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Homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) play crucial roles in redox homeostasis during mitochondria functions. Simultaneous differentiation and visualization of mitochondrial biothiols dynamics are significant for understanding cell metabolism and their related diseases. Herein, a multisite-binding fluorescent probe (MCP) was developed for simultaneous sensing of mitochondrial Cys, GSH and Hcy from three fluorescence channels for the first time. This novel probe exhibited rapid fluorescence turn-on, good water-solubility, high selectivity and large spectral separation for discriminating Cys, GSH and Hcy with 131-, 96-, 748-fold fluorescence increasement at 471, 520, 567 nm through different excitation wavelengths, respectively. Importantly, this probe was successfully applied to simultaneous monitoring of mitochondrial Cys, GSH, and Hcy in live cells and zebrafish from three fluorescence channels, promoting the understanding of the functions of Hcy, Cys and GSH.

A novel AIE fluorescent probe BTD was developed for the monitoring of Al3+, along with high sensitivity and high selectivity. This probe was successfully applied to the sensing of Al3+ in living cells and zebrafish.

SUMMARY Although hypnosis has played a part in psychotherapy for a long time, it is not yet seen as an evidence-based therapy and is absent from many practice guidelines when it comes to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. At present, the applications and methods of hypnotherapy are poorly understood and other methods of psychotherapy tend to be favoured. This review article aims to introduce the role of hypnotherapy and its application for certain common psychiatric presentations, as well as examine its efficacy by summarising recent evidence from high-quality outcome studies and meta-analyses.

In recent years, there have been many reports of fluorescent probes for multi-channel detection of Cys, Hcy and GSH. Particularly, reports of fluorescent probes using NBD (7-nitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazole) or SNBD (7-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole) moieties as fluorophores are particularly common. Unfortunately, their 4-sulfhydryl derivatives exhibited negligible fluorescence, which makes them incapable of detecting GSH directly. Herein, by performing single selenium-for-oxygen atom replacement within 4-chloro-substituted NBD (NBD-Cl), we developed a small molecule fluorescent probe based on a single atom replacement strategy, which enables the probe to be used for simultaneously distinguishing Cys/Hcy and GSH, along with fluorescence imaging of Cys/Hcy and GSH in live cells from red and green emission channels, respectively.

Monitoring cellular GSH dynamics is of great value to understand its complex biological functions and related diseases. It still remains challenging to understand the mechanism of GSH dynamics in complex intracellular environment. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe featured with chlorinated coumarin-TCF was exploited for sensing of GSH with high selectivity and high sensitivity. Large fluorescence enhancement at 471 nm was observed upon addition of GSH with large emission distance (Δλem = 219 nm). This novel probe was successfully applied to monitor endogenous and exogenous GSH dynamics without interference of other thiols via fluorescence imaging. More importantly, using this probe, low dose reactive oxygen species induced GSH increasement through nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signal pathway in BEL-7402 cells was observed. This novel fluorescent probe has the potential for quantitative monitoring of cellular GSH, which will promote further understanding of its physiological and pathological roles in biological systems.

An iron meteorite collected from the floor of Daling River, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, northeast of China reveals many micro images of ancient Greek mythology from different angle, showing the ideas, arts and technology of 2000-3000 years before.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are chronic neurodegenerative diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), and glutathione (GSH) are closely related to AD and PD. However, the dynamics of Hcy, Cys, and GSH in the brain tissues and the potential pathogenesis between Cys/Hcy/GSH with AD and PD remain unclear. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe 1 with multiple binding sites was rationally designed and exploited for the direct quantification of serum total Hcy and Cys along with superior optical properties. Importantly, differentiation and simultaneity fluorescence imaging of Cys, Hcy, and GSH dynamics were achieved in living cells, tissues, and mouse models of AD and PD with this probe, providing direct evidences for the relationship between Hcy/Cys/GSH and AD/PD for the first time. In addition, pathogenesis studies demonstrated that elevated Hcy and Cys levels are closely related to imbalanced redox homeostasis, increased amyloid aggregates, and nerve cell cytotoxicity. These findings will greatly promote the understanding of the functions of Hcy/Cys/GSH in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, demonstrating clinical promise for the early diagnosis and prevention of AD and PD.

Studying numerous biologically important species simultaneously is crucial to understanding cellular functions and the root causes of related diseases. Direct visualization of endogenous biothiols in biological systems is of great value to understanding their biological roles. Herein, a novel multi-signal fluorescent probe was rationally designed and exploited for the simultaneous sensing of homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), and glutathione (GSH) using different emission channels. This probe was successfully applied to the simultaneous discrimination between and visualization of endogenous Hcy, Cys, GSH, and their transformation in living cells.

We report a novel fluorescent probe HBN-TCF for the detection of SO2 derivatives. This probe exhibited near-infrared fluorescence emission with an excitation wavelength of 620 nm. After reacting with SO32-, the emission channel at 664 nm decreased, while the new strong emission channel at 482 nm increased (λex = 400 nm), with a large emission distance (Δλ = 182 nm) observed. This probe exhibited the rapid and selective detection of SO2 derivatives compared with other sulfur-containing species and featured a low detection limit (82 nM). This colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe showed high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting SO2 derivatives. The probe was also successfully exploited for the fluorescence imaging of intracellular and exogenous SO2 derivatives in BEL-7402 cells.

A novel mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe for sensing SO2 derivatives was constructed by integrating phenanthroimidazole and cyanine moieties. Excited by different channels, this probe exhibited unique dual-channel fluorescence-enhanced emissions and colorimetric response to HSO3- quickly (less than 20 s). The sensing process was confirmed to undergo nucleophilic addition of HSO3- to C˭C double bond in the probe Mito-PTB via NMR and HRMS analyses. Furthermore, fluorescence co-localization studies demonstrated that the probe Mito-PTB was a mitochondria-targetable fluorescent probe for SO2 derivatives with good cell membrane permeability. Thus, probe Mito-PTB has the potential applications to explore the role played by SO2 derivatives in biology.

The monitoring of heavy transition metals has increasingly attracted great attention because they pollute the environment and have unique physiological functions. Chemosensors are useful tools for monitoring heavy transition metals due to their simple visualization, excellent sensitivity and high selectivity. Herein, we have developed a novel chemosensor for the detection of water-soluble Cu2+ and Ni2+ species with different mechanisms, and low detection limits of 2.1 nM for Cu2+ and 1.2 nM for Ni2+ were obtained. The colorimetric probe CPH has been applied to qualitative and quantitative detection of Cu2+ and Ni2+ species in real samples.

Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous signal molecule, plays a crucial role in biological systems. With the aim of unraveling its biological functions, a novel fluorescent probe for sensing CO was rationally designed and synthesized based on a coumarin derivative fluorophore merging tetrahydroquinoxaline unit and five-membered pyrrolidine. This fluorescent probe demonstrated a large Stokes shift (Δλ = 132 nm), high quantum yield, red emission, high sensitivity and selectivity for CO with remarkable fluorescence turn-on. And the detection limit for CORM-3 is as low as 31.2 nM with the linear range of 0-30 μM. More importantly, this novel probe has been successfully applied to the fluorescence imaging of CO in HepG2 cells and zebrafish, providing a useful approach for the further understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of CO in living systems.

Tenualosa ilisha is a popular anadromous and significant trans-boundary fish. For sustainable management and conservation of this fish, drawing an appropriate picture reflecting population status of this species is very essential based on their all-strategic habitats in Bangladesh. In this study, 139 samples from 18 sites were collected and cross-species gene enrichment method was applied to discover the exact population status of the fish. Like most of the Clupeiforms, nucleotide diversity and variation of this shad were very low. Population differences between most of the locations were low and not significant. However, P values of a few locations were significant (P< 0.05) but their pairwise FST values were very poor, which is inadequate to recognize any local populations. Structure analysis, PCA and maximum likelihood IQtree all indicated the presence of a single population in the Bangladesh water with some admixture individuals, which may contain partial genes from other populations. In the ML IQtree and Network, most of the individuals were mixed without showing any precise grouping, which might due to their highly migratory nature. Fishes from special type of habitats, e.g., haors, small coastal rivers etc. were not unique and no genetic differences between migratory cohorts were found.

A sensitive fluorescent probe (E)-4-(3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-methylstyryl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodide (HBTMP) for the monitoring of pH in mitochondria was rationally exploited. This novel probe exhibited remarkable pH-dependent behavior in the linear range of 5.5-8.0, along with a pKa value of 6.829 ± 0.02627. A large Stokes shift of 205 nm was obtained. This fluorescent probe demonstrated good biocompatibility and high sensitivity for detecting the dynamic changes in mitochondrial pH in living cells and zebrafish. The results of the CCCP (m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) treatment experiment indicated that the probe can effectively monitor changes in mitochondrial pH caused by cell damage.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), belonging to biologically significant reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays crucial roles in many biological and pathological processes. It is of great value to explore fluorescent probes for the image of hypochlorous acid in various biological environments. We herein reported a novel fluorescent probe HN-ClO for monitoring HOCl with moderate water-solubility, good photostability, high fluorescence quantum yield and large Stokes shift. This probe exhibited excellent selectivity and high sensitivity to sense HOCl. Furthermore, probe HN-ClO was successfully applied to monitor endogenous and exogenous HOCl in living cells, zebrafishes and mice, and possessed the potential to further explore the physiological and pathological roles of hypochlorous acid in biological systems.

Understanding cellular metabolism holds immense potential for developing new drugs that regulate metabolic pathways. Two gas signal molecules, SO2 and H2S, are the main metabolites from cysteine (Cys) via oxidation and desulfurization pathways, respectively. However, a few fluorescent probes for real-time monitor of the metabolic pathways of cysteine have been reported. To understand metabolic alterations of cysteine, we have rationally designed and prepared a dual-signal fluorescent probe HN, which could differentiate SO2 and H2S through two different fluorescence channels simultaneously, along with similar reaction kinetics and both "off-on" fluorescence responses. Probe HN exhibits the potential to monitor the metabolism pathways of cysteine, and the distinguishment of cancer cells from normal cells could be realized. This methodology will promote further understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of cysteine.

A novel fluorescent probe was developed by integrating chlorinated coumarin and benzothiazolylacetonitrile and exploited for simultaneous detection of cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH). Featuring four binding sites and different reaction mechanisms for different biothiols, this probe exhibited rapid fluorescence turn-on for distinguishing Cys, Hcy, and GSH with 108-, 128-, 30-fold fluorescence increases at 457, 559, 529 nm, respectively, across different excitation wavelengths. Furthermore, the probe was successfully applied to the fluorescence imaging of endogenous Cys and GSH and exogenous Cys, Hcy, and GSH in living cells.

A novel fluorescent probe (E)-3-ethyl-2-(4-hydroxystyryl)-1,1-di-methyl-1H-benzo-[e]indolium iodide (probe EDB) based on benzo[e]indolium was synthesized, which provided the simultaneous detection of SO32-/HSO3- and HSO4- ion with different emission channels. Based on the principle of ion-induced rotation-displaced H-aggregates, when treated with NaHSO4, a fluorescence enhancement at 580nm was observed with the excitation wavelength at 420nm. While, in the advantage of the nucleophilic addition of SO32- to the vinyl group, strong fluorescence was obtained at 455nm when treated with Na2SO3 with the excitation wavelength at 320nm, along with obvious color change by naked eyes. So the probe could be applied to sense SO32-/HSO3- and HSO4- ion via different excited and emission channels simultaneously. The probe was also applicable for fluorescence imagings of bisulfite and hydrosulfate in HeLa cells.

We have synthesized a novel long-wavelength fluorescent probe MFC for detection of palladium (Pd0). This probe not only shows high selectivity for palladium, but also could quickly discriminate different palladium species (Pd0, Pd2+, Pd4+) in phosphate buffered solution. After the reaction with Pd(PPh3)4, the UV absorption of the probe MFC shifts from 334 nm to 594 nm within a few minutes. The probe MFC conjugated with alkyl carbamate, which destroys the principle of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and shows weak fluorescence. Based on the Pd0-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost deallylation reaction, the fluorogen was released and the fluorescence intensity at 612 nm was observed with 13-fold enhancement along with an obvious color change from yellow to purple with low detection limit.

The monitoring of heavy transition metals has increasingly attracted great attention because they pollute the environment and have unique physiological functions. Chemosensors are useful tools for monitoring heavy transition metals due to their simple visualization, excellent sensitivity and high selectivity. Herein, we have developed a novel chemosensor for the detection of water-soluble Cu2+ and Ni2+ species with different mechanisms, and low detection limits of 2.1 nM for Cu2+ and 1.2 nM for Ni2+ were obtained. The colorimetric probe CPH has been applied to qualitative and quantitative detection of Cu2+ and Ni2+ species in real samples.

We report a novel fluorescent probe HBN-TCF for the detection of SO2 derivatives. This probe exhibited near-infrared fluorescence emission with an excitation wavelength of 620 nm. After reacting with SO32-, the emission channel at 664 nm decreased, while the new strong emission channel at 482 nm increased (λex = 400 nm), with a large emission distance (Δλ = 182 nm) observed. This probe exhibited the rapid and selective detection of SO2 derivatives compared with other sulfur-containing species and featured a low detection limit (82 nM). This colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe showed high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting SO2 derivatives. The probe was also successfully exploited for the fluorescence imaging of intracellular and exogenous SO2 derivatives in BEL-7402 cells.

With water as the reaction medium, an efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of Z-β-sulfonyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl products via water-promoted sulfonylation of alkynylcarbonyl compounds with sodium sulfinates. This strategy could effectively avoid the use of toxic organic solvents, catalysts and additives. This method features a wide substrate scope with a broad range of functional group tolerance, utilizes easily available starting materials, can be scaled-up, and is operationally simple.

A new strategy endowing probe with large Stokes shift, high quantum yield and red emission was developed by incorporating tetrahydroquinoxaline unit and five-membered pyrrolidine ring on fluorophore. As demonstrated, a novel probe was rationally designed and synthesized for sensitive monitor of cellular cysteine (Cys) and endogenous aminoacylase with large Stokes shift and high quantum yield.

Pomfret fishes of the genus Pampus are commercially important in the Indo-Pacific region, yet the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of Pampus remain contentious. Here, we sampled 151 specimens, representing all known species of the genus, as well as two outgroup species (two families). We collected sequences from 17,292 single-copy nuclear coding loci using target-gene enrichment and Illumina sequencing for a subset samples of P. echinogaster, P. argenteus, P. cinereus, P. liuorum, P. chinensis, P. minor, and P. punctatissimus, which were carefully examined according to their species descriptions. Concatenated gene tree and species tree analyses resulted in identical and highly supported phylogenies, in which P. argenteus was sister to P. minor in one clade and P. cinereus sister to P. chinensis and P. punctatissimus in the other clade. Phylogenetic reconstruction using sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) collected by us and those retrieved from NCBI suggests extensive misidentification of Pampus species in the NCBI database. We also measured morphological characters of each species as well as observed their osteological structure using micro-CT. Both molecular and morphological results suggest that P. echinogaster is a synonym of P. argenteus, and P. liuorum is a synonym of P. cinereus. Pampus cinereus from China, Bangladesh and an uncertain origin were grouped into three clades according to their sampling localities, but we could not find decisive morphological characters to describe the "cryptic species" of P. cinereus. Finally, based on the results of the molecular analyses and morphological reexamination, we created an identification key for the genus of Pampus.

A novel mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe for sensing SO