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Kinetic triplets—apparent activation energy (Ea), pre‐exponential factor (A), and the reaction model—were estimated for the thermal degradation of three primary virgin and waste plastics, as well as mixed plastics waste. Model‐free iso‐conversional FWO, KAS, Starink, Kissinger and Vyzovkin and Friedman methods were employed for the kinetic analysis. The apparent activation energy was determined by the integral methods as 206.5‐209.1 kJ mol−1 and 195.6‐198.8 kJ mol−1 for the virgin and waste high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), 211.6‐214.1 kJ mol−1 and 183.1‐186.6 kJ mol−1 for the virgin and waste polypropylene (PP), 144.0‐163.1 kJ mol−1 and 159.7‐167.1 kJ mol−1 for the virgin and waste polystyrene (PS), and 173.6‐178.9 kJ mol−1 for the mixed plastics waste respectively. Ea was found to follow the trend HDPE > PP > PS with higher values for HDPE and PP virgin samples than that for their waste and marginally smaller for the virgin PS than its waste. Degradation of all plastic samples followed Avrami‐Erofeev equation with n varying between 1.0 and 1.8. The effect of conversion on Ea suggested the degradation of both virgin and waste HDPE to consist of multiple parallel reactions while that of others to be more complex. FTIR analysis of the evolved gases was used to explain the possible reaction mechanism. A small difference between the enthalpy change and the apparent activation energy (6‐7 kJ mol−1) for all plastic samples indicated favourable pyrolysis reactions. The estimated kinetic parameters and thermodynamic properties showed the stability of different plastics as HDPE > PP > PS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal decomposition of copper (II) carbonate hydroxide (CCH), CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 and zinc hydroxide carbonate (ZHC), 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2 is widely used for the synthesis of copper and zinc oxides. Kinetic modelling, identification of the rate-controlling step and change in thermodynamic properties of these decomposition reactions have not been reported adequately in the literature. In the present work, the kinetic behaviour of nonisothermal thermal decomposition of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2, and 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2 has been investigated using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, employing model-free iso-conversional as well as modelfitting methods. Mean apparent activation energy (Ea) values, estimated by various iso-conversional methods (KAS, Starink, FWO, Kissinger and Vyazovkin), were found to be in close agreement (104.9-111.2 kJ.mol-1 for CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 and 192.8-197.9 kJ.mol-1 for 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2). Ea decreased significantly with an increase in conversion for CuCO3.Cu(OH)2, while it increased, peaked and then decreased with conversion for 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2. It indicates that both decomposition reactions are not single-step. Avrami-Erofeev model of order 2.5 was found to explain the experimental TG data well for CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 decomposition, while 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2 decomposition followed the chemical reaction model of order 1.75. Positive changes in the thermodynamic properties, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy for both samples showed that these endothermic decomposition reactions were not spontaneous. The difference between Ea and DH was found to be low; 3.9- 4.5 kJ.mol-1 and 4.0-4.6 kJ.mol-1 for CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 and 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2 respectively, indicating the reactions to be favourable. The thermodynamic properties, though not influenced by the iso-conversional method and the rate of heating, varied significantly with the conversion. FTIR analysis of the gases evolved from decomposition showed that dehydration started before the initiation of decarboxylation, followed by simultaneous progress of both these reactions for CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 and 2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of impurities like SiO2, Al2O3 and MgCO3 affects the calcination behaviour of limestone in lime kilns. Some investigations have been carried out to study this effect. The mechanical properties like shatter and abrasion index are found to improve marginally with increasing content of impurities. The rate of calcination gradually reduces with time before attaining saturation, and interfacial chemical reaction is identified as the rate controlling step. Activation energy is calculated from the slope of the plot: 1-(1-f)0.5 vs. time, where f is the extent of calcination. Depending on the composition of nuggets, the activation energy varies between 155.389 and 178.112 kJ/mol. The presence of SiO2 and Al2O3 is found to raise the apparent activation energy, E, while the presence of MgCO3 lowers the value of E. The average increase in the apparent activation energy is found to be 2.38 and 1.71 kJ/mol per unit mass percent increase in SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively and the average decrease in the apparent activation energy is 1.40 kJ/mol per unit mass percent increase in MgCO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]