogenic genes such as alpha-synuclein and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). However, the role of the VPS35 D620N mutation in adult hippocampal neurogenesis remains unknown. Here, we showed that the VPS35 D620N mutation impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in adult transgenic mice expressing the VPS35 D620N gene. Specifically, we showed a reduction in the neural stem cell pool and neural proliferation and differentiation, retarded migration, and impaired neurite outgrowth in 3-month-old VPS35 D620N mutant mice. Moreover, we found that the VPS35 D620N mutant hyperphosphorylates amyloid precursor protein (APP) at Thr 668 and interacts with APP. Notably, by crossing the VPS35 D620N mutant mice with APP knockout (KO) mice, we showed that loss of APP function rescues VPS35 D620N-inhibited neurogenesis, neural migration, and maturation. Our study provides important evidence that APP is involved in the VPS35 D620N mutation in regulating adult neurogenesis, which sheds light on the pathogenic mechanisms in PD., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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14. Amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain-dependent regulation of FOXO3a inhibits adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Author: Jiang M, Vanan S, Tu HT, Zhang W, Zhang ZW, Chia SY, Jang SE, Zeng XX, Yu WP, Xu J, Guo KH, and Zeng L
Subjects: Animals, Cell Differentiation genetics, Cell Proliferation genetics, Hippocampus cytology, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Neurons physiology, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor physiology, Forkhead Box Protein O3 genetics, Forkhead Box Protein O3 metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental genetics, Hippocampus physiology, Neurogenesis genetics
Abstract: The amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) is a metabolic by-product of APP produced through sequential proteolytic cleavage by α-, β-, and γ-secretases. The interaction between AICD and Fe65 has been reported to impair adult neurogenesis in vivo. However, the exact role of AICD in mediating neural stem cell fate remains unclear. To identify the role of AICD in neuronal proliferation and differentiation, as well as to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of AICD in neurogenesis, we first generated a mouse model expressing the Rosa26-based AICD transgene. AICD overexpression did not alter the spatiotemporal expression pattern of full-length APP or accumulation of its metabolites. In addition, AICD decreased the newly generated neural progenitor cell (NPC) pool, inhibited the proliferation and differentiation efficiency of NPCs, and increased cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Given that abnormal neurogenesis is often associated with depression-like behavior in adult mice, we conducted a forced swim test and tail suspension test with AICD mice and found a depression-like behavioral phenotype in AICD transgenic mice. Moreover, AICD stimulated FOXO3a transcriptional activation, which in turn negatively regulated AICD. In addition, functional loss of FOXO3a in NPCs derived from the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult AICD transgenic mice rescued neurogenesis defects. AICD also increased the mRNA expression of FOXO3a target genes related to neurogenesis and cell death. These results suggest that FOXO3a is the functional target of AICD in neurogenesis regulation. Our study reveals the role of AICD in mediating neural stem cell fate to maintain homeostasis during brain development via interaction with FOXO3a., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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15. Frailty and associated prognosis among older emergency department patients with suspected infection: A prospective, observational cohort study.

Author: Fernando SM, Guo KH, Lukasik M, Rochwerg B, Cook DJ, Kyeremanteng K, and Perry JJ
Subjects: Aged, Emergency Service, Hospital, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Sepsis, Frailty
Abstract: Background: Prognosis and disposition among older emergency department (ED) patients with suspected infection remains challenging. Frailty is increasingly recognized as a predictor of poor prognosis among critically ill patients; however, its association with clinical outcomes among older ED patients with suspected infection is unknown., Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study at two tertiary care EDs. We included older ED patients (≥75 years) with suspected infection. Frailty at baseline (before index illness) was explicitly measured for all patients by the treating physicians using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). We defined frailty as a CFS 5-8. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust for known confounders. We also compared the prognostic accuracy of frailty with the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) criteria., Results: We enrolled 203 patients, of whom 117 (57.6%) were frail. Frail patients were more likely to develop septic shock (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.51) and more likely to die within 30 days of ED presentation (aOR 2.05; 95% CI, 1.02-5.24). Sensitivity for mortality was highest among the CFS (73.1%; 95% CI, 52.2-88.4), compared with SIRS ≥ 2 (65.4%; 95% CI, 44.3-82.8) or qSOFA ≥ 2 (38.4; 95% CI, 20.2-59.4)., Conclusions: Frailty is a highly prevalent prognostic factor that can be used to risk-stratify older ED patients with suspected infection. ED clinicians should consider screening for frailty to optimize disposition in this population.
Published: 2020
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16. Properties of Neon, Magnesium, and Silicon Primary Cosmic Rays Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Burmeister S, Cai XD, Capell M, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chang YH, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Chouridou S, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Felice V, Díaz C, Dimiccoli F, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, Egorov A, Eline A, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Freeman C, Galaktionov Y, Gámez C, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, Hashmani RK, He ZH, Heber B, Hsieh TH, Hu JY, Huang ZC, Incagli M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kirn T, Konyushikhin M, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kuhlman A, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Li JQ, Li M, Li Q, Li S, Li TX, Li ZH, Light C, Lin CH, Lippert T, Liu Z, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo JZ, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Marquardt J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Molero M, Mott P, Mussolin L, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Paniccia M, Pashnin A, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Phan HD, Piandani R, Plyaskin V, Poluianov S, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Quadrani L, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Reina Conde A, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Solano C, Sonnabend R, Song JW, Sun Q, Sun ZT, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tian J, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Tüysüz C, Urban T, Usoskin I, Vagelli V, Vainio R, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wallmann C, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang S, Wang X, Wang ZX, Wei J, Weng ZL, Wu H, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang FZ, Zhang JH, Zhang Z, Zhao F, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: We report the observation of new properties of primary cosmic rays, neon (Ne), magnesium (Mg), and silicon (Si), measured in the rigidity range 2.15 GV to 3.0 TV with 1.8×10^{6} Ne, 2.2×10^{6} Mg, and 1.6×10^{6} Si nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment on the International Space Station. The Ne and Mg spectra have identical rigidity dependence above 3.65 GV. The three spectra have identical rigidity dependence above 86.5 GV, deviate from a single power law above 200 GV, and harden in an identical way. Unexpectedly, above 86.5 GV the rigidity dependence of primary cosmic rays Ne, Mg, and Si spectra is different from the rigidity dependence of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O. This shows that the Ne, Mg, and Si and He, C, and O are two different classes of primary cosmic rays.
Published: 2020
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17. Properties of Cosmic Helium Isotopes Measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chang YH, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Felice V, Díaz C, Dimiccoli F, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, Egorov A, Eline A, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gámez C, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Incagli M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kirn T, Konyushikhin M, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li ZH, Light C, Lin CH, Lippert T, Liu Z, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Luo X, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Molero M, Mott P, Mussolin L, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Paniccia M, Pashnin A, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Phan HD, Plyaskin V, Poireau V, Poluianov S, Popkow A, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Quadrani L, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Reina Conde A, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Solano C, Song JW, Sun ZT, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tian J, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Tüysüz C, Urban T, Usoskin I, Vagelli V, Vainio R, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei J, Weng ZL, Wu H, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang JH, Zhang Z, Zhao F, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station of ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes are presented. The measurements are based on 100 million ^{4}He nuclei in the rigidity range from 2.1 to 21 GV and 18 million ^{3}He from 1.9 to 15 GV collected from May 2011 to November 2017. We observed that the ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes exhibit nearly identical variations with time. The relative magnitude of the variations decreases with increasing rigidity. The rigidity dependence of the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio is measured for the first time. Below 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to have a significant long-term time dependence. Above 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to be time independent, and its rigidity dependence is well described by a single power law ∝R^{Δ} with Δ=-0.294±0.004. Unexpectedly, this value is in agreement with the B/O and B/C spectral indices at high energies.
Published: 2019
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18. Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chang YH, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Felice V, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Incagli M, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li ZH, Light C, Lin CH, Lippert T, Liu FZ, Liu H, Liu Z, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Luo X, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Molero M, Mott P, Mussolin L, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Paniccia M, Pashnin A, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Popkow A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Conde AR, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Solano C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, von Dratzig AS, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Song JW, Sun ZT, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tian J, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Acosta MV, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vizán J, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei J, Weng ZL, Wu H, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang JH, Zhang Z, Zhao F, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: Precision results on cosmic-ray electrons are presented in the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 1.4 TeV based on 28.1×10^{6} electrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. In the entire energy range the electron and positron spectra have distinctly different magnitudes and energy dependences. The electron flux exhibits a significant excess starting from 42.1_{-5.2}^{+5.4} GeV compared to the lower energy trends, but the nature of this excess is different from the positron flux excess above 25.2±1.8 GeV. Contrary to the positron flux, which has an exponential energy cutoff of 810_{-180}^{+310} GeV, at the 5σ level the electron flux does not have an energy cutoff below 1.9 TeV. In the entire energy range the electron flux is well described by the sum of two power law components. The different behavior of the cosmic-ray electrons and positrons measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is clear evidence that most high energy electrons originate from different sources than high energy positrons.
Published: 2019
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19. Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chang YH, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Incagli M, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li ZH, Light C, Lin CH, Lippert T, Liu FZ, Liu H, Liu Z, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Luo X, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Molero M, Mott P, Mussolin L, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Paniccia M, Pashnin A, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Popkow A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Conde AR, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Solano C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Song JW, Sun ZT, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tian J, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vizán J, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei J, Weng ZL, Wu H, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang JH, Zhang Z, Zhao F, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: Precision measurements of cosmic ray positrons are presented up to 1 TeV based on 1.9 million positrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The positron flux exhibits complex energy dependence. Its distinctive properties are (a) a significant excess starting from 25.2±1.8 GeV compared to the lower-energy, power-law trend, (b) a sharp dropoff above 284_{-64}^{+91} GeV, (c) in the entire energy range the positron flux is well described by the sum of a term associated with the positrons produced in the collision of cosmic rays, which dominates at low energies, and a new source term of positrons, which dominates at high energies, and (d) a finite energy cutoff of the source term of E_{s}=810_{-180}^{+310} GeV is established with a significance of more than 4σ. These experimental data on cosmic ray positrons show that, at high energies, they predominantly originate either from dark matter annihilation or from other astrophysical sources.
Published: 2019
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20. Cell-Based Biosensor with Dual Signal Outputs for Simultaneous Quantification of Phenylacetic Acid and Phenylethylamine.

Author: Guo KH, Lu KH, and Yeh YC
Subjects: Oxidoreductases genetics, Oxidoreductases metabolism, Plasmids genetics, Plasmids metabolism, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Biosensing Techniques methods, Escherichia coli metabolism, Phenethylamines analysis, Phenylacetates analysis
Abstract: Despite the importance of 2-phenylacetic acid, a plant hormone in the endogenous auxin family, its biosynthesis pathway has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we developed a novel whole-cell biosensor for the simultaneous quantification of 2-phenylacetic acid (PA) and 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) through the regulation of bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds. We used the PA regulon to enable the recognition of PA and PEA. Differentiation of PEA from PA involves the incorporation of the FeaR regulon within the same whole-cell biosensor to report the presence of aromatic amines. The proposed system is highly sensitive to PA as well as PEA.
Published: 2018
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21. The Mitochondrial Basis for Adaptive Variation in Aerobic Performance in High-Altitude Deer Mice.

Author: Scott GR, Guo KH, and Dawson NJ
Subjects: Animals, Acclimatization, Altitude, Mitochondria physiology, Peromyscus physiology
Abstract: Mitochondria play a central role in aerobic performance. Studies aimed at elucidating how evolved variation in mitochondrial physiology contributes to adaptive variation in aerobic performance can therefore provide a unique and powerful lens to understanding the evolution of complex physiological traits. Here, we review our ongoing work on the importance of changes in mitochondrial quantity and quality to adaptive variation in aerobic performance in high-altitude deer mice. Whole-organism aerobic capacity in hypoxia (VO2max) increases in response to hypoxia acclimation in this species, but high-altitude populations have evolved consistently greater VO2max than populations from low altitude. The evolved increase in VO2max in highlanders is associated with an evolved increase in the respiratory capacity of the gastrocnemius muscle. This appears to result from highlanders having more mitochondria in this tissue, attributed to a higher proportional abundance of oxidative fiber-types and a greater mitochondrial volume density within oxidative fibers. The latter is primarily caused by an over-abundance of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in high-altitude mice, which is likely advantageous for mitochondrial O2 supply because more mitochondria are situated adjacent to the cell membrane and close to capillaries. Evolved changes in gastrocnemius phenotype appear to be underpinned by population differences in the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, muscle development, and vascular development. Hypoxia acclimation has relatively little effect on respiratory capacity of the gastrocnemius, but it increases respiratory capacity of the diaphragm. However, the mechanisms responsible for this increase differ between populations: lowlanders appear to adjust mitochondrial quantity and quality (i.e., increases in citrate synthase [CS] activity, and mitochondrial respiration relative to CS activity) and they exhibit higher rates of mitochondrial release of reactive oxygen species, whereas highlanders only increase mitochondrial quantity in response to hypoxia acclimation. In contrast to the variation in skeletal muscles, the respiratory capacity of cardiac muscle does not appear to be affected by hypoxia acclimation and varies little between populations. Therefore, evolved changes in mitochondrial quantity and quality make important tissue-specific contributions to adaptive variation in aerobic performance in high-altitude deer mice.
Published: 2018
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22. Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Incagli M, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Liu Z, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Mott P, Mussolin L, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Song JW, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tescaro D, Tian J, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Wei J, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wu H, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: A precision measurement of the nitrogen flux with rigidity (momentum per unit charge) from 2.2 GV to 3.3 TV based on 2.2×10^{6} events is presented. The detailed rigidity dependence of the nitrogen flux spectral index is presented for the first time. The spectral index rapidly hardens at high rigidities and becomes identical to the spectral indices of primary He, C, and O cosmic rays above ∼700 GV. We observed that the nitrogen flux Φ_{N} can be presented as the sum of its primary component Φ_{N}^{P} and secondary component Φ_{N}^{S}, Φ_{N}=Φ_{N}^{P}+Φ_{N}^{S}, and we found Φ_{N} is well described by the weighted sum of the oxygen flux Φ_{O} (primary cosmic rays) and the boron flux Φ_{B} (secondary cosmic rays), with Φ_{N}^{P}=(0.090±0.002)×Φ_{O} and Φ_{N}^{S}=(0.62±0.02)×Φ_{B} over the entire rigidity range. This corresponds to a change of the contribution of the secondary cosmic ray component in the nitrogen flux from 70% at a few GV to <30% above 1 TV.
Published: 2018
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23. Observation of Fine Time Structures in the Cosmic Proton and Helium Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li ZH, Li ZY, Light C, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Luo X, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Popkow A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wu H, Wu X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: We present the precision measurement from May 2011 to May 2017 (79 Bartels rotations) of the proton fluxes at rigidities from 1 to 60 GV and the helium fluxes from 1.9 to 60 GV based on a total of 1×10^{9} events collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer aboard the International Space Station. This measurement is in solar cycle 24, which has the solar maximum in April 2014. We observed that, below 40 GV, the proton flux and the helium flux show nearly identical fine structures in both time and relative amplitude. The amplitudes of the flux structures decrease with increasing rigidity and vanish above 40 GV. The amplitudes of the structures are reduced during the time period, which started one year after solar maximum, when the proton and helium fluxes steadily increase. Above ∼3 GV the p/He flux ratio is time independent. We observed that below ∼3 GV the ratio has a long-term decrease coinciding with the period during which the fluxes start to rise.
Published: 2018
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24. Observation of Complex Time Structures in the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, von Dratzig AS, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wu H, Wu X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: We present high-statistics, precision measurements of the detailed time and energy dependence of the primary cosmic-ray electron flux and positron flux over 79 Bartels rotations from May 2011 to May 2017 in the energy range from 1 to 50 GeV. For the first time, the charge-sign dependent modulation during solar maximum has been investigated in detail by leptons alone. Based on 23.5×10^{6} events, we report the observation of short-term structures on the timescale of months coincident in both the electron flux and the positron flux. These structures are not visible in the e^{+}/e^{-} flux ratio. The precision measurements across the solar polarity reversal show that the ratio exhibits a smooth transition over 830±30 days from one value to another. The midpoint of the transition shows an energy dependent delay relative to the reversal and changes by 260±30 days from 1 to 6 GeV.
Published: 2018
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25. Determination of Gold Ions in Human Urine Using Genetically Engineered Microorganisms on a Paper Device.

Author: Guo KH, Chen PH, Lin C, Chen CF, Lee IR, and Yeh YC
Subjects: Humans, Ions urine, Red Fluorescent Protein, Biosensing Techniques methods, Cupriavidus genetics, Genetic Engineering, Gold urine, Luminescent Agents chemistry, Luminescent Proteins chemistry, Paper
Abstract: This paper presents a whole-cell biosensor that operates in conjunction with a smartphone-based fluorescence diagnostic system on a paper device to monitor the concentration of gold ions in human urine. The heavy metal-tolerant bacteria Cupriavidus metallidurans was genetically engineered for use as a chassis in a red fluorescent protein (RFP)-based microbial sensor. The biosensor is highly sensitive to gold ions, with a detection limit of 110 nM. The proposed smartphone-based analysis system provides a user-friendly approach to design tools of personal health monitoring for reporting the presence of gold ions in human urine.
Published: 2018
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26. Observation of New Properties of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wu H, Wu X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: We report on the observation of new properties of secondary cosmic rays Li, Be, and B measured in the rigidity (momentum per unit charge) range 1.9 GV to 3.3 TV with a total of 5.4×10^{6} nuclei collected by AMS during the first five years of operation aboard the International Space Station. The Li and B fluxes have an identical rigidity dependence above 7 GV and all three fluxes have an identical rigidity dependence above 30 GV with the Li/Be flux ratio of 2.0±0.1. The three fluxes deviate from a single power law above 200 GV in an identical way. This behavior of secondary cosmic rays has also been observed in the AMS measurement of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O but the rigidity dependences of primary cosmic rays and of secondary cosmic rays are distinctly different. In particular, above 200 GV, the secondary cosmic rays harden more than the primary cosmic rays.
Published: 2018
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27. Observation of the Identical Rigidity Dependence of He, C, and O Cosmic Rays at High Rigidities by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demakov O, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wu H, Wu X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: We report the observation of new properties of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O measured in the rigidity (momentum/charge) range 2 GV to 3 TV with 90×10^{6} helium, 8.4×10^{6} carbon, and 7.0×10^{6} oxygen nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) during the first five years of operation. Above 60 GV, these three spectra have identical rigidity dependence. They all deviate from a single power law above 200 GV and harden in an identical way.
Published: 2017
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28. Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demakov O, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Finch E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Machate F, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SD, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhu ZQ, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the boron to carbon flux ratio (B/C) is important in understanding the propagation of cosmic rays. The precise measurement of the B/C ratio from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV, based on 2.3 million boron and 8.3 million carbon nuclei collected by AMS during the first 5 years of operation, is presented. The detailed variation with rigidity of the B/C spectral index is reported for the first time. The B/C ratio does not show any significant structures in contrast to many cosmic ray models that require such structures at high rigidities. Remarkably, above 65 GV, the B/C ratio is well described by a single power law R^{Δ} with index Δ=-0.333±0.014(fit)±0.005(syst), in good agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence which predicts Δ=-1/3 asymptotically.
Published: 2016
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29. Antiproton Flux, Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio, and Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeǧmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Coste B, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Finch E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guerri I, Guo KH, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Willenbrock M, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SD, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhu ZQ, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: A precision measurement by AMS of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio in primary cosmic rays in the absolute rigidity range from 1 to 450 GV is presented based on 3.49×10^{5} antiproton events and 2.42×10^{9} proton events. The fluxes and flux ratios of charged elementary particles in cosmic rays are also presented. In the absolute rigidity range ∼60 to ∼500 GV, the antiproton p[over ¯], proton p, and positron e^{+} fluxes are found to have nearly identical rigidity dependence and the electron e^{-} flux exhibits a different rigidity dependence. Below 60 GV, the (p[over ¯]/p), (p[over ¯]/e^{+}), and (p/e^{+}) flux ratios each reaches a maximum. From ∼60 to ∼500 GV, the (p[over ¯]/p), (p[over ¯]/e^{+}), and (p/e^{+}) flux ratios show no rigidity dependence. These are new observations of the properties of elementary particles in the cosmos.
Published: 2016
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30. Precision Measurement of the Helium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays of Rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cerreta D, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen H, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Gil EC, Coste B, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Haas D, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Korkmaz MA, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HL, Li JQ, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Liu H, Lolli M, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pauluzzi M, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Schael S, Schmidt SM, von Dratzig AS, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Willenbrock M, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang SD, Zhang SW, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, and Zuccon P
Abstract: Knowledge of the precise rigidity dependence of the helium flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. A precise measurement of the helium flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1.9 GV to 3 TV based on 50 million events is presented and compared to the proton flux. The detailed variation with rigidity of the helium flux spectral index is presented for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at rigidities larger than 100 GV. The rigidity dependence of the helium flux spectral index is similar to that of the proton spectral index though the magnitudes are different. Remarkably, the spectral index of the proton to helium flux ratio increases with rigidity up to 45 GV and then becomes constant; the flux ratio above 45 GV is well described by a single power law.
Published: 2015
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31. Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from Rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bigongiari G, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Cascioli V, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cerreta D, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen H, Cheng GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Cortina Gil E, Coste B, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Donnini F, Du WJ, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Gillard W, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Haas D, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Levi G, Li HL, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lolli M, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pauluzzi M, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Postaci E, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Sbarra C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xin GM, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P, and Zurbach C
Abstract: A precise measurement of the proton flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1 GV to 1.8 TV is presented based on 300 million events. Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the proton flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. We present the detailed variation with rigidity of the flux spectral index for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at high rigidities.
Published: 2015
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32. Precision Measurement of the (e^{+}+e^{-}) Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

Author: Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bigongiari G, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Cascioli V, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen H, Cheng GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chikanian A, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Coste B, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai M, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Donnini F, Du WJ, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Gillard W, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, Kunz S, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HL, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Malinin A, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pauluzzi M, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Postaci E, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Sbarra C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schuckardt D, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wang LQ, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xin GM, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P, and Zurbach C
Abstract: We present a measurement of the cosmic ray (e^{+}+e^{-}) flux in the range 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV based on the analysis of 10.6 million (e^{+}+e^{-}) events collected by AMS. The statistics and the resolution of AMS provide a precision measurement of the flux. The flux is smooth and reveals new and distinct information. Above 30.2 GeV, the flux can be described by a single power law with a spectral index γ=-3.170±0.008(stat+syst)±0.008(energy scale).
Published: 2014
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33. High statistics measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5-500 GeV with the alpha magnetic spectrometer on the international space station.

Author: Accardo L, Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bigongiari G, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Carosi G, Casaus J, Cascioli V, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cerreta D, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen H, Cheng GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chikanian A, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Cindolo F, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Coste B, Cui Z, Dai M, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Du WJ, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Gillard W, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Haas D, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Henning R, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, Kunz S, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Levi G, Li HL, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lolli M, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Malinin A, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Massera F, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Monreal B, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pauluzzi M, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Pilastrini R, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Postaci E, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rossi L, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Rybka G, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Sbarra C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schuckardt D, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Volpini G, Wang LQ, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Wu KY, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xin GM, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhou F, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P, and Zurbach C
Abstract: A precision measurement by AMS of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays in the energy range from 0.5 to 500 GeV based on 10.9 million positron and electron events is presented. This measurement extends the energy range of our previous observation and increases its precision. The new results show, for the first time, that above ∼200 GeV the positron fraction no longer exhibits an increase with energy.
Published: 2014
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34. Postnatal development of nestin positive neurons in rat basal forebrain: different onset and topography with choline acetyltransferase and parvalbumin expression.

Author: Guo KH, Li DP, Gu HY, Jie-Xu, and Yao ZB
Subjects: Animals, Animals, Newborn, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental physiology, Male, Nestin classification, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Aging physiology, Basal Forebrain physiology, Choline O-Acetyltransferase metabolism, Nestin metabolism, Neurons cytology, Neurons physiology, Parvalbumins metabolism
Abstract: Our previous studies identified a sub-population of cholinergic neurons which express nestin in the rostral part of the basal forebrain (BF) in normal adult rats. In the present study, the postnatal developmental patterns of nestin, choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and parvalbumin (PV) positive neurons were explored by means of immunohistochemistry combined with immunofluorescence double label methods. Compared with early onset of ChAT expression (from P1) and delayed onset of PV expression (from P16), nestin positive activity was detected in the BF from P9 and co-expressed by parts of the ChAT positive neurons within the same region during the whole postnatal development process. However, ChAT and PV were not coexpressed by the neurons within the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MS-DBB) of BF. These results might imply a composite of separate development patterns displayed by different subpopulations of cholinergic neurons (nestin positive cholinergic neurons and nestin negative cholinergic neurons) within this region. Moreover, the topographic distribution of nestin, ChAT and PV positive neurons also showed different characteristics. In summary, our present study revealed a remarkable timing and topographic difference on the postnatal development of the nestin expression within the MS-DBB of BF compared with ChAT and PV expression. It is further suggested that nestin is re-expressed by cholinergic neurons in the BF after differentiation but not persisted from neuronal precursor cells., (Copyright © 2014 ISDN. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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35. Chemical identification of nestin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat basal forebrain: a re-examination.

Author: Guo KH, Zhu JH, Yao ZB, Gu HY, Zou JT, and Li DP
Subjects: Animals, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins metabolism, Choline O-Acetyltransferase metabolism, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect, Glutamate Decarboxylase metabolism, Immunohistochemistry, Intermediate Filament Proteins biosynthesis, Intermediate Filament Proteins genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins biosynthesis, Nerve Tissue Proteins genetics, Nestin, Neuronal Plasticity physiology, Prosencephalon cytology, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins metabolism, Intermediate Filament Proteins metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism, Neurons metabolism, Prosencephalon metabolism
Abstract: This study explores recently identified neurons that express the protein nestin in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MS-DBB) of adult rats and humans. These nestin positive neurons from MS-DBB are known to project to the hippocampus and frontal cortex of the brain. However, their chemical identification has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we further investigated the chemical identity of the nestin-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in rats using double immunofluorescence labeling and single cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques. The results of double labeling showed that all nestin-ir neurons exhibited choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in the MS-DBB of the basal forebrain. Conversely, only about 43% of the ChAT-ir neurons showed nestin immunoreactivity. In addition, a vast majority of the nestin-ir neurons (95%) were nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) positive. The nestin-ir neurons were highly distributed in the rostral and intermediated regions of the MS-DBB. Single cell RT-PCR results showed that 90% of the nestin mRNA expressed neurons displayed ChAT mRNA expression as well, but neither the mRNA of the proteins glutamic acid decarboxylases 67 (GAD67) nor vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). These results provide the first evidence that nestin-ir neurons in the basal forebrain are a subpopulation of the classic cholinergic neurons. With high NGFR proteins activated in the nestin-ir neurons, we propose that the presence of nestin in the cholinergic neurons might be related to the survival and plasticity of the cholinergic neurons.
Published: 2010
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36. Exacerbation of perihematomal edema and sterile meningitis with intraventricular administration of tissue plasminogen activator in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Author: Ducruet AF, Hickman ZL, Zacharia BE, Grobelny BT, Narula R, Guo KH, Claassen J, Lee K, Badjatia N, Mayer SA, and Connolly ES Jr
Subjects: Female, Humans, Injections, Intraventricular methods, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods, Treatment Outcome, Brain Edema etiology, Cerebral Hemorrhage drug therapy, Fibrinolytic Agents administration & dosage, Injections, Intraventricular adverse effects, Meningitis etiology, Tissue Plasminogen Activator administration & dosage
Abstract: Objective: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is associated with a poor outcome. External ventricular drainage together with clot lysis through intrathecal tissue plasminogen activator (IT-tPA) has been proposed as a promising therapy. However, recent experimental work has implicated tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the pathogenesis of cerebral edema., Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients with IVH caused by primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent external ventricular drainage without surgical evacuation between January 2001 and June 2008. Of these 30 patients, we identified 13 who received IT-tPA. The remaining 17 patients served as controls. Hemorrhage, edema volume, and IVH score were determined on admission and by follow-up computed tomographic scans for 96 hours after admission. Discharge outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale., Results: There were no significant differences between the treatment and controls in terms of age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Graeb and LeRoux IVH scores, or intracerebral hemorrhage volume on admission. IT-tPA resulted in more rapid clearance of IVH as determined by the 96-hour decrease in both the Graeb IVH score (tPA, 3.00 +/- .55; control, 1.00 +/- 0.57; P = .05) and the LeRoux IVH score (tPA, 6.2 +/- 0.80; control, 2.25 +/- 1.32; P = .05). Patients treated with IT-tPA demonstrated significantly larger peak ratios of edema to intracerebral hemorrhage volume (1.24 +/- 0.14 vs 0.70 +/- 0.08 in controls; P = .002). Additionally, increased rates of sterile meningitis (46% vs 12%; P = .049) and a trend toward shunt dependence (38% vs 6%; P = .06) were observed in the tPA cohort. Nevertheless, no significant differences in outcome at discharge or length of hospital stay were observed between cohorts., Conclusion: Although IT-tPA hastens the resolution of IVH, it may worsen perihematomal edema formation. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and to determine whether outcome is adversely affected by IT-tPA administration.
Published: 2010
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37. Reflection-interference method to determine droplet profiles.

Author: Guo KH, Uemura T, and Yang WJ
Published: 1985
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38. Determination of droplet morphology by laser reflection interferometry.

Author: Guo KH, Yang WJ, and Uermura T
Abstract: A reflection-interference technique is developed that produces interference fringes by light beams reflected from a droplet surface. The instantaneous size and profile of a sessile droplet can be evaluated from the height and width of the fringe patterns. The method can also determine the contact angle between the droplet and the substrate.
Published: 1985
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