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Additional file 5: Figure S5. Universal Kriging estimated annual changes in precipitation (mm) in China.

Additional file 4: Figure S4. Distribution of annual changes in mean (a), maximum (b), and minimum (c) temperature from January to December for the period 1970–2021.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Univariate analyses of relationship between Ae. albopictus presence and climatic variables. a) Monthly mean temperature (°C); b) Monthly maximum temperature (°C); and c) Monthly minimum temperature (°C). Acc stands for accuracy. Yale represents Yale’s association. Dash line represents the optimal cutoff of temperature.

Additional file 6: A Machine Learning Classification and Regression Trees (CART) for Aedes albopictus distribution modeling. B. Universal Kriging for spatial interpolation of annual climate changes.

Additional file 3: Figure S3. a) Examples of changes in monthly minimum temperature in different places; b) Examples of changes in annual precipitation in different places.

Tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate (TBEC)—an easily decomposable organic peroxide—is widely used as a polymerization initiator in industrial production. Sodium hydroxide solution and water are commo...

Mosquito control based on chemical insecticides is considered as an important element of the current global strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. Unfortunately, the development of insecticide resistance of important vector mosquito species jeopardizes the effectiveness of insecticide-based mosquito control. In contrast to target site resistance, other mechanisms are far from being fully understood. Global protein profiles among cypermethrin-resistant, propoxur-resistant, dimethyl-dichloro-vinyl-phosphate-resistant and susceptible strain of Culex pipiens pallens were obtained and proteomic differences were evaluated by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric analysis. A susceptible strain of Culex pipiens pallens showed elevated resistance levels after 25 generations of insecticide selection, through iTRAQ data analysis detected 2,502 proteins, of which 1,513 were differentially expressed in insecticide-selected strains compared to the susceptible strain. Finally, midgut differential protein expression profiles were analyzed, and 62 proteins were selected for verification of differential expression using iTRAQ and parallel reaction monitoring strategy, respectively. iTRAQ profiles of adaptation selection to three insecticide strains combined with midgut profiles revealed that multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms operate simultaneously in resistant insects of Culex pipiens pallens. Significant molecular resources were developed for Culex pipiens pallens, potential candidates were involved in metabolic resistance and reducing penetration or sequestering insecticide. Future research that is targeted towards RNA interference of the identified metabolic targets, such as cuticular proteins, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and ribosomal proteins proteins and biological pathways (drug metabolism—cytochrome P450, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome) could lay the foundation for a better understanding of the genetic basis of insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens., Author summary Global protein profiles were compared among a susceptible strain of Cx. pipiens pallens and strains that were cypermethrin-resistant, propoxur-resistant, and dimethyl-dichloro-vinyl-phosphate-resistant after 25 generations of selection by distinct chemical insecticide families, multiple mechanisms were found to operate simultaneously in resistant mosquitoes of Cx. pipiens pallens, including mechanisms to lower penetration of or sequester the insecticide or to increase biodegradation of the insecticide via subtle alterations in either the cuticular protein levels or the activities of detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione S-transferases).

Background: We aimed to conduct a retrospective analysis of the epidemiological changes and prevention effects for malaria in Weifang, Shandong Peninsula, China from 1957 to 2017. Methods: The malaria data from a web-based reporting system were analyzed to explore malaria epidemiological characteristics and prevention effects in Weifang. Results: Overall, 1, 704, 890 malaria cases were reported in Weifang from 1957 to 2017, of which two major malaria epidemics occurred in 1961 (827.28/10, 000) and 1971 (366.14/10, 000). Prior to 1997, all malaria patients (1, 704, 829) were infected with Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax). After 2007, the cases of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) showed an upward trend (76.8%). The reported cases after the 21st century were mainly imported cases, and the last indigenous case was a patient that infected with P. vivax in 2006. Overall, 36 imported cases were reported from 2010 to 2017, of which 88.9% were acquired in Africa. Except for one 32-year-old woman, the rest were male (97.2%), in which laborers and farmers represented the vast majority (66.6%). From 1987 to 2017, there were 1, 224, 474 cases of fever with blood tests, and the average blood test rate was 4.9%. From 1957 to 2017, a total of 1, 704, 890 malaria patients were treated, 96 cases were treated during resting phase from 1987 to 2017. Conclusion: Weifang should continue to strengthen the management of the migrant population, making blood tests for fever patients and patient treatment as important means of malaria control and monitoring.

Objective To conduct an analysis of the epidemiological changes in malaria that have occurred in Shanxian county from 2002 to 2016. Methods A retrospective study was conducted and data were collected from web-based reporting system to explore the epidemiological characteristics in Shanxian county from 2002 to 2016. All individual case information was obtained from village malaria servicers organized by the local Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases. Results A total of 133 cases were identified as malaria in Shanxian county during this period, including 124 indigenous cases (93.2%) and 9 imported cases (6.8%). The 124 indigenous malaria cases were infected with Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) , whereas 7 of the 9 confirmed imported cases were infected with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) , 1 was infected with Plasmodium ovale ( P. ovale ) and 1 patient was infected with P. falciparum mixed with P. vivax . The total number of malaria cases included 86 males (64.7%) and 47 females (35.3%). Age of the patients ranged from 1 to 83 years, although most (64.7%) infections occurred in the 21-to 60-year-old age group. Remarkably, 117 of the total malaria cases (98.0%) were reported from 2006 to 2011. The epidemic season was from June to October, with the peak occurring yearly from July to September. The most common occupation of the infected patients was farmer. In total, 58.1% of the cases occurred in 3 townships, namely, Fugang, Huanggang and Caozhuang. Conclusions In Shanxian county, the local malaria incidence experienced an emerge-peak-control-eliminate status. However, due to the numbers of migrant labourers returning from Africa, imported cases were continuous and presented an increasing annual trend, which became a non-negligible and a significant impediment for malaria elimination. Therefore, the need to eliminate instances of malaria reintroduction to receptive malaria-free areas should drive strategies to align with the epidemiological changes.

This paper aimed to investigate the dose-effects of l -Lysine (Lys, 0.2% to 0.8%) on the water holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, water mobility and distribution, microstructures and sensory acceptance of reconstructed ham with 50% reduction of added salt. Results showed that reducing salt from 2.50% to 1.25% caused significant increase in cooking loss and centrifuge loss, and decrease in hardness, springiness and chewiness. 0.8% Lys significantly improved the WHC and textural properties of salt-reduced hams, whereas 0.2% Lys further impaired these attributes. Moreover, 0.8% Lys improved the sensory scores for mouthfeel, appearance, taste and global acceptance. The NMR analysis reveals that water distribution and mobility were affected by salt reduction and Lys addition, and hams with 0.8% Lys contained more entrapped water with decreased mobility. Furthermore, a fine network with more bridge-linkage among myofibrils was formed in hams with 0.8% Lys. Therefore, addition of 0.8% Lys showed great potential in developing salt-reduced reconstructed ham with premium technological and sensory qualities.

Objectives: To study the epidemiological characteristics of malaria and the effects of comprehensive malaria control implementation in Yantai, as well as to provide a scientific basis for future malaria elimination. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted to explore the epidemiological changes and prevention effects in Yantai from 1951 to 2017. The malaria data before 2004 were collected from paper-based annual reports, and data after 2004 came from the Infectious Diseases Information Reporting Management System. Results: A total of 81,286 malaria cases were identified in Yantai from 1957 to 2017, with two peaks occurring in 1966 (120.93/100,000) and 1970–1972 (366.12/100,000). From 1951 to 2003, the case classification was mainly Plasmodium vivax (99.80%); the first case attributed to Plasmodium falciparum occurred in 2004, and P. falciparum became the main cause of malaria after 2011. All cases reported since 2010 have been imported cases, and the last indigenous case was caused by P. vivax in 2008. A total of 129 imported cases were reported from 2010 to 2017, most of which originated in Africa (93.80%), mainly in men aged 30–49 years (68.28%). From 1951 to 1973, 73,868 cases of malaria were diagnosed with clinical symptoms, and from 1974 to 2017, 818,943 cases in fever patients were diagnosed with blood tests. Conclusions: To achieve the goal of eliminating malaria by 2020, Yantai should continue to strengthen the management of migrant population, including improving malaria surveillance for returnees and immigrants from overseas endemic areas, and continue to increase the training of medical personnel to improve their diagnostic ability.

Culex pipiens pallens Coquillet can spread various mosquito-borne infectious diseases. This study identifies the overwintering sites and physiological condition of Cx. pipiens during hibernation in Shandong Province of P.R. China. Results show that female adult Cx. pipiens overwinter in habitats characterized by warm temperature, high humidity, and calm winds. Cellars yielded the highest densities, followed by air-raid shelters, caliducts, sewers, mountain caves, wells, stone caverns, etc. The adult density among overwintering sites differed significantly (F = 45.88, P < 0.01). Larvae and pupae were not captured after late December. In early winter, multiparous and bloodsucking mosquitoes accounted for a large proportion of the observed populations. However, their numbers gradually decreased as winter progressed, mainly due to their relatively high death rate in winter. Most mosquitoes overwinter in a state of diapause, and females have usually mated. Collections in midwinter showed that of thos...

To reveal overwintering dormancy (diapause) mechanisms of Culex pipiens pallens (L.), global protein expression differences at three separate time points represent nondiapause, diapause preparation and overwintering diapause phases of Cx. pipiens pallens were compared using iTRAQ. Cx. pipiens pallens females accumulate more lipid droplets during diapause preparation and overwintering diapause maintenance than during the nondiapause phase. A total of 1030 proteins were identified, among which 1020 were quantified and compared. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Domain and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) analyses revealed key groups of proteins, pathways and domains differentially regulated during diapause preparation and overwintering diapause maintenance phases in this mosquito, including major shifts in energy production and conversion, fatty acid metabolism, the citrate (TCA) cycle, and the cytoskeletal reorganization pathway. Our results provide novel insight into the molecular bases of diapause in mosquitoes and corroborate previously reported diapause-associated features in invertebrates. More interestingly, the phototransduction pathway exists in Cx. pipiens pallens, in particular, actin, rather than other proteins, appears to have substantial role in diapause regulation. In addition, the differential changes in calmodulin protein expression in each stage implicate its important regulatory role of the Cx. pipiens pallens biological clock. Finally, 24 proteins were selected for verification of differential expression using a parallel reaction monitoring strategy. The findings of this study provide a unique opportunity to explore the molecular modifications underlying diapause in mosquitoes and might therefore enable the future design and development of novel genetic tools for improving management strategies in mosquitoes.

In this study, feeding preference and resting habits of Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann ( An. sinensis ) were conducted by human, cattle-bait collections indoors, outdoors, and experiment hut in southwest of Shandong Province. The results showed that the number of An. sinensis caught indoors was about three times greater than outdoors by human landing collection. While, by cattle landing collection, the number of An. sinensis captured indoors and outdoors was similar. The number of An. sinensis caught was 12 times greater within 3 h in the evening than in the whole day. In cattle shed, about 50% An. sinensis rested within 1–10 min, 80% rested less than 30 min, only 10% rested more than 1 h. Overall, An. sinensis demonstrated preference to feed indoors compared with outdoors and fed preferentially on cows compared to human as offered.

The radioactive isotope 32 P-labeled disodium phosphate (Na 2 H 32 PO 4 ) was injected via the jugular vein into a cow kept in a shed in Maozhuang Village, Cao Township of Shanxian County, China. Over the following 5 d, mosquitoes feeding on the cow were captured at distances up to 400 m to determine dispersal distance. The duration of radioactivity in the cow and marked mosquitoes was 10 d. The results showed that after blood feeding, Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus temporarily rested in the cattle shed and then flew outdoors. In contrast, Culex pipiens pallens remained in the cattle shed after feeding. These findings confirmed that local An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were partially endophilic and tended to rest out of doors, whereas Cx. pipiens pallens was endophilic. For marked An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus , there was a significant tendency for dispersal to be in a northeast and east direction, probably because of the presence of heavy shading by an agricultural field, a small river for mosquito oviposition sites, and locations downwind from the blood source. The furthest flight distances for An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were 210 and 240 m; therefore, control of these mosquitoes should include resting places indoors and outdoors within a radius of 250 m from confirmed cases.