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This study investigated the antifungal activity and possible mechanisms of an extract from Lysurus mokusin (L134) against Pestalotiopsis neglecta. The effect of Lysurus mokusin (L134) on the enzyme activity, membrane permeability, and cell wall integrity of P. neglecta was assayed. Besides, we conducted a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify the individual compounds in Lysurus mokusin (L134). Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv was used as the study object to evaluate the prevention and treatment effect of Lysurus mokusin L134 extract against P. neglecta (black spot needle blight). The results showed that Lysurus mokusin (L134) has a potent inhibitory effect against P. neglecta mycelial growth, and the inhibition rate is positively correlated with the concentration of Lysurus mokusin (L134). Besides, Lysurus mokusin (L134) can effectively inhibit spore germination in P. neglecta. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that after Lysurus mokusin (L134) treatment, the mycelia assumed an inward concave shape, became distorted, atrophied, and swollen. Evaluation of the antifungal mechanism indicated that Lysurus mokusin (L134) reduces cell wall integrity and increases cell membrane permeability. Furthermore, the effect of biocontrol revealed that L134 could effectively control black spot needle blight of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. GC–MS analysis of the Lysurus mokusin (L134) fraction obtained from n-butanol revealed d-glucitol,hexaacetate, l-( +)-rhamnose,aldononitrile,tetraacetate are the major compounds. The present study is the first report that these compounds have fungistatic activity. Overall, this study suggests that Lysurus mokusin (L134) extract can potentially be used as a fungicide for the sustainable management of plant diseases.

Chromium is one of the most used toxic heavy metals. A large amount of chromium waste is discharged into the environment every year, causing serious environmental pollution, especially the pollution of soil and water by hexavalent chromium. Eliminating hexavalent chromium is the primary challenge to achieve a pollution-free environment.This study aims to understand the mechanism ofThe strainThe reduction of hexavalent chromium by ZJH-1 is accompanied by an increase in active oxygen and antioxidant levels. Chromate reductase mainly exists in the extracellular fluid, and the carboxyl, amide, hydroxide and other groups of the cell wall are involved in the bioremediation of Cr(VI) by complexing with Cr(VI) and Cr(III). After ZJH-1 was treated with different concentrations of Cr(VI), the expression of proteins with molecular weights of 15 kDa, 18 kDa, 35 kDa, 62 kDa, and 115 kDa increased significantly. This strain is the most suitable for chromate reductase (CChR). The optimum temperature is 40℃ and the optimum pH is 7.0. Cu2+ can enhance the activity of chromate reductase. At the optimum temperature and pH, the chromate reductase Km of this strain is 0.40 μmol and Vmax is 14.47 μmoL.LThe bioremediation of Cr(VI) by

Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFAT) has been reported to regulate the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway as the first rate-limiting enzyme. As a key enzyme that catalyzes the substrate of glycosylation modification, which has a wide-ranging effect on cellular functions. However, there are few studies on the relationship between GFAT and chitin metabolism in insects. In the present study, the GFAT gene from Hyphantria cunea was identified based on transcriptome and bioinformatic analysis. The role of HcGFAT in regulating development and chitin synthesis was analyzed by RNA interference (RNAi) in H. cunea larvae. The full-length HcGFAT gene (2028 bp) encodes a 676 amino acid (aa) polypeptide had typical structural features of the SIS and Gn_AT_II superfamily. Phylogenetic analyses showed that GFAT of H. cunea shares the highest homology and identity with GFAT of Ostrinia furnacalis. Expression profiles indicated that HcGFAT was expressed throughout larval, pupal and three tissues (midgut, fat body, epidermis), and highly expressed in the last instar of larvae and strongly expressed in epidermis among three tissues. Bioassay results showed that knockdown of HcGFAT repressed larval growth and development, resulting in a significant loss of larval body weight. Meanwhile, HcGFAT knockdown also significantly caused larval developmental deformity. Knockdown of HcGFAT regulated the expression of four other critical genes in the chitin synthesis pathway (HcGNA, HcPAGM, HcUAP, HcCHSA), and ultimately resulted in decreased chitin content in the epidermis. In summary, these findings indicated that GFAT plays a critical role in larval growth and development, as well as chitin synthesis in H. cunea.

Carvacrol is a terpene compound with various biological activities. However, few studies have specifically focused on its insecticidal activity and mechanism of carvacrol. The larvae of Lymantria dispar are seriously harmful herbivorous insect. This study measured the antifeedant, growth-inhibitory, and toxic effects of carvacrol on L. dispar larvae. To further clarify the insecticidal mechanism of carvacrol, the effects of carvacrol on detoxifying enzymes, antioxidative enzymes, digestive enzyme activities, and the mRNA expression of the above-mentioned enzyme genes were investigated. The results of the study showed that the median lethal concentration (LC50) and the sublethal concentration (LC20) of carvacrol were 1.120 mg/mL and 0.297 mg/mL, respectively, at 72 h. After LC20 treatment of L. dispar larvae for 72 h, food intake and weight gain were significantly lower compared with the control. Enzyme activity assays showed that carvacrol significantly inhibited the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and the inhibition rate of AchE activity was highest (66.51%). Carvacrol also activated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while it inhibited the activities of lipase (LIP) and amylase (AMS), and first inhibited and then activated protease. In addition, qRT-PCR tests showed that carvacrol affected the mRNA expression levels of CarE, GST, AchE, SOD, CAT, LIP, AMS, and protease. This study helps to clarify the insecticidal mechanism of carvacrol on L. dispar larvae.

The widespread use of polyethylene (PE) causes a large amount of indigestible plastic waste. Waxworms (the larvae of Plodia interpunctella) can eat PE, but the degradation principle of PE under the action of intestinal microorganisms is still unclear, especially the insufficient research on key degradable PE strains. In this study, we fed waxworms with PE. Two strains with high PE degradation efficiency were isolated and purified, and the effects of single and microbial consortia on PE degradation were evaluated by water contact angle (WCA), FTIR, GC-MS, SEM and RT-qPCR. The results showed that Meyerozyma guilliermondii ZJC1 (MgZJC1) and Serratia marcescens ZJC2 (SmZJC2) could degrade PE. However, the degradation efficiency of the microbial consortium was higher, and the weight loss rate of PE was 15.87 %. In addition, the PE degradation products of MgZJC1 were C

Agar oligosaccharide (AOS) is a marine prebiotic with apparent improving health and longevity effects. In this study, the protective effect of AOS on the intestine was evaluated in the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐induced inflammatory model of male Drosophila. The results showed that AOS used as a nutritional additive in basal food could lengthen the life of SDS‐stimulated male Drosophila. Additionally, AOS could alleviate the injuries of SDS to microvilli and mitochondria in male Drosophila midgut epithelial cells. AOS could regulate the relative gene expressions in the antibacterial peptides (AMPs), mTOR pathway and autophagy process, and significantly improved the α‐diversity of midgut microbiota and decreased the abundance of Klebsiella aerogenes, a kind of bacteria easily causing infections. Collectively, AOS could ameliorate the intestinal inflammation by modulating the microbiota, and the gene expression of immune and cell autophagy.

A concise and stereoselective method toward the divergent synthesis of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols and the analogues in both racemic and asymmetric fashions was developed. With the bioinspired Me2AlSEt-promoted domino Dieckmann cyclization as the key strategy, the total synthesis of regio-hyperibone L and the first asymmetric total synthesis of natural epi-clusianone were achieved, which determined the absolute configuration of epi-clusianone and demonstrated the broad synthetic applicability of the domino method. Furthermore, by a stereoselective alkylation/reductive deprotection/cyclization strategy, the key enantioenriched 5-substituted lactones for accessing epi-clusianone are prepared efficiently, which provides a general asymmetric approach towards the synthesis of endo-type B PPAPs.

Although petroleum is an important source of energy and an economic driver of growth, it is also a major soil pollutant that has destroyed large swathes of vegetation and forest cover. Therefore, it is vital to develop affordable and efficient methods for the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated forest soils to restore vegetation and improve tree survival rates. In this study, bioremediation experiments were performed in an electrically heated thermostatic reactor to test the effects of organic matter additives, surfactants, and oxygen providers of nine hydrocarbon-degrading fungal strains on crude oil removal rates. In the three soil temperatures tested (20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C), the highest average crude oil removal rate was at 25 °C (74.8%) and the lowest at 30 °C (49.4%). At each temperature, variations in the addition of organic matter and oxygen providers had significant effects on crude oil removal rate. Variations in surfactant addition was significant at 20 °C and 25 °C but insignificant at 30 °C. Given the same surfactant treatment, variations in temperature, organic additives, and oxygen providers was significant for crude oil removal rate. Treatments without surfactants and treatments with Tween80 exhibited their highest crude oil removal rates at 25 °C. However, treatments that included the SDS surfactant exhibited their highest crude oil removal rates at 30 °C. Amongst the treatments without surfactants, treatments with corn cob addition had the highest crude oil removal rates, and with surfactants, treatments that included the organic fertilizer exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates. Given the same organic fertilizer treatment, the highest crude oil removal rate was at 25 °C. At each level of oxygen availability, the maximum crude oil removal rate always occurred at 25 °C, and the treatments that included organic fertilizer exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates. Amongst the treatments without oxygen providers, treatments without surfactants had the highest crude oil removal rates, and with an oxygen provider, treatments with SDS addition exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates. Based on the crude oil removal rates of the treatments, we determined that S1W1O1 (addition of Tween80, organic fertilizers, and H2O2) was optimum for remediating petroleum-contaminated forest soils in cold, high-altitude regions. This study is helpful to vegetation restoration and reforestation on petroleum contaminated forestlands.

To understand and improve the stability of the insecticidal activity of tobacco extract, the 3rd instar larvae of Malacosoma neustria testacea was determined by the leaf film method. Spectrophotometry identified extract effects on activities of several enzymes. In addition, to improve the stability of the extract, microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation and phase separation with the extract as core material, and gelatin and gum arabic as wall material. With the embedding rate as the evaluation index, the response surface method was used to optimize the preparation process of the microcapsules. The results show that the extract had a strong insecticidal activity on the larvae, with inhibitory effects on several enzymes examined of carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. The inhibition rate increased with time. The best preparation process of tobacco extract microcapsules was 25% mass fraction of emulsifier, 2.05% mass fraction of gelatin, 3% mass fraction of gum arabic, 1.34 wall core ratio, 36 min of complex coacervation time. The embedding rate was 58.4% which is approximately the theoretical embedding rate (58.9%). The microcapsules prepared by this method have a smooth surface, good combining form and particle size distribution, and a median diameter of 8.6 μm. Infrared characteristic peaks of the extracts were preserved at 877.55 cm‒1 and 2922.13 cm‒1. Microencapsulation can improve the thermal stability of the tobacco extract. Indoor toxicity tests showed that LC50 of extract microcapsules was 20.2 mg·mL‒1, equivalent to the toxicity level of the tobacco extract itself, indicating that microencapsulation did not reduce extract insecticidal effects. This research may provide a reference for the optimization of the tobacco extract microcapsule preparation process.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of LyPB on the intestinal microflora of giant pandas with indigestion, using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology. The species distribution and microfloral density and diversity before and after administration of the LyPB probiotic agent were analyzed. LyPB evidently has the ability to adjust the floral imbalance in the panda’s intestine. To test the effects of LyPB on the microflora of the panda gut, fecal samples were taken from a healthy giant panda (Anan) without administration of LyPB and from a dyspeptic giant panda Yangyang before and after LyPB administration. Compared with the sample obtained from healthy Anan (anan-c) and that obtained from dyspeptic Yangyang before LyPB administration (yangyang1), the sample taken from Yangyang (yangyang2) after LyPB administration displayed a significant increase in the operational taxonomic unit index. An increase in the Chao index indicated an increase in the microfloral richness, while an increase in the Shannon index indicated an increase in microfloral diversity. At phylum and genus levels, a significant increase was observed in the density of probiotic bacteria of phylum firmicutes, genus Streptococcus, while a drastic reduction in the density of Escherichia coli/Escherichia coli Shigella/bacteria of genus Shigella was observed. Data obtained in this study shows that LyPB preparations successfully improve the microbial structure within the panda’s intestinal canal by significantly increasing the effective microbial community and decreasing the number of pathogenic microbes.

To study the effect of manganese exposure on the herbivorous insect Lymantria dispar asiatica, fourth-instar larvae were fed a MnCl2-amended diet (LdMn) for 84 h (0.40 mmol MnCl2/g diet). Larvae were weighed before and after the diet administration to assess larval gain in mass under manganese exposure. The whole bodies of half of the survivors were ground in liquid nitrogen for measuring enzyme activities and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). The intestinal tracts of the remaining survivors were collected and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for 16S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota. Larvae under manganese stress lost significant mass (p

The synthesis of NH-sulfoximines from sulfides has been first developed under mild conditions in an aqueous solution with surfactant TPGS-750-M as the catalyst at room temperature. In this newly developed process, a simple and convenient recycling strategy to regenerate the indispensable hypervalent iodine(III) is used. The resulting 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-iodobezene can be recovered almost quantitively from the mixture by liquid-liquid extraction and then oxidized to give the corresponding iodine(III) species. This optimized procedure is compatible with a broad range of functional groups and can be easily performed on a gram scale, providing a green protocol for the synthesis of sulfoximines.

E74 is a key transcription factor induced by 20E, which plays a broad role in many physiological events during insect growth and development, including vitellogenesis, organ remodeling and new tissue formation, programmed cell death and metamorphosis. However, whether it is involved in regulating insect chitin biosynthesis remains largely unclear. Here, the E74 gene was identified for the first time from Hyphantria cunea, a notorious defoliator of forestry. Thereafter, the role of HcE74 in regulating growth, development and chitin synthesis in H. cunea larvae was evaluated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that HcE74 shared the highest identity (95.53%) with E74A of Spodoptera litura, which belonged to Ets superfamily. The results of RNAi bioassay showed that the larval mortality on 6 d after HcE74 knockdown was up to 51.11 ± 6.94%. Meanwhile, a distinct developmental deformity phenotype was found when HcE74 was silenced. These results indicated that HcE74 plays an important role in the development and molting of H. cunea larvae. Moreover, HcE74 knockdown also significantly decreased the expression of four key genes related to chitin synthesis, including glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (HcG6PI), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (HcUAP), chitin synthetase A (HcCHSA), and chitin synthetase B (HcCHSB). As a result, the content of chitin in midgut and epidermis decreased by 0.54- and 0.08-fold, respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrated that HcE74 not only plays a critical role in the growth and molting of H. cunea larvae, but also probably participates in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in chitin biosynthesis.

As a typical glycolytic inhibitor, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) has been extensively studied in cancer therapy in recent decades. However, few studies focused on 3-BrPA in regulating the growth and development of insects, and the relationship and regulatory mechanism between glycolysis and chitin biosynthesis remain largely unknown. The Hyphantria cunea, named fall webworm, is a notorious defoliator, which caused a huge economic loss to agriculture and forestry. Here, we investigated the effects of 3-BrPA on the growth and development, glycolysis, carbohydrate homeostasis, as well as chitin synthesis in H. cunea larvae. To elucidate the action mechanism of 3-BrPA on H. cunea will provide a new insight for the control of this pest. The results showed that 3-BrPA dramatically restrained the growth and development of H. cunea larvae and resulted in larval lethality. Meanwhile, we confirmed that 3-BrPA caused a significant decrease in carbohydrate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), pyruvic acid (PA), and triglyceride (TG) levels by inhibiting glycolysis in H. cunea larvae. Further studies indicated that 3-BrPA significantly affected the activities of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and trehalase, as well as expressions of the genes related to glycolysis, resulting in carbohydrate homeostasis disorder. Moreover, it was found that 3-BrPA enhanced 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling by upregulating HcCYP306A1 and HcCYP314A1, two critical genes in 20E synthesis pathway, and accelerated chitin synthesis by upregulating transcriptional levels of genes in the chitin synthesis pathway in H. cunea larvae. Taken together, our findings provide a novel insight into the mechanism of glycolytic inhibitor in regulating the growth and development of insects, and lay a foundation for the potential application of glycolytic inhibitors in pest control as well.

The critical antioxidant catalase (CAT) breaks down hydrogen peroxide induced by environmental stresses. Here we cloned full length catalase cDNA from Lymantria dispar asiatic (LdCAT). Bioinformatic analyses showed that open reading frames of LdCAT contains 1524 bp, encoding 507 amino acids with molecular weight of 126.99 kDa, theoretical pI of 5.00, aliphatic index of 29.92, grand average of hydropathicity of 0.764, and instability index (II) of 46.56. Protein BLAST and multiple sequence alignment indicated that LdCAT had high identity with CAT from other insects, especially lepidopterans. In a phylogenetic analysis, LdCAT was most similar to CAT from Spodoptera litura and S. exigua. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that LdCAT transcripts in all instar larvae and the five tissues tested, verifying the ubiquity of LdCAT in L. disapr. Moreover, LdCAT of third instar larvae was significantly upregulated after they fed on avermectin at sublethal and LC10 doses. The highest relative transcript levels were found 2 h after an avermectin spray at LC90, and in the cuticula, rather than heads, fat bodies, malpighian tubes, and midguts after a spray avermectin at a sublethal concentration. The expression level of LdCAT under pesticide stresses here suggested that CAT is an important antioxidant enzyme of L. disapr defensing against pesticide stress and may be a good target for controlling this pest.

We optimized the extraction process of Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr. insecticidal compound (LMIC) using response surface methodology with ultrasonic extraction (UE). The surface morphologies of maceration extract (ME) and UE residues were compared by scanning electron microscopy, and then the activity of LMIC on Lymantria dispar (Asian gypsy moths) larvae was determined. Results showed that the optimal condition of UE was followed by 80 min of extraction time, 60% of ethanol concentration and 80 mL g−1 of liquid–solid ratio. The surface morphologies of UE residue were looser and rougher than ME residue. The corrected mortalities of LMIC on L. dispar larvae was 59.77%. This result indicated that L. mokusin was a good candidate as pesticide for pest management.

Our previous studies had identified that both crude extracts and total alkaloid from Chelidonium majus exerted a significant antifeeding and larval lethality on Lymantria dispar. Moreover, sanguinarine, chelidonine, berberine hydrochloride and coptisine were the main alkaloid in C. majus exerting toxicity to L. dispar. In this paper, we evaluated the insecticidal and antifeeding activities of each alkaloid on the 3rd instar L. dispar larvae by bioassay. Meanwhile, the effects of alkaloids from C. majus on the activities and mRNA levels of three main digestive enzymes in L. dispar larvae were investigated. The results indicated that sanguinarine possessed the strongest insecticidal activity with a LD50 value of 4.963 μg/larva, and the coptisine showed little lethality to 3 rd instar L. dispar larvae among four alkaloids from C. majus. The insecticidal capacity of four alkaloids on 3rd instar L. dispar larvae was in the following decreasing order of sanguinarine > chelidonine > berberine hydrochloride > coptisine. Similarly, except coptisine, the other three alkaloids significantly reduced food intakes of third instar L. dispar larvae and suppressed activities of three digestive enzymes (α-amylase, lipase and total protease) simultaneously. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcriptions of α-amylase, lipase and serine protease were affected by sanguinarine. Especially, at 48 h after treatment, the mRNA expressions of those digestive enzymes were significantly suppressed by sanguinarine. In conclusion, we suggested that alkaloids from C. majus induced antifeeding and larval lethality on L. dispar larvae by suppressing food intake and digestive enzymes in L. dispar. Our findings provide a novel insight into evaluating the antifeeding and insecticidal properties of C. majus, which afford a new strategy for integrated pest management programs as well.

Extraction processes significantly alter the structural and functional properties of polysaccharides. In this study, we extracted polysaccharides from Chroogomphis rutilus fruiting bodies (designated as CRP) using four methods, including hot water, ultrasound, microwave and sequential ultrasound-microwave, and designated these polysaccharides as CRP-H, CRP-M, CRP-U and CRP-UM, respectively. All CRPs were heteropolysaccharides with semblable monosaccharide types of glucose, mannose and galactose, mainly constituted of α- d -glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4). The extraction processes significantly affected the molecular weights, monosaccharide proportions, glycosidic bond ratios, branching degrees, triple-helix conformation and surface morphology of the CRPs. Among them, CRP-UM showed the highest yield and most potent antioxidative capacity in vitro and in HL-7702 cells, but the weakest activation of immunostimulatory response in RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, CRP-H exhibited the lowest yield but strongest immunostimulatory activity. Overall, microwave extraction could be utilized as a general and practical CRP extraction approach, based on its relatively high yield and bioactivities.

In order to reduce the complexity of software and hardware design in multi-channel eddy current testing, a multi-channel real-time eddy current testing system based on lock-in amplifier technology and self- balancing technology is designed. The system uses graphical programming language platform (LabVIEW), Myrio1900 data acquisition control card and lock-in amplifier as key components. The lock-in amplifier adopts the lock-in technology to detect the amplitude and phase of the weak eddy current signal. The Myrio1900 card outputs multiple analog switch control signals and collects the amplitude component of the weak eddy current signal. The LabVIEW platform uses self-balancing technology to eliminate the imbalance of the bridge itself. The detection system realizes the real-time and reliable display of the amplitude and XY components of the 6-channel eddy current signal. Experimental results show that the designed system has a detection width of 56.00 mm at one time, and can detect artificial grooves with a covering layer of 2.90 mm. The artificial grooves have a width of 1.00 mm, a depth of 1.00 mm and a length of 50.00 mm. The system design process described in the article can be used as a reference for equipment developers and can also be used for educational purposes.

Nowadays, various pipelines are broadly used in the transportation of resources in the production process and life applications, such as natural gas, compressed air, water, oil and so on. Pipe leakages usually occur due to the improper manufacturing process, installation of valves or other devices, prolonged use, etc. Pipeline leakage will cause energy loss, pollution and other severe problems, which will lead to equipment damage and even casualties. Therefore, the detection of pipeline leakage is significantly important. Traditional pipeline leak detection requires visual inspection or many fixed detection sensors. This may cause missed inspection by human errors and also will greatly increase the cost on the expensive devices. Compared with visual inspection and specific testing devices, mobile robots have the advantages of portability, economic cost and wide application for effective and efficient pipeline leakage detection. Robots can be deployed on lines or near equipment prone to pipeline leaks which can be detected online according to the path set. This paper presents an effective pipeline leak detection method to monitor the leakage of a two-stage reciprocating compressor with a mobile robot. An android mobile phone is installed on the mobile robot platform. After the robot moves to the monitoring point, the microphone of the mobile phone starts to collect environmental sound. The cross-correlation analysis is then performed on the LABVIEW software platform to implement online detection of different leakage faults. The experimental results show that the extreme value of the correlation number is effective and efficient for real-time detection of the presence of leaks.

With the rapid development of science and technology, the new generation of aerial photography represented by UAV has been widely used in all walks of life. As an important part of expressway, slope maintenance inspection is always the key and difficult point of road inspection. UAV aerial survey technology has the obvious advantage of high geometric precision and high resolution, and its intervention solves the difficult problems faced by traditional highway survey. In this study, UAV is used for slope maintenance inspection, and the characteristics of UAV, the environment of expressway slope and the problems existing in inspection are analyzed. Based on the current working mode of manual image analysis, the quality of the inspection task is controlled from two aspects of shooting and flight, so as to meet the requirements of the inspectors to interpret the slope state. The research also considers the characteristics of UAV and different types of slope, and selects the algorithm suitable for the slope secondary inspection path planning. The research results of this paper confirm that UAV can effectively solve the problems in image resolution, geometric accuracy of ground objects and flight cost of aerial photogrammetry of large aircraft, and greatly improve the survey efficiency.

Agar oligosaccharide (AOS) is a marine prebiotic with apparent improving health and longevity effects. In this study, the protective effect of AOS on the intestine was evaluated in the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐induced inflammatory model of male Drosophila. The results showed that AOS used as a nutritional additive in basal food could lengthen the life of SDS‐stimulated male Drosophila. Additionally, AOS could alleviate the injuries of SDS to microvilli and mitochondria in male Drosophila midgut epithelial cells. AOS could regulate the relative gene expressions in the antibacterial peptides (AMPs), mTOR pathway and autophagy process, and significantly improved the α‐diversity of midgut microbiota and decreased the abundance of Klebsiella aerogenes, a kind of bacteria easily causing infections. Collectively, AOS could ameliorate the intestinal inflammation by modulating the microbiota, and the gene expression of immune and cell autophagy., AOS could alleviate the injuries of SDS to microvilli and mitochondria in male Drosophila midgut epithelial cells. AOS improved the α‐diversity of midgut microbiota and decreased the abundance of Klebsiella aerogenes. AOS could ameliorate the intestinal inflammation by modulating the microbiota, and the gene expression of immune and cell autophagy.

In the present study, diel pattern in gut microbial communities in insects were evaluated. Lymantria dispar asiatica fourth instar larvae (72 ± 2 hr after molting) at noon (LdD) and midnight (LdN) were used for a comparative analysis of the gut microbial community. Ten bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared between LdD and LdN samples. One bacterial OTU was specific to LdD. The dominant gut microbes were OTU72 in LdD and OTU75 in LdN. A linear discriminant analysis effect size cladogram suggested that ten bacterial OTUs maintain significant differences in relative abundances between LdD and LdN. These results agreed with the discrete ellipses between LdD and LdN in principal coordinates analysis plots. Additionally, using phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states, the gut microbial community was assigned to 23 functional terms, among which 22 exhibited significant differences between LdD and LdN. To conclude, the present study documented a diel pattern in the gut microbial community of L. dispar asiatica larvae.

Sodium pheophorbide a (SPA) is a new alternative fungicide with low toxicity and high efficiency, which has high fungicidal activity against Pestalotiopsis neglecta, a pathogen that causes black spot needle blight of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. To utilize SPA for plant disease control, understanding its antifungal mechanism is essential. Six cDNA libraries were constructed from 3 d-old P. neglecta mycelia (three SPA-infected and three untreated groups) and 29,850 expressed genes were obtained by Illumina HiSeq4000 sequencing. Compared with controls, 3268 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in SPA-treated groups, including 1879 upregulated and 1389 downregulated genes. Most DEGs were involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as cell structure and genetic information processing. These findings were further confirmed by decreased conductivity, RNA and protein content, and activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase. Moreover, qRT-PCR verified the reliability of the transcriptome results. After treatment with SPA at different concentrations for 60 min, the expressions of three cell wall degrading enzyme-related genes (PnEG, PnBG, and PnPG) were all suppressed. Overall, this study provided insights into the molecular mechanisms through which SPA inhibits P. neglecta, increasing the possibility of developing SPA into an effective fungicide in the future.

Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated pesticides have attracted considerable research attention. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the photodynamic activity of a chlorophyllous derivative, sodium pheophorbide a (SPA), and to evaluate its potential as a photoactivated fungicide. The singlet oxygen quantum yield, the photoreaction process, the anti-photobleaching ability in sterile water (H2O), the effect of light conditions on its antifungal activity, and its stability were all investigated. SPA showed significant fungicidal activity and photostability, during which Type I and Type II photodynamic reactions occurred simultaneously on Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and the influence of Type I was slightly larger than that of Type II. In addition, light promoted the antifungal activity of SPA. In particular, the antifungal activity was enhanced with increasing light intensity, and was strongest under 8000 lx conditions. Under monochromatic light sources, antifungal activity was strongest under green light s; however, the effect of monochromatic light was not as good as that of white light. From 0 to 24 h, the antifungal effect of the SPA solution was enhanced; however, the activity of the solution began to weaken after 24 h. Furthermore, our study confirmed that the antifungal activity of SPA was stable under different temperatures, pH values, and UV irradiation durations.

Sodium pheophorbide a (SPA) is a natural photosensitizer. The present study investigated the antifungal activity and mechanism of SPA against Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in vivo. Its inhibitory effect was studied on the spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The effects of SPA on cell wall integrity, cell membrane permeability, and mycelial morphology of B. cinerea were also determined. Additionally, how SPA effected B. cinerea in vivo was evaluated using cherry tomato fruit. The results showed that SPA effectively inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea under light conditions (4000 lx). SPA significantly affected both cell wall integrity and cell membrane permeability (P .05). In addition, SEM analysis suggested that B. cinerea treated with SPA (12.134 mg/mL) showed abnormal mycelial morphology, including atrophy, collapse, flattening, and mycelial wall dissolution. In vivo tests showed that SPA could increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) significantly (P .05); however, SPA had no significant effect on phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. In short, SPA could destroy the fungal cell structure and enhance disease resistance-related enzyme activity in cherry tomatoes, thereby controlling cherry tomato gray mold.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in pheromone production, pesticide degradation, vitamin synthesis, and pathogen prevention in the host animal. Therefore, similar to gut morphology and digestive enzyme activity, the gut microbiota may also get altered under plant defensive compound-induced stress. To test this hypothesis, Dendrolimus superans larvae were fed either aconitine- or nicotine-treated fresh leaves of Larix gmelinii, and Lymantria dispar larvae were fed either aconitine- or nicotine-treated fresh leaves of Salix matsudana. Subsequently, the larvae were sampled 72hr after diet administration and DNA extracted from larval enteric canals were employed for gut microbial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (338 F and 806 R primers). The sequence analysis revealed that dietary nicotine and aconitine influenced the dominant bacteria in the larval gut and determined their abundance. Moreover, the effect of either aconitine or nicotine on D. superans and L. dispar larvae had a greater dependence on insect species than on secondary plant metabolites. These findings further our understanding of the interaction between herbivores and host plants and the coevolution of plants and insects.

To study dietary pH effects on Lymantria dispar asiatica larvae and provide a theoretical basis for its control in different forests, phosphate buffers (PBs) of pH 6, 7, and 8 were used to prepare experimental diets. The diet prepared with pH 6 PB was named as DPB6, with pH 8 PB as DPB8, and with pH 7 PB as DPB7 (control). The dietary pH was 5.00 in DPB6, 6.05 in control, and 6.50 in DPB8. After feeding on the diets with different pH values for 84 hr, fourth-instar caterpillars were randomly collected. Growth and various physiological traits were determined and 16S recombinant DNA sequencing was performed using the intestinal microflora of surviving larvae. Results showed that the mortality was 30% in DPB6, and 10% in DPB8, while no mortality was observed in control. The partial least squares discriminant analyses suggested that diets prepared with PB of different pH resulted in different food intake, amount of produced feces, weight gain, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant enzyme activities in larvae. Interestingly, both the highest weight gain and the lowest total antioxidant capacities were seen in control larvae. Results also showed that the larval gut microbiota community structure was significantly affected by dietary pH. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis effect size suggested that the family Acetobacteraceae in control, genus Prevotella in DPB8, and genus Lactococcus, family Flavobacteriaceae, family Mitochondria, and family Burkholderiaceae in DPB6 contributed to the diversity of the larval gut microbial community.