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Soil salinity is a growing problem for agricultural productivity worldwide. Our previous studies showed that tetraploid cultivar exhibited more tolerant to salinity than diploid one in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by maintaining higher ratio of K+/Na+ and stronger capacity of selective absorption for K+ over Na+. Several kind of K+ and Na+ transport systems, such as inward-rectifier shaker K+ channel (AKT1), high-affinity K+ transporter 5 (HAK5), shaker-like K+ outward rectifying channel (SKOR), high-affinity K+ transporter 1;5 (HKT1;5), tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter 1 (NHX1), and plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter 1 (SOS1), have been documented to play key roles in ion homeostasis. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the control of K+ and Na+ homeostasis in sugar beet still remained unknown. Here, the expression patters of six genes BvAKT1, BvHAK5, BvSKOR, BvHKT1;5, BvSOS1 and BvNHX1 were investigated in both diploid and tetraploid exposed to 50 and 300 mM NaCl, and a hypothetical model for ions transporters regulating K+/Na+ homeostasis was proposed. Results showed that BvAKT1 was significantly induced in roots of tetraploid at 12 h under 300 mM NaCl. BvHAK5 was observably repressed by salinity in roots of both diploid and tetraploid, whereas its transcript levels were 85.1% and 105.4% higher in tetraploid than those in diploid at 12 and 24 h at 300 mM NaCl, respectively. BvSKOR was increased significantly in roots of tetraploid at 12, 24 and 72 h under 300 mM NaCl. BvHKT1;5 was up-regulated remarkably in roots of both diploid and tetraploid at 72 h under 50 and 300 mM NaCl, and its expression levels were 43.9% lower in tetraploid than in diploid under 50 mM NaCl, but 2.6-fold higher under 300 mM NaCl. The expression levels of BvSOS1 in roots were 88.5% higher in tetraploid than in diploid at 12 h under 300 mM NaCl. BvNHX1 was clearly induced in shoots of tetraploid, while maintained lower level in diploid under 300 mM NaCl. Taken together, these results implied that BvAKT1, BvHAK5, BvSKOR, BvHKT1;5, BvSOS1 and BvNHX1 play vital roles in synergistically controlling K+ and Na+ homeostasis at the whole plant level. The present study provides molecular insights into understanding salt tolerance of autotetraploid in sugar beet.

Distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) in six speciations extracted from coal and coal gangue and their combustion products (slag and fly ash) generated by three different power plants in China were determined by sequential extraction procedure combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. The results show that the REEs mainly occurred as acid soluble and silicate & aluminosilicate fraction, e.g., approximately 42.54% and 45.62% in coal gangue, 32.85% and 57.13% in lignite, and 18.10% and 75.46% in bituminous coal, respectively. However, REEs in the combustion products were mainly presented in silicate & aluminosilicate fraction regardless of coal or coal gangue, reaching up to approximately 80% of the total REEs content. During combustion, around 36%, 23%, and 5% from the other five fractions (water soluble, ion-exchangeable, acid soluble, organic, and sulfide) were transformed to silicate & aluminosilicate fraction from coal gangue, lignite, and bituminous coal, respectively. In the case of coal or coal gangue, the amount of each REEs in the same extracted fraction was different, but the distribution trend of REEs from La to Lu in each fraction was followed in the same rule. In the case of slag and fly ash generated from coal or coal gangue, distribution of REEs from La to Lu in each fraction showed the different trend between fly ash and slag. This was due to the fly ash exposed in flue gas system was much longer than the time for slag formation.

The sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) have been shown to play critical roles in the response to environmental stresses in higher plants. Although the SnRK2 genes family has been identified in various plants, little is reported regarding SnRK2s in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), which is one of the most important crops for both food and sugar production. In the current study, the SnRK2s genes are identified in the sugar beet genome by bioinformatics, and their expression patterns under salinity conditions are tested by the qRT-PCR method. Results showed that a total of six BvSnRK2 genes are identified and characterized from the genome of sugar beet and are further classified into three distinct groups (Group 1, 2, and 3). All BvSnRK2s contained a highly conserved N-terminal kinase region and a greatly divergent C-terminal region. Except for BvSnRK2.4, most of the BvSnRK2 genes were disrupted by eight introns with size ranging from 82 to 2164 bp. Moreover, the expression levels of the BvSnRK2s genes were strongly enhanced by salt treatments, which may be an indicator of potential roles in the response to salinity. The present work is the first systematic analysis of the SnRK2 family genes in sugar beet. The results from this study provide a novel insight for the functional exploration and application of the SnRK2s genes for crop improvement, especially in sugar crops.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and hepatoprotective effect of flavonoid fraction from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves (CPF) on the lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute liver failure (ALF). UPLC-MS analysis revealed that CPF mainly contained quercetin-3-O-glycoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin and kaempferol. CPF treatment (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) effectively prevented LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF by lessening the mortality; improving hepatic morphological structures and oxidative stress; decreasing the ALT and AST levels and inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, CPF alleviated hepatocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, which could be attributed to the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathway and the regulation of caspse-3, reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (Romo1) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) expressions. Moreover, CPF dose-dependently inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway and downregulated the expression of CD14 and TNF-R1. These results indicate that CPF could be developed as a promising functional food for the prevention of ALF.

Liquefaction of sewage sludge (SS) is a promising technology for the preparation of bio-oil (target product) and biochar (by-product). The liquefaction of SS in ethanol-water cosolvent were preliminarily investigated in this study. There existed synergetic effects between ethanol and water on the liquefaction of SS. Higher bio-oil yield (33.5–36.1 wt%) were obtained in ethanol-water cosolvent, compared to those in pure water (32.2 wt%) and pure ethanol (26.8 wt%). Furthermore, the bio-oil obtained in ethanol-water cosolvent contained higher content of ester components, suggesting higher bio-oil quality. The addition of Na2CO3 further increased the yield of bio-oil (37.5 wt% versus 34.9 wt%), but lowered the quality of bio-oil. The main two types of coke oils in bio-oils were diesel oils and lubricating oils. Elemental, proximate and micromorphology analyses of biochars further indicated that ethanol-water cosolvent had better degradation/transformation effects on SS. The biochars obtained from the liquefaction of SS in ethanol-water cosolvent possessed similar specific surface area (23.0–26.0 m2/g) and pore volume (0.118–0.141 cm3/g) to SS pyrolysis biochar. In view of the yield and quality of liquefaction products, ethanol-water cosolvent may be more proper for the liquefaction of SS, compared to pure water/ethanol.

This paper develops an adaptive radical basis function neural-network (NN)-based controller design strategy that uses integral Lyapunov functions for a class of non-strict-feedback nonlinear systems subject to perturbations. The design difficulty caused by the non-strict-feedback system structure is handled by using the inherent property of the square of neural network's base vector. The design procedure of the adaptive NN tracking controller is presented by using backstepping technique, which can update the adaptive laws at any time and solve the design problem derived from the correlation degree of the controlled plant. The uniform ultimate boundedness and good tracking performance of the derived closed-loop system are ensured with the design controller. Finally, a comparative simulation example is carried out to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Sewage sludge (SS) has been proved to be a good feedstock material for the production of biochars. However, the problem is that the total/leachable contents of some heavy metal elements in biochar products exceed the corresponding norms. In this work, efforts were made to solve above the mentioned topic through the addition of other biomasses (rice straw (RS) and sawdust (SD)) for the co-pyrolysis with SS. The addition of RS/SD reduced the yield of biochars, while the contents of organic matter in biochars were significantly improved. In addition, the introduction of biomasses, and especially the addition of SD, caused a decrease in the thermal stability, surface area, and pore volume of biochars. The total contents of heavy metals in biochar products, especially their Cu, Zn and Ni contents, were reduced as expected. However, reduction of the mobility of heavy metals in biochars according to the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure was not observed.

Hordeum brevisubulatum, called as wild barley, is a useful monocotyledonous halophyte for soil improvement in northern China. Although previously studied, its main salt tolerance mechanism remained controversial. The current work showed that shoot Na+ concentration was increased rapidly with stress time and significantly higher than in wheat during 0-168h of 100mM NaCl treatment. Similar results were also found under 25 and 50mM NaCl treatments. Even K+ was increased from 0.01 to 50mM in the cultural solution, no significant effect was found on tissue Na+ concentrations. Interestingly, shoot growth was improved, and stronger root activity was maintained in H. brevisubulatum compared with wheat after 7days treatment of 100mM NaCl. To investigate the long-term stress impact on tissue Na+, 100mM NaCl was prolonged to 60 days. The maximum values of Na+ concentrations were observed at 7th in shoot and 14th day in roots, respectively, and then decreased gradually. Micro-electrode ion flux estimation was used and it was found that increasing Na+ efflux while maintaining K+ influx were the major strategies to reduce the Na+ concentration during long-term salt stress. Moreover, leaf Na+ secretions showed little contribution to the tissue Na+ decrease. Thereby, the physiological mechanism for H. brevisubulatum to survive from long-term salt stress was proposed that rapid Na+ accumulation occurred in the shoot to respond the initial salt shock, then Na+ efflux was triggered and K+ influx was activated to maintain a stable K+/Na+ ratio in tissues.

Salinity is one of the major environment factors that limits the growth of plants and the productivity of crops worldwide. It has been shown that Na+ transporters play a central role in salt tolerance and development of plants. The objective of this study was to identify Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) genes and investigate their expression patterns in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) subjected to various concentrations of NaCl. A total of five putative NHX genes were identified and distributed on four chromosomes in sugar beet. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these BvNHX genes are grouped into three major classes, viz Vac- (BvNHX1, -2 and -3), Endo- (BvNHX4), and PM-class NHX (BvNHX5/BvSOS1), and within each class the exon/intron structures are conserved. The amiloride-binding site is found in TM3 at N-terminus of Vac-class NHX proteins. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) prediction suggested that only BvNHX5 putatively interacts with calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPK), implying it might be the primary NHX involved in CBL-CIPK pathway under saline condition. It was also found that BvNHX5 contains one abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element (ABRE), suggesting that BvNHX5 might be involved in ABA signal responsiveness. Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that all the BvNHX genes in both roots and leaves are significantly up-regulated by salt, and the transcription levels under high salinity are significantly higher than those under either low or moderate salinity. Taken together, this work gives a detailed overview of the BvNHX genes and their expression patterns under salt stress. Our findings also provide useful information for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Na+ homeostasis and further functional identification of the BvNHX genes in sugar beet.

Salinity is one of the major environment factors that limits the growth of plants and the productivity of crops worldwide. It has been shown that Na+ transporters play a central role in salt tolerance and development of plants. The objective of this study was to identify Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) genes and investigate their expression patterns in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) subjected to various concentrations of NaCl. A total of five putative NHX genes were identified and distributed on four chromosomes in sugar beet. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these BvNHX genes are grouped into three major classes, viz Vac- (BvNHX1, -2 and -3), Endo- (BvNHX4), and PM-class NHX (BvNHX5/BvSOS1), and within each class the exon/intron structures are conserved. The amiloride-binding site is found in TM3 at N-terminus of Vac-class NHX proteins. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) prediction suggested that only BvNHX5 putatively interacts with calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPK), implying it might be the primary NHX involved in CBL-CIPK pathway under saline condition. It was also found that BvNHX5 contains one abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element (ABRE), suggesting that BvNHX5 might be involved in ABA signal responsiveness. Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that all the BvNHX genes in both roots and leaves are significantly up-regulated by salt, and the transcription levels under high salinity are significantly higher than those under either low or moderate salinity. Taken together, this work gives a detailed overview of the BvNHX genes and their expression patterns under salt stress. Our findings also provide useful information for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Na+ homeostasis and further functional identification of the BvNHX genes in sugar beet.

Soil salinity is one of the major environmental stress factors limiting crops growth, development, and productivity worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare differences of salinity tolerance between diploid (cv. TY03209) and tetraploid (cv. TY03410) seedlings of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) treated with various concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mM) of NaCl. Our results indicated that fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of shoot in tetraploid were remarkably higher than those in diploid when subjected to various concentrations of NaCl (except for FW under 200 mM). At 200 and 300 mM NaCl, tetraploid obviously accumulated less Na+ in its shoots and roots compared with diploid. However, there were no differences in K+ accumulation between tetraploid and diploid under salinity stress. Our results also showed tetraploid displayed a smaller Na+/K+ ratio and a stronger selective capacity for K+ over Na+ than diploid when exposed to high-salt stress (300 mM). Furthermore, it was observed that tetraploid possessed a bigger net K+ uptake rate and a smaller net Na+ uptake rate compared to diploid at high-salt condition. We also investigated the relative expression levels of six genes related to K+ and Na+ transport in roots of diploid and tetraploid by qRT-PCR method, and found that BvHKT1;1, BvNHX1, BvSKOR, and BvSOS1 were induced by additional 50 mM NaCl, and their transcript abundances in tetraploid were relatively higher than those in diploid. The expression level of BvAKT1 was down-regulated in tetraploid during 3–48 h of salt treatment, whilst basically remained unchanged in diploid. It was observed that the transcript abundance of BvHAK5 in diploid displayed the reduced trend with the prolonging of salt treatment time compared to tetraploid. In addition, soluble sugars contents were obviously higher in tetraploid than in diploid exposed to 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl. Taken together, these results suggested that tetraploid exhibited more tolerant to salinity stress than diploid in sugar beet by accumulating less Na+ and more soluble sugars, and by maintaining lower Na+/K+ ratio and greater capacity of selective absorption for K+ over Na+. The results of this study provide insights into physiological and molecular consequences of polyploidization in sugar beet.

To investigate the effects of saline stress on seed germination, ion distribution, and organic solutes changes of sun flower ( Helianthus annuus L.), in the present study, seeds and 3-week-old seedlings were subjected to a series of external NaCl concentrations (5–200 mmol). The results showed that high salinity (200 mmol) remarkably inhibited the germination of seed and delayed germination time in sunflower. It was found that 25–200 mmol NaCl signifi cantly reduced both stem and leaf dry weight. Concentrations of 100 and 200 mmol also caused a clear reduction in tissues water content. With the increase of NaCl concentration, Na + concentrations both in root and stem showed the increasing trend, whereas to a lesser degree in root than in stem. In leaf, Na + concentration remained unchanged when the external concentrations of NaCl were below 100 mmol, while significantly increased by 41-fold when plants were exposed to 200 mmol. By contrast, K + concentration in root displayed the decreasing trend with the increase of NaCl concentrations. Neither lower (5 and 10 mmol) nor higher (100 and 200 mmol) salinity significantly affected K + concentration both in stem and leaf, while moderate levels (25 and 50 mmol) significantly enhanced K + accumulation. High salinity significantly enhanced soluble sugar concentration in stem by 28% and proline in leaf by 166%. It was proposed that sunflower plants adapt to saline stress to some extent through regulating distribution of Na + and K + , maintaining higher selective absorption capacity for K + over Na + , and accu

Biomass is considered to be one of the most important renewable energy sources and will become an important part of future sustainable energy system. Liquefaction is a promising thermochemical conversion process that is applied to convert biomass into bio-oil (target product), biochar, and gases. The process is usually carried out in water or another suitable solvent at 250–400 °C under pressures of 5–25 MPa. This chapter firstly collects and sorts out the available review literatures on the liquefaction of biomass. Next, the effects of processing parameters on the liquefaction of biomass are briefly summarized. Then, the characterization and application studies of biochar (solid-phase product) are discussed. Finally, the main upgradation methods of bio-oil (liquid-phase product) are introduced. The ultimate aim of this chapter is to offer some reference for the study of biomass liquefaction.

Background and Aims In order to cope with arid environments, the xerohalophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum efficiently compartmentalizes Na+ into vacuoles, mediated by ZxNHX, and maintains stability of K+ in its leaves. However, the function of ZxNHX in controlling Na+ and K+ homeostasis at the whole-plant level remains unclear. In this study, the role of ZxNHX in regulating the expression of genes involved in Na+ and K+ transport and spatial distribution was investigated. Methods The role of ZxNHX in maintaining Na+ and K+ homeostasis in Z xanthoxylum was studied using post-transcriptional gene silencing via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformed plants were grown with or without 50 mm NaCl, and expression levels and physiological parameters were measured. Key Results It was found that 50 mm NaCl induced a 620 % increase in transcripts of ZacSOS/ but only an 80 % increase in transcripts of ZacHKT1; 1 in roots of wild-type (WT) plants. Consequently, the ability of ZxSOS1 to transport Na+ exceeded that of ZxHKT1;1, and Na+ was loaded into the xylem by ZxSOS1 and delivered to the shoots. However, in a ANHX-silenced line (L7), the capacity to sequester Na+ into vacuoles of leaves was weakened, which in turn regulated long-distance Na+ transport from roots to shoots. In roots of L7, NaCl (50 mm) increased transcripts of ZacSOS/ by only 10 %, whereas transcripts of ZacHKT1;1 increased by 53 %. Thus, in L7, the transport ability of ZxHKT1;1 for Na+ outweighed that of ZxSOS1. Na+ was unloaded from the xylem stream, consequently reducing Na+ accumulation and relative distribution in leaves, but increasing the relative distribution of Na+ in roots and the net selective transport capacity for K+ over Na+ from roots to shoots compared with the WT. Silencing of ANHX also triggered a downregulation of ZxAKT1 and ASKOR in roots, resulting in a significant decrease in K+ accumulation in all the tissues in plants grown in 50 mmNaCl. These changes led to a significant reduction in osmotic adjustment, and thus an inhibition of growth in ANHX-silenced lines. Conclusions The results suggest that ZxNHX is essential for controlling Na+, K+ uptake, long-distance transport and their homeostasis at whole-plant level via feedback regulation of the expression of genes involved in Na+, K+ transport. The net result is the maintenance of the characteristic salt accumulation observed in Z. xanthoxylum and the regulation of its normal growth. A model is proposed for the role of ZxNHX in regulating the Na+ transport system in Z. xanthoxylum under saline conditions.

Salinity is a serious problem for agricultural production worldwide. Reducing Na ? influx is one of the key steps for controlling Na ? accumulation in plants and improving salt tolerance of crop plants. Researches on a number of species are now converging on HKT-type and KUP/HAK/KT type proteins, both of them are probable candidates of Na ? uptake into the root. To assess the contribution of AtHKT1;1 and AtHAK5 to low-affinity Na ? uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana, the 22 Na ? influx in A. thaliana wild type (WT) and hkt1;1 mutant (athkt1;1) with or without inhibitors (10 mM TEA ? or 5 mM NH4 ? ) were investigated, in addition, the expression levels of AtH- KT1;1 and AtHAK5 in plants exposed to different con- centrations of NaCl, KCl or KCl plus NaCl were analyzed. Results showed that TEA ? or NH4 ? have no significant influence on 22 Na ? influx in WT, but reduced 22 Na ? influx by 42 and 46 %, respectively, in athkt1;1. Under 25 mM NaCl, 0.01 mM K ? facilitated higher net Na ? uptake rate in both WT and athkt1;1 than 2.5 mM K ? . In addition, 0.01 mM K ? down-regulated AtHKT1;1 and up-regulated AtHAK5 in WT roots compared with 2.5 mM K ? , and more interestingly, the transcript of AtHAK5 in athkt1;1 roots was always higher than that in WT roots during 48 h of 2.5 mM K ? plus 25 mM NaCl, and it increased con- tinuously during 48 h of 0.01 mM K ? plus 25 mM NaCl. Therefore, it is proposed that AtHKT1;1 and AtHAK5 mediate low-affinity Na ? uptake, and both of them are regulated by external K ? concentrations. AtHKT1;1 might mediate low-affinity Na ? uptake under 2.5 mM K ? , while 0.01 mM K ? might activate AtHAK5 and facilitate low- affinity Na ? uptake in WT. When AtHKT1;1 lost its function, AtHAK5 might mediate low-affinity Na ? uptake instead of AtHKT1;1 and this function becomes more important under low K ? condition.

Taking a rise steel as a study, study response of the structure to the dynamic characteristics under fluctuating wind load. The results showed that: deformation of structure under the fluctuating wind load is shear deformation; Structural displacement response curve is similar to the curve of the pressure time history. Because of consider different heights the structure of spatial correlation affect, Displacement positions on different floors response curves are differ.

In consider of construction characteristics of drilling bitten pile in Kunming metro engineering, this paper study on preparation and performance of super retarded concrete. Meanwhile, this paper find appropriate raw materials and mixing amount, which can meet construction requirement of high flowability and long setting time for this engineering. Combined theory with experiments, it lay the foundation of popularization and application of super retarded concrete to find the influence law of performance of super retarded concrete by mixing amount of all materials.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a natrophilic species well adapted to salinity and water stress. To investigate the physiological impact of salt on osmotic stress response, in the present study, 3-week-old seedlings were treated with a series of additional external NaCl concentrations (5–150 mM). Seedlings were also subjected to 0 or 240 mM sorbitol in the presence or absence of 50 mM NaCl. It is clear that the addition of NaCl at a concentration of 50 mM in the medium was optimal for growth of sugar beet plants. Sorbitol-induced osmotic stress strongly reduced its growth and led to a significant decrease in shoot osmotic potential (Ψs), water content and K+ concentrations, whereas Na+ concentrations remained unchanged. The addition of 50 mM NaCl also mitigated the deleterious impact of osmotic stress on growth and reduced the shoot Ψs. Presence of NaCl in the medium, together with sorbitol, significantly increased the levels of Na+ and proline in both shoot and root, enhanced Na+ net uptake rate, and resulted in a decrease of K+ accumulation. These results suggest that the ability of NaCl to improve plant performance under osmotic stress may be due to its effect on osmotic adjustment through Na+ and proline accumulation.

Drought is a major environmental factor limiting the production of crops. Drought tolerance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars in terms of growth and inorganic and organic solute accumulation was analyzed in this study. Four-week-old seedlings of three cultivars, “Gantang7”, “SD13829” and “ST21916”, differing in drought tolerance, were treated with different degrees of drought stress. Plant shoots and roots were harvested at 5 d after stress and subjected to analysis. Drought significantly reduced shoot fresh weight and water content in the three cultivars, though the least reduction was found in “ST21916”. Either decrease or no change in sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations was observed in the three cultivars as an effect of drought, whereas a higher root Na+ and a lower root K+ concentration was noted in “Gantang7”. Root calcium (Ca2+) concentration significantly increased in “Gantang7” exposed to moderate and severe drought. Severe drought also caused a significant increase in...

This paper introduces a variety of viscous damper installation form, including brace, herringbone and cantilever wall installation. By an example, install the bracing form, herringbone installation form and type cantilever wall installation condition are compared, And to calculate the results of its damping effect has carried on the comparative study, The superiority of the cantilever wall type layout pattern is obtained.

For the problem of module division for distributed reconfigurable satellite system. A satellite function tree top-down is set up in this paper. And the genetic algorithm was applied in the module division. Finally the entire satellite was decomposed into various standard parts. In practice, users only need to combine those standard parts into a specific function module according to the requirements. Then send those modules into their orbit. And those modules through the way of formation flight, wireless connection to fulfill the task. Considering China's space development strategy, satellite systems long life and high reliability, upgrading, expansibility, satellite systems planning, running, production all kinds of uncertainty factors. Finally the satellite system was divided into 15 standard parts.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that limit plant growth and crop yield worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanisms and screen the key proteins in response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to salt, in the present study, the proteomics of roots and shoots in three-week-old sugar beet plants exposed to 50 mM NaCl for 72 h was investigated by isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. The results showed that 105 and 30 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in roots and shoots of salt-treated plants compared with untreated plants, respectively. There were 46 proteins up-regulated and 59 proteins down-regulated in roots, and 13 up-regulated proteins and 17 down-regulated proteins found in shoots, respectively. These DEPs were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, transcription, translation, protein folding, sorting, and degradation as well as transport. It is worth emphasizing that some novel salt-responsive proteins were identified, such as PFK5, MDH, KAT2, ACAD10, CYP51, F3H, TAL, SRPR, ZOG, V-H+-ATPase, V-H+-PPase, PIPs, TIPs, and tubulin &alpha, 2/&beta, 1 chain. qRT-PCR analysis showed that six of the selected proteins, including BvPIP1-4, BvVP and BvVAP in root and BvTAL, BvURO-D1, and BvZOG in shoot, displayed good correlation between the expression levels of protein and mRNA. These novel proteins provide a good starting point for further research into their functions using genetic or other approaches. These findings should significantly improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in salt tolerance of sugar beet plants.

Salinity tolerance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars in terms of growth, proline and soluble sugars concentrations, and Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ ratios were analyzed in this study. Three-week-old seedlings of three sugar beet cultivars, ‘Gantang7’, ‘SD13829’, and ‘ST21916’, differing in salinity tolerance, were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl. Plant shoots and roots were harvested at 7 days after treatment and subjected to analysis. Low concentration of NaCl (50 mM) enhanced fresh and dry weights of shoot and root in ‘Gantang7’, whereas high one (200 mM) reduced growth in all cultivars and the less reduction was observed in ‘ST21916’. Shoot proline was strongly induced by salinity stress in both ‘Gantang7’ and ‘SD13829’, while it remained unchanged in ‘ST21916’. The addition of 50 mM NaCl significantly increased shoot soluble sugars concentrations in ‘Gantang7’ while it had no significant effects in the other two cultivars. ‘Gantang7’ also showed a higher level of root soluble sugars concentration as compared to the other two cultivars. At 50 mM NaCl, the lower shoot Na+ concentration, and the higher shoot K+ and root Ca2+ concentration in ‘Gantang7’ resulted in the lower shoot Na+/K+ and root Na+/Ca2+ ratio. However, ‘SD13829’ maintained a lower Na+/K+ ratio in both shoot and root when subjected to 200 mM NaCl treatment. According to comprehensive evaluation on salinity tolerance, it is clear that ‘Gantang7’ is more tolerant to salinity than the other two cultivars. Therefore, it is suggested that ‘Gantang7’ should be more suitable for cultivating in the arid and semi-arid irrigated regions.

The present study was designed to elucidate the Catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in gills and muscle tissues of Zebrafish in exposure to different concentrations of deicing salt. According to the value of 96 h LC50, five different concentration treatments (4.30, 5.38, 6.73, 8.41 and 10.51 g/L) of deicing salt were set up with no application of deicing salt (0 g/L) as control treatment, and the activity of CAT and MDA in the gills and muscle tissues of Zebrafish were measured at 1d, 4d, and 7 d exposure. The results showed that the 96 h LC50 value of deicing salt for Zebrafish was 13.49 g/L and the safe concentration was 4.26 g/L. The CAT activity in muscle tissues of Zebrafish was activated significantly (P

The robustH∞control for spacecraft rendezvous with a noncooperative target is addressed in this paper. The relative motion of chaser and noncooperative target is firstly modeled as the uncertain system, which contains uncertain orbit parameter and mass. Then theH∞performance and finite time performance are proposed, and a robustH∞controller is developed to drive the chaser to rendezvous with the non-cooperative target in the presence of control input saturation, measurement error, and thrust error. The linear matrix inequality technology is used to derive the sufficient condition of the proposed controller. An illustrative example is finally provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller.

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a succulent xerophyte that is recognized as one of the most drought-resistant plants found to date. Our previous investigations have shown that the strong drought resistance of Z. xanthoxylum might be related to the accumulation the Na+ in the leaves. In this study, we further investigated the effects of NaCl on the growth and drought resistance of Z. xanthoxylum under water stress. We found that 50 mM NaCl resulted in optimal plant growth and alleviated the deleterious impacts on leaf growth of different osmotic stress levels induced by PEG 6000. The positive effects of NaCl on the drought resistance of Z. xanthoxylum were also further confirmed by soil culture experiments. Ion analysis showed that the Na+ absorption of Z. xanthoxylum was specifically induced by water stress in a non-saline medium and that the addition of 50 mM NaCl increased the leaf Na+ concentration under water stress. These findings suggest that the positive roles of NaCl in the drought resistance of xanthoxylum might be due to the ability of the plant to accumulate high concentrations of Na+ in the leaves and use the Na+ as an osmoregulator to cope with water stress. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In order to study the structure random vibration analysis technology that material properties and temperature should be considered. We have developed a set of structure random vibration parameter engineering analysis tools that under thermal environment conditions. This paper, mainly introduces this software’s architecture, development process and function characteristics. This software is developed based on NASTRAN. User not only can establish a ball cone column finite element model according to actual demand but also can select model’s material properties. At last, we have an example dealt with this software. The analysis results of temperature field, stress modal and random vibration are in good effect. And reached the anticipate design goals of this software

Hordeum brevisubulatum, called as wild barley, is a useful monocotyledonous halophyte for soil improvement in northern China. Although previously studied, its main salt tolerance mechanism remained controversial. The current work showed that shoot Na

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, a C(3) woody species, is a succulent xerophyte that is well adapted to arid environments. Our previous investigations showed that Na(+) has a positive effect on the growth of Z. xanthoxylum under drought conditions, which was closely related to high Na(+) accumulation in leaves. To reveal the physiological mechanisms underlying how Na(+) accumulation improves the drought resistance of Z. xanthoxylum, 3-week-old seedlings were treated with a series of additional external NaCl concentrations (5-150 mM) in sand culture experiments. Seedlings were also subjected to water deficit (30% of field water capacity) in the presence or absence of additional NaCl (50 mM) in pot experiments. The results indicated that 50 mM NaCl could mitigate deleterious impacts of water deficit on the growth of Z. xanthoxylum, by improving the relative water content, inducing a significant drop in leaf water potential and, concomitantly, increasing leaf turgor pressure and chlorophyll concentrations resulting in an enhancement of overall plant photosynthetic activity (i.e., photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency). Furthermore, NaCl (50 mM) could alleviate the inhibitory effect of water deficit on the activity of photosystem II in Z. xanthoxylum. The contribution of Na(+) to the total osmotic potential varied from 8% in the control to 13% in plants subjected to water deficit and, surprisingly, to 28% in plants grown in the presence of 50 mM NaCl under water deficit; however, the contribution of K(+) significantly decreased from 13 to 8%. These findings suggest that, under arid environments, Z. xanthoxylum is able to accumulate a high concentration of Na(+) in its leaves and use it directly for osmotic adjustment, which was coupled with an improvement in leaf hydration and photosynthetic activity.

To investigate the effects of amiloride, which is an inhibitor of Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (NHX), on Na(+) accumulation and transport at the whole plant level, in this study, 3-week-old Zygophyllum xanthoxylum plants were exposed to 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl with or without 0.5 mM amiloride. After 72 h of treatment, dry weight, tissue water content, Na(+) and K(+) concentrations, and transcript levels of ZxNHX were determined. The results indicated that, under salt conditions, leaf Na(+) concentration, total Na(+) quantity and root net Na(+) uptake rate in plants treated with amiloride are significantly lower than those in control plants. Amiloride remarkably increased Na(+) proportion in stem and decreased Na(+) proportion in leaf of Z. xanthoxylum. Furthermore, our results showed that the transcript levels of ZxNHX are down-regulated by amiloride. It is clear that the inhibition of vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiporter by amiloride could disrupt Na(+) accumulation of leaf, and reduce Na(+) uptake by root and Na(+) transport from stem to leaf, thus resulting in the growth inhibition of Z. xanthoxylum exposed to salt.

Puccinellia tenuiflora is a useful monocotyledonous halophyte that might be used for improving salt tolerance of cereals. This current work has shown that P. tenuiflora has stronger selectivity for K+ over Na+ allowing it to maintain significantly lower tissue Na+ and higher K+ concentration than that of wheat under short- or long-term NaCl treatments. To assess the relative contribution of Na+ efflux and influx to net Na+ accumulation, unidirectional 22Na+ fluxes in roots were carried out. It was firstly found that unidirectional 22Na+ influx into root of P. tenuiflora was significantly lower (by 31-37%) than in wheat under 100 and 150 mM NaCl. P. tenuiflora had lower unidirectional Na+ efflux than wheat; the ratio of efflux to influx was similar between the two species. Leaf secretion of P. tenuiflora was also estimated, and found the loss of Na+ content from leaves to account for only 0.0006% of the whole plant Na+ content over 33 d of NaCl treatments. Therefore, it is proposed that neither unidirectional Na+ efflux of roots nor salt secretion by leaves, but restricting unidirectional Na+ influx into roots with a strong selectivity for K+ over Na+ seems likely to contribute to the salt tolerance of P. tenuiflora.

Salinity and drought are two major abiotic factors limiting crop production. To generate the legume forage adapting to saline and arid soils, we had transformed alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) with AVP1 , a vacuolar H + -pyrophosphatase (H + -PPase) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana . In this paper, we report that overexpression of the AVP1 gene confers enhanced salt and drought tolerance to the transformed alfalfa. Transgenic alfalfa grows well in the presence of 200 mM NaCl and also under a water-deprivation condition, while wild-type plants exhibit chlorosis and growth inhibition, even death. Compared with wild-type plants, transgenic plants accumulate more Na + , K + and Ca 2+ in leaves and roots. Moreover, the leaves of transgenic plants retain more water during drought stress than those of wild-type plants due to lower solute potential. Increased solute accumulation and water retention, and steady intracellular ion homeostasis might also confer other phenotypes of salt and drought tolerance in the transgenic plants, which include the higher photosynthesis capacity and the lesser cell membrane damage during salt or water-deficit stress. Furthermore, the increased potassium uptake and root activity in transgenic alfalfa may be the consequences of rhizosphere acidification resulting from expression of the AVP1 . These results indicated that the expression of AVP1 confers enhanced salt and drought tolerance on alfalfa, a very important crop. This study provides a way for improving salt and drought tolerance in important legume forages.