Search

Using the chiral [Sm(tta)3(d-phen)] as emitter, the first example of chiral organo-Ln3+-based CP-WOLED with both attractive white-light efficiencies (ηMaxEQE = 1.55% and ηMaxCE = 1.61 cd A−1) and high dissymmetry factor (|gEL|Max = 0.011) is reported.

Upon the usage of Ba/Al instead of LiF/Al, [Ir(iqbt)(btp)(pbi)] exhibited an attractive ηMaxEQE of 4.24% for its reliable all-solution-processed NIR-PLEDs.

The copolymerization between 4-VP-PHI, MMA and the Eu3+-complex results in white light emitting Eu3+-metallopolymer, which not only has a lower detection limit, but also a more remarkable color change compared to 4-VP-PHI for the sensing of Zn2+.

All-solution-processed multilayered white polymer light-emitting diodes (WPLEDs) are promising candidates for low-cost and large-area flexible full-color flat-panel displays and solid-state lightin...

Using conventional fac-[Ir(C^N)3]-homoleptic or [Ir(C^N)2(L^X)]-bis-heteroleptic iridium(III)-complexes with NIR-phosphorescence (NIR = near infrared) as dopants, the realization of reliable NIR-OLEDs/PLEDs (organic/polymer light-emitting diodes) with high performance remains a real challenge. In this study, taking Hqibt (1-(benzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-isoquinoline) as the HC^N1 ligand, Hppy (phenyl-4-yl)pyridine) as the HC^N2 ligand and Br-Hpic (5-Br-picolinic acid) or Hpic (picolinic acid) as the N^O-ancillary, two novel C1-symmetric [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)(N^O)]-tris-heteroleptic iridium(III)-complexes [Ir(iqbt)(ppy)(pic)] (1) and [Ir(iqbt)(ppy)(Br-pic)] (2) are molecularly designed, respectively, where large TDM (transition dipole moment) and strengthened 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) effects are established to afford their good NIR-phosphorescent efficiency (ΦPL = 0.27 for 1 (λem = 698 nm); 0.21 for 2 (λem = 696 nm)). Moreover, in their doped EMLs (emitting layers), a preferentially horizontal orientation of the TDMs is promoted, due to which, the NIR-PLEDs-1–2 exhibit an attractively high efficiency (ηmaxEQE = 3.1–4.7%; λem = 698 nm) as well as an almost negligible (

Based on geometrical isomerisation of [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)((N^O))]-tris-heteroleptic Ir(iii)-complexes, the augmented transition dipole transition (TMD) with a preferential horizontal orientation, which is beneficial for their NIR-phosphorescence, is reported.

Despite the cost-effective and large-area scalable advantages of NIR-PLEDs based on iridium(III)-complex-doped polymers, the intrinsic phase-separation issue leading to inferior device performance is difficult to address. In this study, taking the vinyl-functionalized [Ir(iqbt)2(vb-ppy)] (Hqibt = 1-(benzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-isoquinoline; vb-Hppy = 2-(4′-vinylbiphenyl-4-yl)pyridine) as the polymerized complex monomer, two series of Ir(III)-complex-grafted polymers Poly(NVK-co-[Ir(iqbt)2(vb-ppy)]) and Poly((vinyl-PBD)-co-NVK-co-[Ir(iqbt)2(vb-ppy)]) (NVK = N-vinyl-carbazole; vinyl-PBD = 2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-5-(4′-vinyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole) are obtained, respectively. Moreover, by using the bipolar Ir(III)-complex-grafted polymer further doped or grafted with an electron-transport unit as the emitting layer (EML), reliable NIR-PLEDs are realized. In particular based on the concurrent covalent-linkages of both the Ir(III)-complex and the vinyl-PBD towards the carrier-balanced NIR-PLED-III, the achievement of an almost negligible (

Despite the domination of conventional [Ir(C^N)2(L^X)]-bis-heteroleptic iridium(III)-complexes with NIR-phosphorescence (NIR = near-infrared) as dopants for reliable NIR-OLEDs/PLEDs (organic/polymer light-emitting diodes), the achievement of high performance remains a real challenge. In this study, taking Hiqbt (1-(benzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-isoquinoline) as the C^N ligand and one of the asymmetric Schiff-base ligands with different electronic effects as the N^O-ancillary ligand, three novel C1-symmetric [Ir(C^N)2(N^O)]-bis-heteroleptic iridium(III)-complexes 1–3 were developed. With contributions from the TDM (transition dipole moment) and the emitting dipole orientation induced by the N^O-ancillary electronic effects, the doped NIR-PLEDs-1–3 exhibited attractive high efficiency (ηmaxEQE = 3.3–5.6%; λem = 708–712 nm) apart from the almost negligible (

A composite MRI contrast agent with longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates up to 59.56 and 340.81 mM−1 s−1 is facilely fabricated base on the pores and channels binding effect on water molecules of attapulgite.

Thanks to the straightforward white light of single grafting-type polymers based on earth-abundant Zn(ii)-complexes, producing cost-effective flexible WOLEDs/WPLEDs with good device performance remains a formidable challenge. Herein, by using the polymer Poly(NVK-co-[Zn2(MP)3(OAc)]) with excellent physical properties for single-layer WPLEDs, record-high efficiencies (ηMaxc = 13.0 cd A−1, ηMaxp = 6.1 lm W−1 and ηMaxEQE = 9.2%) and low (ca. 25%) efficiency roll-off compared to previous organo-Zn2+-based WOLEDs/WPLEDs are realized. This finding renders single Zn(ii)-complex-grafted polymers a new route to low-cost and large-area flexible WPLEDs for potential full-colour flat displays., Using [Zn2(MP)3(OAc)]-grafted polymer as a single emitting layer, record-high efficiencies and weak (ca. 25%) efficiency roll-off are realized for cost-effective and large-area flexible WPLEDs.

Through the replacement of the β-diketonate Hbtfa (Hbtfa=4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutanone) with the bis-β-diketonate ligand H2btp (H2btp=1,3-bis(4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-dioxobutyl)benzene), structure converts from mononuclear [Ir(iqbt)2(btfa)] (1) (Hiqbt=1-(benzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-isoquinoline) to asymmetric dinuclear [(iqbt)2Ir-(btp)-Ir(iqbt)2] (2) framework toward larger molecule conjugation. Upon a significant bathochromic shift into the restrictive near-infrared (NIR) regime (λem=722 nm for complex 2 and 698 nm for complex 1), the superior phosphorescence (Φem=0.15 and τ = 1.27 μs) of complex 2 to that (Φem=0.08 and τ = 0.78 μs) of complex 1 is also approached. Moreover, within the realization of their solution-processed NIR polymer light-emitting diodes (NIR-PLEDs-I-II), complex-2-doped NIR-PLED-II in the presence of TmPyPB-assisted (TmPyPB=1,3,5-tri[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene) carrier balance, exhibits the attractive electroluminescent (EL) performance with both ηEQEmax= 3.11% and almost negligible efficiency-roll-off.

Through the utilization of Hiqbt (1-(benzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-isoquinoline) or Hdpbq (2,3-diphenyl benzo[g]quinoxaline) as the C^N main ligand and 8-Hq (8-hydroxyquinoline) as the N^O ancillary ligand, two [Ir(C^N)2(N^O)]-characterized heteroleptic complexes [Ir(iqbt)2(8-q)] (1) and [Ir(dbpq)2(8-q)] (2) with desirable soluble and NIR-phosphorescent properties (λem = 687 nm with a shoulder at 756 nm, lifetime τ = 0.73 μs and quantum efficiency Φem = 0.16 for complex 1 versus λem = 786 nm, lifetime τ = 0.47 μs and quantum efficiency Φem = 0.05 for complex 2) are obtained, respectively. In comparison, the distinctive bathochromatic shift into a typical NIR region of complex 2, arisen from the large-molecule-conjugation-induced narrow energy gap, gives rise to its relatively lower quantum efficiency than that of complex 1.

The anticancer drug 6-MP was covalently bonded to the –OH group of poly(HPMA) via a glutathione-responsive carbonyl vinyl sulfide linker. In vitro simulation assay demonstrated that the poly(HPMA)–PTA conjugate exhibited a markedly enhanced antitumor effect on HepG2 cells.

In this study, we report the preparation and characterization of the PVA–DTPA–Gd conjugate as a potential MRI contrast agent (CA). The r1 value and the r2/r1 ratio were about 5.6 mM−1 s−1 and 1.31, respectively. In vitro toxicity studies not only demonstrated that the polymeric system possessed good biocompatibility, but also proved that the conjugate could be an attractive candidate for CA.

Colour-tunable polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) were realized by tuning the concentration of an Eu3+-complex in the emitting-layer (EML) and the thickness of the hole-blocking BCP layer (BCP = 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) in a double-emitting-layer (dEML) configuration. The dEML used PVK:complex 2 (PVK = poly(N-vinylcarbazole); H2Salen = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine and HDBM = dibenzoylmethane for [Zn(Salen)(μ-OAc)Eu(DBM)2] (2)) as EML1 and Alq3 as EML2. The efficiencies (0.32–0.39 cd A−1, 0.54–0.56% and 0.99–1.10 lm W−1) were obtained from organo-Eu3+ incorporated WPLEDs with a complex-2-doping content of 20 or 30 wt% and 20 nm BCP thickness. The WPLEDs exhibited low turn-on voltage (6.0–7.5 V) and low efficiency-roll-off, which are advantageous to organo-Eu3+ doped WOLEDs.

Chiral NIR-light emitters [Pt(iqbt)(S-Ln)] (1–4) were used as dopants to produce CP-NIR-PLEDs displaying λem of 732 nm, ηMaxEQE of 0.87–0.93%, and gEL of up to 10−3.

Through free-radical copolymerization of the Yb3+-centered near-infrared (NIR) luminescent complex monomer [Zn(L1)(4-vinyl-Py)Yb(L2)3] (2) (H2L1 = N,N’-bis(salicylidene)−1,2-diamine; 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine and HL2 = (Z)−3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylidene)−1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one) with NVK (N-vinylcarbazole), the obtained [Zn(L1)(4-vinyl-Py)Yb(L2)3]-grafted polymer Poly(NVK-co-2) with additional PVK (Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)) to Yb3+ ion Foster energy transfer is used as the emitting material of polymer light-emitting diode (PLED), exhibiting the Yb3+-centered NIR outputs at 980 nm with a maximum efficiency of 0.049% (at 5.62 mA/cm2) and a maximum irradiance of 78.68 μW/cm2 (at 16 V), respectively. This superior performance to those of previously reported organo-Yb3+-doped polymer systems, together with the characters of low turn-on voltage of 7 V and weak efficiency-roll-off (0.049–0.031% upon 5.62–233.6 mA/cm2), indicates that organo-Yb3+-grafted polymer is an effective strategy to develop PLEDs with the wavelength extended to 980 nm.

Through self-assembly of the typical β-diketone ligand HBTFA (HBTFA = 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione) with LnCl3·6H2O in the presence of Et3N, the six-tenth in the η2-Mode I and the four-tenth in the μ-(O)-η2-bridging Mode II of the ten BTFA− ligands, together with the involvement of two μ3-(OH)− anions, two μ1-coordinating H2O and two μ2-bridging H2O molecules, endow the formation of homoleptic cyclic tetranuclear complexes [Ln4(BTFA)10(μ3-OH)2(H2O)4] (Ln = La, 1; Eu, 2; Tb, 3 or Gd, 4), respectively. Moreover, attributing to effective ligand-to-Ln3+ transfer energy, color-purity red-light (ΦLEu = 20.1%) for complex 2 while few near-white-light (Φem = 6.4%) for complex 3 are exhibited, respectively, despite the (μ3-OH)−-and-H2O-induced OH-oscillators surrounded from the four Ln3+ ions.

Crop planting provided foods, generated incomes, and consumed water resources to different extents under different spatiotemporal agroclimatic conditions. For balancing three aspects, targeting the rice, maize, wheat, and sorghum planted in Liaoning during the recent two decades, we established an integrated research framework consisting of water footprint (WF) accounting, clustering analysis, and fuzzy optimization programming to quantify the temporal trends and spatial distribution of water footprints, and optimized the planting structure under the different spatiotemporal agroclimatic conditions. Results showed that the maximum water footprint differences were 4166.73 m3/t and 4790.71 m3/t in spatial distribution and temporal series, respectively. Based on precipitation, we established 12 agroclimatic scenarios according to K-Means clustering. The fuzzy optimization result indicated that the planting area percent ranges of maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum in Liaoning province were 4.96%–98.62%, 0.00%–8.55%, 0.00%–18.18%, and 0.00%–95.04%, respectively under the different spatiotemporal conditions. This study's methods and results help make targeted decisions related to grain planting structure while considering the complex spatial-temporal conditions.

Through copolymerization of MMA (methyl methacrylate) with the vinyl-functionalized and tris-pyrazolonate hetero-binuclear complex monomer [Zn(L1)(4-vinyl-Py)Yb(L2)3] (3;H2L1 = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine and HL2 = (Z)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylidene)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one), the obtained PMMA-supported grafting hybrid materials Poly(MMA-co-3) exhibit ideal physical properties including the desirable Yb3+-centered NIR efficiency (ΦYbL up to 1.29%).

Two series of OAc–-dependent unique homoleptic nonanuclear [Ln9(L1)3(HL1)2(μ3-OH)4(OAc)10] (1–7) and hexanuclear {[Ln6(L2)4(HL2)(μ3-OH)(OAc)2(H2O)2]·(OAc)} (8–14) are obtained from the self-assembly of the partially deprotonated OH-H2Salen ligand H3L1 (N,N′-bis(salicylidene)(propylene-2-ol)-1,3-diamine) or OH-MeO-H2Salen ligand H3L2 (N,N′-bis(3-methoxysalicylidene)(propylene-2-ol)-1,3-diamine) with Ln(OAc)3 (Ln = La, Eu, Tb, Gd, Nd, Yb, or Er), respectively. The result of their photophysical properties shows that the sensitization for single-component near-white-light of complex 2, efficient Eu3+-centered red-light (ΦLEu = 13.4%) of complex 9, or or Tb3+-centered yellowish-green-light (ΦLTb = 8.1% and 21.3%) of complexes 3 and 10, and Nd3+- or Yb3+-centered NIR luminescence (η = ΦLLn/ΦLnLn = 67–75% and 76–85%) for complexes 5–6 and 12–13, arose from the ligands’ 3π–π* excited state, due to effective intramolecular energy transfer and multiple Ln3+-to-Ln3+ electron-communications.

In heteroleptic iridium(III)-complexes capable of near-infrared (NIR) emitting, elaboration of their ancillary ligands is under-explored. In this study, through OH-modification at the 3-position of the picolinato (pic) ancillary ligand, we report two new complexes [Ir(iqbt)2(hpa)] (1; Hiqbt = 1-(benzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-isoquinoline; hpa = 3-hydroxypicolinate) with intramolecular hydrogen bonding and [Ir(iqbt)2(BF2-hpa)] (2) with further BF2-chelation, exhibiting desirable NIR luminescent properties (λem = 700 nm with a shoulder at 760 nm, lifetime τ = 2.13 μs and quantum yield ΦPL = 0.13 for 1versus λem = 692 nm with a shoulder at 756 nm, lifetime τ = 0.76 μs and quantum yield ΦPL = 0.08 for 2) in their respective solutions at RT. Moreover, two series of solution-processed NIR polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs-I-II) are fabricated from these two complexes, either in the presence or absence of a TmPyPB-assisted (TmPyPB = 1,3,5-tri[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene) carrier balance, where a superior performance (ηmaxEQE = 2.22% and almost negligible efficiency-roll-off) is obtained for complex-1-doped NIR-PLED-II, with particular respect to facilitated electron transport.

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of tetraallyl-functionalized complex monomer {[Zn2(L)4Ln(OAc)2]·(NO3)} (HL = 4-allyl-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol; Ln = Nd, 2; Ln = Yb, 3; or Ln = Er, 4) with NBE (norbornene) was used to prepare Zn2Ln-containing star-shaped metallopolymers with desirable physical properties, including efficient Ln3+-centered NIR luminescence. Using metallopolymer poly(3-co-NBE), with its charge-facilitated and BCP-assisted carrier transport properties (BCP = 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), as the emitting layer in a Yb3+-centered NIR-PLED afforded record electroluminescent properties (irradiance, 90.24 μW cm−2; efficiency, 0.065%) among previously reported organo-Yb3+-doped or organo-Yb3+-grafted polymer systems, with the advantages of a low turn-on voltage (5 V) and weak efficiency roll-off (≤30%) compared with organo-Yb3+-complex-based NIR-OLEDs.

Both poly(HPMA)-DTPA/DOTA-Gd conjugates were constructed in a facile manner and presented no significant side effects, as confirmed by cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility studies. The T1 relaxivity values of poly(HPMA)-DTPA/DOTA-Gd conjugates were about 7.8 and 8.6 mM−1 s−1. The r2/r1 ratio values were about 2.78 and 2.92; thus, both polymer conjugates are desirable candidates as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.

Based on copolymerization of NVK (N-vinylcarbazole) with an efficient Yb3+-centered NIR luminescent complex monomer [Zn(L1)(4-vinyl-Py)Yb(L2)3] (3) (H2L1 = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine, and HL2 = (Z)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylidene)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one), the obtained single Zn2+–Yb3+-containing metallopolymer Poly(NVK-co-3) with an additional PVK (poly(N-vinylcarbazole))-to-Yb3+ Foster energy transfer was used as the emitting layer for the realization of NIR PLEDs. Moreover, among the Yb3+-centered NIR PLEDs, the superior performance (irradiances of 80.14–85.63 μW cm−2 and efficiencies of 0.05–0.058%) of the 75 : 1 feeding devices, the advantages of a low turn-on voltage (5–8 V), and the weak efficiency-roll-off relative to that of the small-molecule organo-Yb3+-based NIR OLEDs render the Yb3+-containing metallopolymer a new platform for PLEDs with wavelength above 900 nm.

Through the doping of red-light-emitting [Eu(BA)3(5-Br-2,2′-bpy)] (2; HBA = 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione; 5-Br-2,2′-bpy = 5-Br-2,2′-bipyridine) and blue-green-light-emitting [Tb(BA)3(5-Br-2,2′-bpy)] (3) into PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), the obtained 2@3@PMMA (1[2/3 = 1:10]:200) exhibits color-tunable white-light. Moreover, using it as the guest of the emitting layer, a single-component white polymer light-emitting diode (WPLED) with good color stability and ultra-high color rendering index (CRI) of 86–92 is also realized.

Through the single-nodal copolymerization of MMA (methyl methacrylate) and a vinyl-containing complex monomer [Zn(L)(4-vinyl-Py)Nd(NO3)3] (2; H2L = N,N′-bis(3-methoxy-salicylidene)ethylene-1,2-diamine; 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine) with the both 1π-π* and 3π-π* sensitizing approach to Nd3 + ion, the Zn2 +-Nd3 +-containing metallopolymer Poly(MMA-co-2) exhibits good physical properties including an attractive Nd3 +-centered NIR sensitization efficiency (ΦLNd = 1.22% and η = ΦLNd/ΦNdNd = 82%).

Based on the quaternary copolymerization of the vinyl-functionalized monomers of a Schiff-base HVBMP (2-(((4-vinylphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol), its boride BF2-VBMP (2,2-difluoro-3-(4-vinylphenyl)-2H-2λ4,3λ4-benzo [e] (Schubert and Kim, 2005; Shao et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2011) [1,3,2]oxazaborinine) and an organo-Eu3+- complex [Eu(TTA)3(4-VP-BPI)] (HTTA = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate; 4-VB-PBI = 1-(4- vinylbenzyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo [d]imidazole)) with MMA (methyl methacrylate), a single-component white-light-emitting ((CIE coordinate (0.320, 0.341), CRI = 95, CCT = 6078 K and Φ = 4.31%; λex = 380 nm) Eu3+-metallopolymer Poly[HVBMP-co-(BF2-VBMP)-co- Eu-co-MMA] (0.5:0.5:1:100) is obtained. Moreover, upon spin-coating of the Eu3+-metallopolymer onto a near-ultraviolet (n-UV) InGaN chip, the n-UV white light-emitting diode (n-UV-WLED) characteristic of the high-quality white-light (CIE coordinate (0.337, 0.367), CRI = 83 and CCT = 5318 K) with the luminance of 2880 cd/m2 at the applied voltage of 4 V, is successfully developed. This result shows that single-component Eu3+-metallopolymer capable of the BF2-chelation-assisted trichromatic white-light modulation, endows a promising opportunity to the potential n-UV-WLEDs.

Despite concerted efforts to cyclometalated Ir(III)-complexes towards reliable vacuum-deposited/solution-processed deep-red organic/polymer light-emitting diodes (OLEDs/PLEDs), the realization of their all-solution-processed ones with desirable lower-cost, is challenging and rarely reported. In this work, using the Hdpqx (2,3-diphenylquinoxaline) as the C^N main ligand and the asymmetric π-donor HL1/HL2 (HL1 = (2-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenol); HL2 = 2-(1,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenol)) as the N^OH ancillary ligand, two C1-[Ir(C^N)2(N^O)]-heteroleptic Ir(III)-complexes [Ir(dpqx)2(L1)] (1) and [Ir(dpqx)2(L2)] (2) with efficient deep-red phosphorescence (λem = 662–665 nm and ΦPL = 0.34–0.42) were molecularly designed. Meanwhile, based on the all-solution-processed fabrication, their reliable all-solution-processed deep-red PLEDs with the attractive electroluminescent performance (ηcMax = 0.51–0.58 cd/A, ηpMax = of 0.11–0.13 lm/W and ηEQEMax = 2.08–2.16%; weak (ca. 26–27%) efficiency-roll-offs) were realized.

Despite the potential candidates of NIR emissive cyclometalated Ir(III)-complexes for large-area and scalable NIR-PLEDs, the realization of their all-solution-processed devices with low cost and without sacrifice of satisfactory performance, is much challenging. In this work, using Hiqbt (1-(benzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-isoquinoline) as the C^N1 main ligand and Br-Hppy (2-(4-bromophenyl)pyridine) as the C^N2 ancillary ligand, the [Ir(C^N1)2(C^N2)]-heteroleptic complex [Ir(iqbt)2(Br-ppy)] with efficient NIR-phosphorescence (λem = 692 nm; 69% of the λem ≥ 700 nm proportion; τ = 0.48 μs and ΦPL = 0.19) was molecularly designed. Meanwhile, through the doping of the Ir(III)-complex [Ir(iqbt)2(Br-ppy)], its TmPyPB-assisted (TmPyPB = (1,3,5-tri[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene) multi-layer NIR-PLED-I and all-solution-processed NIR-PLED-II were realized, respectively. Saliently, the attractive performance (ηEQEMax = 3.20% and negligible (ca. 5%) efficiency roll-off) of the NIR-PLED-II, renders [Ir(C^N1)2(C^N2)]-heteroleptic Ir(III)-complexes a new platform to all-solution-processed NIR-PLEDs.

Within series of Ln 3 -grafted polymers Poly({[Ln 3 (L) 4 (NO 3 ) 6 ]·(NO 3 )·(H 3 O) 2 }-co-NBE) (Ln = La, 1 ; Ln = Eu, 2 ; Ln = Tb, 3 ; Ln = Nd, 4 ; Ln = Yb, 5 ; Ln = Er, 6 or Ln = Gd, 7 ) obtained from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) with each of allyl-functionalized complex monomers {[Ln 3 (L) 4 (NO 3 ) 6 ]·(NO 3 )·(H 3 O) 2 } ( HL = 4-allyl-2-(1 H -benzo[ d ]imidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol), PNBE-assisted effective energy transfer renders Poly(3- co -NBE) Tb 3+ -centered highly luminous color-purity green-light with an attractive quantum yield of 87% and efficient near-infrared (NIR) luminescence ( Φ Nd L = 0.61%; Φ Yb L = 1.47% and Φ Er L = 0.03%) for Nd 3+ -, Yb 3+ - or Er 3+ -grafted polymers.

Through terpolymerization of vinyl-functionalized complex monomers 2-3 ([Zn(L)(4-vinyl-Py)Ln(BA)2(NO3)] (Ln = Eu, 2 or Ln = Tb, 3; H2L = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine; HBA = 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione) with dual emissions, and/or blue-light-compensatory [Zn(L)(4-vinyl-Py)Gd(BA)2(NO3) (4) with MMA (methyl methacrylate), we offer a robust pathway to single-component while heterometallic-containing metallpolymer-type hybrid materials with color-tunable white-light as featured like Zn2+-Eu3+-Tb3+-containing Poly(2-co-MMA-co-3) and Zn2+-Eu3+-Tb3+-Gd3+-containing Poly(MMA-co-2-co-3-co-4). Moreover, by a strategy to control of optimal dye contents for managing Tb3+ to Eu3+ energy transfer and excimer formation, their intrinsic white-light emissions can be easily optimized from a precise control of primary-chromophore content and excitation wavelength, rendering both a highly luminous efficiency (15.6%) and an excellent color-quality (CIE (Commission International De L'Eclairage) coordinates of 0.334–0.344, 0.332–0.355; CCTs (corrected color temperature) of 5051–5404 K and ultra-high CRIs (color rendering index) up to 87-91) with potentials for future color-critical high-level applications.

Through the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) with each of allyl-containing complex monomers [Zn(L)2(µ1-OAc)Ln(µ2-OAc)2] (Ln=La, 1; Nd, 2; Yb, 3; Er, 4 or Gd, 5; HL=4-allyl-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol), a series of ZnLn-grafted polymers Poly([Zn(L)2(µ1-OAc)Ln(µ2-OAc)2]-co-NBE) with desired physical properties were obtained, respectively. Within near-infrared (NIR) luminescent polymers, Poly(3-co-NBE) endows an attractive quantum yield of 1.47% in solid state, and exhibits an effective prevention of high-concentration self-quenching.

Through the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) with each of obtained allyl-containing complex monomers [Zn(L) 2 (Py)Ln(NO 3 ) 3 ] (Ln = La, 1 ; Nd, 2 ; Yb, 3 ; Er, 4 or Gd, 5 ; HL = 4-allyl-2-(1 H -benzo[ d ]imidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol; Py = pyridine), a series of metallopolymers Poly(NBE- co -[Zn(L) 2 Ln(Py)(NO 3 ) 3 )]) were obtained, respectively. Especially for Poly(NBE- co -2) and Poly(NBE- co -3) , covalently-bonded grafting endows significantly improved physical properties including efficient NIR luminescence ( Φ Nd L = 0.63% and Φ Yb L = 1.43%) in solid state.

Through terpolymerization of the red-light complex monomer [Eu(tta)3(4-vp-2,2′bpy)] (2; Htta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone; 4-vp-2,2′-bpy = 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-(4-vinylphenyl)pyridine), blue-green-light complex monomer [Zn(L)(4-vinyl-Py)Gd(NO3)3] (8; Salen-type H2L = N,N′-bis(3-methoxy-salicylidene)phenylene-1,2-diamine; 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine) with MMA (methyl methacrylate), the obtained Eu3+–Zn2+–Gd3+-containing metallopolymer Poly(2-co-MMA-co-8) (120 : 1[2/8 = 2 : 1 or 1 : 2]) exhibits stoichiometry-dependent color-tuning photoluminescence due to effective Zn2+–Gd3+–Salen to Eu3+ energy transfer. Moreover, using them as the corresponding emitting layers, a high color-purity red-light polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) with a luminous efficiency of 0.037 lm W−1 and first-example Ln3+-containing-metallopolymer-based WPLED with an eternal quantum yield of 0.003% is realized.

Through an approach of pre-coordination and following terpolymerization from vinyl-functionalized complex monomers [Ln(TTA)3(4-VB-PBI)] (Ln = Eu, 2; Ln = Tb, 3 and Ln = Gd, 4; HTTA = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate; 4-VB-PBI = 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole) with methyl methacrylate, the first example of a single-component Eu2+–Tb3+–Gd3+-grafted polymer Poly(MMA-co-2-co-3-co-4) was obtained. Moreover, control of an optimal dye content for suppressing Tb3+ to Eu3+ energy transfer and exciton formation provides new perspectives for hetero-Ln3+-grafted polymers as featured in Poly(MMA-co-2-co-3-co-4) with color-tuning to direct white-light (Commission International De L'Eclairage coordinates of x = 0.322, y = 0.331; corrected color temperature of 5979 K; and color rendering index up to 94), including a highly luminous efficiency of 17.8%.

Based on the free-radical copolymerization of the green-light complex monomer [Tb(eb-PMP)3(4-VB-PBI)] (2; Heb-PMP = 4-(2-ethylbutanoyl)-1-phenyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one; 4-VB-PBI = 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole) with NVK (N-vinylcarbazole), the obtained Tb3+-containing metallopolymer poly(NVK-co-2) with an energy transfer from additional PVK to Tb3+ ion was used as the emitting material of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs); it exhibited record renewed efficiencies (24.63 cd A−1, 7.81%, and 6.45 lm W−1) of Tb3+-based extreme colour-purity green-light PLEDs and superior performance of colour-stability and low efficiency roll-off to small-molecule Tb3+-complex's OLEDs.

A simple and sensitive label-free impedimetric aptasensor for rapid determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) has been developed, which was based on the combination between thiolated aptamer and gold nanoparticles by layer-by-layer self-assembly. Because of the interaction between aptamer and OTA, the relative normalized electron-transfer resistance (&Delta, Rct) values obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was proportional to the concentration of OTA and showed a good linear relationship from 0.1 to 10.0 ng/mL, with a lower detection limit (0.030 ng/mL) than one-step thiolated DNA aptasensor. The established method was successfully applied to detect and analyze OTA in table wine and grape juice, and the recovery was 90.56%&ndash, 104.21% when PVP effective removed of phenolic substances. The label-free impedimetric aptasensor was used for rapid detection and quantitation of OTA in the inoculated grapes with the Aspergillus Nigri (H1), and the production of OTA (62.4 &mu, g/kg, 20 &mu, g/kg) far exceeded the maximum levels of 2 &mu, g/kg after inoculation for three days. The developed method exhibited a good specificity, high sensitivity, time-efficient, and it could be applied to detect the OTA concentration in grape and its commodities.

In consideration of the Sm3+-centered characteristic orange-light as the ideal color-primary component toward a dichromatic white-light, herein, through the doping of the complex [Sm(acac)3(5-Br-2,2′-bpy)] (2; Hacac = acetylacetone; 5-Br-2,2′-bpy = 5-Br-2,2′-bipyridine) into the PVK (PVK = poly(N-vinyl-carbazole)) host, the obtained PVK@2 film (10:1, wt/wt) exhibits the straightforward solid-state white-light (ΦPL = 6.7%). Further using the PVK@2 film (10:1; wt/wt) as the emitting layer, its single-component solution-processed WPLED gives the electroluminescent performance (LMax of 360.9 cd/m2, ηcMax of 1.08 cd/A) satisfactory enough for portable full-color flat displays.

In the series of binary tris- β -diketonate complexes [Ln(L) 3 (Phen)] (HL = ( Z )-3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylidene)-1 H -pyrazol-5(4 H )-one; Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; Ln = La, 1 ; Ln = Nd, 2 ; Ln = Yb, 3 ; Ln = Er, 4 or Ln = Gd, 5 ), the relatively lower ligands-based 3 ππ ⁎ energy level (18,727 cm − 1 ) results in the highly efficient NIR luminescence ( Ф Yb Yb = 1.37% and Ф Yb L = 1.06%) of Yb 3 + -based 3 in solution and the higher NIR quantum yield ( Ф Yb Yb = 1.77% and Ф Yb L = 1.31%) in PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate) besides the improved physical properties.

Through the copolymerization of a complex monomer [Zn(L)(4-vinyl-Py)Eu(TTA) 3 ] ( 2 ; H 2 L = N , N ′-bis(salicylidene)cyclohexane-1.2-diamine; 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine and HTTA = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) with MMA (methyl methacrylate), the first example of PMMA-supported and highly luminous ( Ф Eu L = 63.1%) color-purity red-light metallopolymer poly(MMA- co - 2 ) based on a tris- β -diketonate Zn 2 + -Eu 3 + -complex is obtained.

Through doping or grafting of a new ZnNd Schiff-base complex monomer [Zn(L)(4-vinyl-Py)Nd(NO3)3] (2; H2L = N,N′-bis(3-methoxy-salicylidene)phenylene-1,2-diamine; 4-vinyl-Py = 4-vinyl-pyridine) into PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), two kinds of hybrid materials 2@PMMA and Poly(2-co-MMA) with significantly improved physical properties including good Nd3 +-centered near-infrared (NIR) luminescence were obtained. Especially the single-nodal ZnNd-grafted Poly(2-co-MMA) soluble in organic solvents exhibits the high sensitization efficiency (ηsens = ΦNdL/ΦNdNd = 81%) even at a high feed molar ratio up to 1:50.