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In contrast to fairly good knowledge of seasonal and interannual variability in North Atlantic salinity, its long-term historical changes remain poorly characterized, making it difficult to assess the current state and possible future changes. To fill this gap, we present the results of applying a non-parametric method of regression analysis (quantile regression) to assess long-term changes in North Atlantic salinity (0°–70° N, 8°–80° W) based on multiple datasets. The features of quantile trends in monthly salinity for a median value in two periods (1948–2018 and 1961–2011) are considered. In 1948–2018, salinization was generally detected in North Atlantic tropical and subtropical latitudes, while desalination was found in subpolar latitudes. For the 71-year period under consideration, the median monthly salinity in subtropical latitudes increased by 0.07 ± 0.02 PSU. Over the period 1961–2011, pronounced long-term changes in the North Atlantic salinity are difficult to identify based on the datasets used. A consistency analysis of significant salinity trends across the most used datasets allowed us to detect five small areas with pronounced positive trends in the upper ocean salinity. These include the Guiana Current, the vicinity of 12° N, 48° W, the Canary upwelling area, the region of the Gulf Stream transition to the North Atlantic Current and the western part of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre. In these areas, over a 51-year period, salinity in the 10–400 m layer increased by an average of 0.10 ± 0.04 PSU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present-day climate (the recent 100–150 years) obviously constitutes the structure of a global intra-system rhythmic process with an individual rhythm of about 60 years. In turn, each of the rhythms is presented by the two climate phases of about 25–35 years characterized by qualitative differences: one phase is relatively continental, while the other is humid. Globality and quasi-synchronism of environmental changes are accompanied by planetary structures: the Global Atmospheric Oscillation (GAO) in the atmosphere and the Multidecadal Oscillation of the Heat content in the Ocean (MOHO) discovered relatively recently. Unexpected and rapid qualitative phase changes in the climate, which first focused attention in the mid-1970s of the last century, were titled "climate shifts". The revealed features of the present-day climate are of exceptional scientific and practical interest and deserve the development of methods for predicting the timing of the forthcoming climate shift. Arising unexpectedly and accompanied by rapid significant changes, these shifts identified the problem of understanding the nature and establishing the processes and mechanisms causing them. First of all, of interest are phase changes in the thermodynamic state of the climate system components: the ocean, atmosphere, and continents. As a result of the World Ocean (WO) thermohydrodynamics numerical modelling, it is shown that MOHO is localized in the layer of the main thermocline, where the most important elements of the WO circulation are located. The performed study based on observational data allows us to conclude that, during the phase of the WO thermal discharge (1975–1999), the two key systems of currents, the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream, were under similar thermodynamic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal sale of the government suburban farmland for the construction of the upscale homes in Moscow province is investigated. These corrupt deals dispossessed farmers from their due rights of farming in those lands.

Two variants of the experimental polyvalent vaccine against viral diseases of poultry have been made. The authors tested two samples of the vaccine, performed its preclinical study and study of its immunogenic activity and specific humoral immune response in chickens, and determined its stability. After all studies, a conclusion has been made that polyvalent inactivated vaccine allows to simultaneously create immunity againstthe Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis of chickens, egg drop syndrome, infectious bursal disease, rheoviral and metapneumoviral infection of chicken;the vaccine is harmless, avirulent and immunogenic for poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamics of near ground concentration of ambient thermal neutrons (TNs) was studied using data of neutron detectors of the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS) network and those of the Laboratory of environmental radiation of the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (Brazil). A significant excess of TN count rate over that of rapid ones was found in two COSMOS probes located in Brazil and other sites in North America and Europe. The effect was explained in terms of neutron production in nuclear (α, n) reactions initiated by decay of radon gas comprised in the ground rather than in the atmosphere. A revealed strongly marked diurnal variation of the TN concentration proved to be in antiphase with air temperature that is characteristic for particles in thermal equilibrium with air. A previously unknown effect of saturation of nighttime TN concentration was observed. It is explained in terms of a dynamic equilibrium state, which sets in the absence of vertical convection between the neutrons escaping from the ground and their losses in nuclear reaction in the air. The results described can be used for the determination of ground concentration of ambient radon and its dynamics in boundary layer of atmosphere as well as in other geophysical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The driving mechanisms of mesoscale processes and associated heat transport in the Japan/East Sea (JES) from 1990 to 2010 were examined using eddy-resolving ocean model simulations. The simulated circulation showed correctly reproduced JES major basin-scale currents and mesoscale dynamics features. We show that mesoscale eddies can deepen isotherms/isohalines up to several hundred meters and transport warm and low salinity waters along the western and eastern JES boundaries. The analysis of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) showed that the mesoscale dynamics reaches a maximum intensity in the upper 300 m layer. Throughout the year, the EKE maximum is observed in the southeastern JES, and a pronounced seasonal variability is observed in the southwestern and northwestern JES. The comparison of the EKE budget components confirmed that various mechanisms can be responsible for the generation of mesoscale dynamics during the year. From winter to spring, the baroclinic instability of basin-scale currents is the leading mechanism of the JES mesoscale dynamics' generation. In summer, the leading role in the generation of the mesoscale dynamics is played by the barotropic instability of basin-scale currents, which are responsible for the emergence of mesoscale eddies, and in autumn, the leading role is played by instabilities and the eddy wind work. We show that the meridional heat transport (MHT) is mainly polewards. Furthermore, we reveal two paths of eddy heat transport across the Subpolar Front: along the western and eastern (along 138 ∘ E) JES boundaries. Near the Tsugaru Strait, we describe the detected intensive westward eddy heat transport reaching its maximum in the first half of the year and decreasing to the minimum by summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new version of the Institute of Numerical Mathematics ocean model (INMOM) is presented. The INMOM uses arbitrary orthogonal coordinates in horizontal space and isobathic sigma-coordinate in vertical direction. The previous version of the OGCM was used as the oceanic component of the IPCC climate system model INMCM (Institute of Numerical Mathematics Climate Model (Volodin et al, 2017). Besides, INMOM as the only sigma-model was used for simulations according to CORE-II scenario (Danabasoglu et al. 2014,2016). In general, INMOM results are comparable to ones of other OGCMs and were used for investigation of climatic variations in the North Atlantic (Gusev and Diansky 2014).In the new INMOM version, the model equations are formulated in terms of full free surface with taking into account water budget variation. Tensor form of lateral viscosity operator is used, which is invariant to rotation. Isopycnal diffusion including Gent-McWilliams eddy-induced transport is used to parameterize lateral mixing. The two-equation turbulence model Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 is implemented for vertical mixing parameterization. To simulate sea ice characteristics, the INMOM contains an embedded sea ice module consisting of thermodynamics, transport and dynamics components. The ice thermodynamics module is based on the assumption of quasi-stationarity (Yakovlev, 2009) in which temperatures at the ice and snow surfaces are computed diagnostically at a time step assuming linearity of temperature profiles inside each of the media. At the same time, there is no approximation of "levitating" ice, which makes it possible to take into account the full exchange of salt and fresh water between the ocean and sea ice and, therefore, conserve the total amount of salt in the total ice-snow-ocean system. The sea ice transport module is based on the MPDATA scheme (Smolarkiewicz, 2006) with nonlinear correction reducing the dissipative properties of the basic upwind scheme. The sea ice dynamics module is based on the elastic-viscous-plastic rheology (Hunke and Dukowicz, 1997) using the total time derivative of ice drift velocity. The INMOM is adapted for simulations at multiprocessor systems with distributed memory using the hybrid MPI-OpenMP technology including procedures for reading from and writing to files, with loading processors close to uniform.The INMOM is tested by reproducing World Ocean circulation and thermohaline characteristics. The used OGCM version is constructed in a curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system obtained through the conformal Moebius transformation of a geographic system. To avoid the problem of grid convergence near the North Geographical Pole, the "north" pole on the model grid is located to the point 90°E, 60°N, while the model "south" pole coincides with the South Geographical Pole. The model was integrated using datasets from the CORE database (Large and Yeager, 2009). The features of oceanic circulation and climate-forming characteristics are well reproduced and in agreement with other simulation results. The research was supported by RFBR (grant 18-05-01107) and RSF (grant 17-17-01295). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]