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Steels are susceptible to surface- and subsurface-related degradations (e.g. corrosion and wear) depending upon the working environment; however, desired properties can resolve these issues. The authors have selected the high-velocity oxygen-fuel process to develop alumina-based composite coatings on ASME SA 387 GR22 CL2 steel. The coating material chosen comprises ceria and hexagonal boron nitride as the reinforcements. The metallurgical characteristics of coatings are recorded using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties are mapped using a nano-indenter; and an air jet erosion test rig is used to evaluate erosion wear response. Improvements in the mechanical properties and erosive wear resistance of the hybrid coating are attributed to microstructural changes and the generation of new phases. The values of H E , H E 2 , and H 3 E 2 are used to develop the mechanistic understanding of coatings' erosion behavior. Splat cracking and splat detachment are the observed erosion wear mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental solubilities have been determined for 1-chloroanthraquinone, anthracene, biphenyl, pyrene, benzil, benzoic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 2-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-methoxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, 2-methylbenzoic acid, 3-methylbenzoic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, benzoin, salicylamide, thioxanthen-9-one, 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene and phenothiazine dissolved in diethyl carbonate at 298.15 K. Results of our experimental measurements, combined with published solubility and activity coefficient data, have been used to derive Abraham model correlations for describing solute transfer into diethyl carbonate. The derived mathematical correlations back-calculate the observed experimental data to within an overall standard deviation of 0.13 log units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopic methods have been used to determine the mole fraction solubilities of 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid dissolved in 17 different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), two dialkyl ether (diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether) and two cyclic ether (tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane), four alkyl alkanoate (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, pentyl acetate) and one alkanenitrile (acetonitrile) solvents at 298.15 K. Results of experimental measurements are used to calculate the Abraham model solute descriptors of 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid. The calculated Abraham model solute descriptors describe the observed solubility behaviour of 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid to within 0.05 log units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental solubilities have been measured at 298.15 K for benzil, biphenyl, pyrene, fluoranthene, acenaphthene, xanthene, fluorene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, benzoic acid, 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-methoxybenzoic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, diphenyl sulphone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, thioxanthen-9-one, thianthrene, o-acetoacetanisidide, sorbic acid, 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene, 1,4-dibromobenzene, salicylamide, benzoin and trans-stilbene. Results of experimental measurements were combined with published solubility data taken from the published literature to derive Abraham model correlations for transfer of solutes into 2-methyl-1-butanol. The reported Abraham model correlations describe the observed solute transfer coefficients to within an overall average standard deviation of approximately 0.08 log units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental solubilities have been determined for xanthone dissolved in 15 different alcohol solvents (ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol and 2-methyl-2-butanol), in five alkyl acetate solvents (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate and pentyl acetate), in diisopropyl ether and in 2-ethoxyethanol at 298.2 K. In total, solubility measurements were performed in 22 organic solvents of varying polarity and hydrogen-bonding character. Results of the experimental measurements were used to calculate the Abraham model solute descriptors for xanthone. The calculated solute descriptors describe the experimental solubility data to within 0.096 log units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrophotometric methods were used to measure the mole fraction solubility of o-acetoacetanisidide dissolved in 13 alcohol solvents (ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol), in 3 dialkyl ether solvents (diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether), in 6 alkyl alkanoate solvents (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, pentyl acetate and methyl butyrate) and in 1 alkanenitrile solvent (propanenitrile) at 298.15 K. Solute descriptors were calculated for o-acetoacetanisidide by analysing the measured solubility data in accordance with the Abraham solvation parameter model. The calculated solute descriptors describe the observed solubility data to within 0.099 log units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the challenges to the automation of business-to-business (B-to-B) content exchange. Variables in B-to-B content exchange; Volume control and limitations to the number of participating members in content exchange; Factors for the establishment of a data exchange system.