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Objective: To investigate the relationship between on-road driving remediation and achieving fitness to drive following acquired brain injury. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Tertiary hospital outpatient driver assessment and rehabilitation service, Australia. Participants: Thirty-five participants (54.3% male), aged 18–65 years, 41 days-20 years post-acquired brain injury (including stroke, aneurysm, traumatic brain injury) recommended for on-road driving remediation following occupational therapy driver assessment were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 18) and waitlist control (n = 17) groups. Intervention: Intervention group received on-road driving remediation delivered by a qualified driving instructor in a dual-control vehicle. The waitlist control group completed a 6 week period of no driving-related remediation. Main measure: Fitness to drive rated following the conduct of an on-road occupational therapy driver assessment with a qualified driving instructor where outcome assessors were blinded to group allocation. Results: The intervention group were significantly more likely to achieve a fit to drive recommendation than no driving specific intervention (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Following comprehensive assessment, individualized on-road driving remediation programs devised by an occupational therapist with advanced training in driver assessment and rehabilitation and delivered by a qualified driving instructor are significantly associated with achieving fitness to drive after acquired brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Occupation‐based interventions use engagement in a person's daily activities to achieve change. There is growing research into the use of occupation‐based group interventions in the inpatient rehabilitation setting. It remains unclear whether occupation‐based groups offer comparable outcomes to occupation‐based interventions delivered individually; this research will precede a clinical trial aimed at comparing these two approaches for improving occupational performance outcomes. This study details the process of co‐designing the intervention. Partnering with clinicians and patients in the design of healthcare interventions can promote patient‐centred care, enhance uptake, and improve applicability and sustainability of the intervention to that setting. Methods: A modified nominal group technique (NGT) design was applied to facilitate two meetings and an electronic survey with an expert panel of clinicians and patients. Twelve participants (n = 4 occupational therapists, n = 1 registered nurse, n = 1 physiotherapist, n = 1 occupational therapy assistant, n = 1 occupational therapy manager, and n = 4 patients) were purposively recruited. A modified approach to the technique's four stages was used: silent generation, round robin, clarification, and voting. Consensus was set at >50%. Qualitative data from group discussions were analysed thematically. Findings: All participants agreed the intervention should include patient‐centred, goal‐directed, practice of daily activities, including breakfast and lunch preparation, domestic tasks, and laundry. Other components that were agreed included where the groups could run, group size, eligibility criteria, and frequency. Key themes from clinicians included needing a goal‐directed intervention, focused on progressing towards hospital discharge; time and resource requirements were also discussed. Patients emphasised the importance of building social connections, opportunity to engage in meaningful activity, and the importance of linking participation to patient goals. Conclusion: Through collaboration with clinicians and patients, an occupation‐based group intervention considering the available evidence, alongside clinical, experiential, and contextual sources of knowledge was developed; this resulted in an evidence‐based, patient‐centred, and contextually relevant intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This scoping review aimed to explore topics on which the views of residents of Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs) have been sought. Methods: Scoping review methodology as outlined by Arksey and O'Malley was used to identify, explore and report on the range of literature regarding views of RACF residents. Seven electronic databases were searched using broad search terms relevant to the RACF context. Descriptive numerical analysis was completed for publication year, journal name and target profession, research methods and participant types. Thematic analysis then focussed on the aims of the included studies. Results: Four thousand two hundred and ninety studies were screened, and 104 publications met the inclusion criteria. A broad range of topics were explored by researchers, with the largest number of papers focused on residents' views of systems within RACFs (n = 24) and new programs and interventions (n = 21). Smaller topic areas included health conditions and health‐care services (n = 13), socialisation (n = 13), physical activity (n = 3), self‐care (n = 4), leisure (n = 4), general everyday life (n = 20) and aspects of the residential aged care environment (n = 15). There was limited exploration of meaningful activity (n = 13). The inclusion of residents with cognitive impairment was inconsistent, and the voices of other stakeholders were often privileged. Conclusions: Voices of residents must be heard in order to prioritise the health and well‐being of this population. More research which focuses on what is important to residents is needed and must include residents with cognitive impairment more effectively. Identification of optimal research methods with this population would make an important contribution in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falls following a spinal cord injury (SCI) can have physical and psychological consequences, although some risk of falls may be acceptable to enable participation in meaningful activity. The study aimed to explore the patients' perspective of falls and fall prevention after discharge from a inpatient spinal injuries unit. An interpretive descriptive approach guided the study. Semi structured interviews were conducted in the 6–12 months post discharge period. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data and identify themes. Fifteen individuals with SCI, with a mean age of 57 years and varied fall experiences were included. Three themes were identified including: 1. Expectation of falling; 2. Learning from my own experience and the experience of others' and 3. How to prevent falls. Learning from their own experience and the experience of others was highly valued by persons with SCI and influenced expectations of falls. A variety of strategies were used to prevent falls. Strategies that include learning from others, include activities that are individual and provide skills in self-reflection may aid to make fall prevention meaningful. Patients want to learn from practical experience and the experience of others with spinal cord injury (SCI). Clinicians need to consider patients' readiness to receive education and could benefit from the inclusion of peers in the delivery of information/education provided. A shift of focus for clinicians providing fall prevention education to skills in risk assessment, self-reflection and ability to formulate fall management plans may be beneficial to patients with SCI. Patients appreciate demonstration of skills. Clinicians are encouraged to learn wheelchair skills when performing functional tasks and demonstrate them to add credibility to their fall prevention education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the process of implementing an evidence-based goal-setting package into five rehabilitation services across the continuum of rehabilitation. This study used a mixed methods approach guided by Medical Research Council (MRC) recommendations for conducting process evaluations, the RE-AIM framework, and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). This study will evaluate the reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the goal-setting package over six months. Environmental context and resources, the clinician's social and professional role and identity, social influences and clinician beliefs about goal-setting consequences and individuals' capabilities were all identified as barriers or enablers throughout the implementation process. Community rehabilitation services faced challenges implementing paper-based resources, whilst inpatient rehabilitation sites faced challenges engaging nursing staff in the interdisciplinary approach to goal-setting. Social influences were an enabler in two sites that used the case conference format to facilitate setting common goals. Clinicians in all sites continued to express difficulties implementing shared decision-making with people who had cognitive impairments or were no longer progressing in their rehabilitation. A team-based approach to implementing the goal-setting interventions centred around the case conference format appeared to be the most successful mode for implementing interdisciplinary person-centred goal-setting. The rehabilitation case conference forum can be used to facilitate teams to set interdisciplinary common goals. Rehabilitation teams should add further consideration to how they can involve clients as a member of the rehabilitation team throughout the rehabilitation process. Embedding changes into existing process and using structured templates and tools can enhance the process of goal-setting in rehabilitation. Strong leadership, dedicated facilitation, audit and feedback can enhance team's success in implementing elements of the goal-setting implementation package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To critically review the evidence for occupation-based interventions in improving occupational performance and participation outcomes in the hospital setting. Five databases were searched from 2000–2022. Peer-reviewed studies of any design investigating the impact of occupation-based interventions in the hospital setting were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the appropriate tool for each study design. Following data extraction, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Thirty-three studies comprising of 26 experimental, five non-experimental, and two mixed methods studies were included (n = 1646 participants). Results indicate good evidence to support occupation-based interventions to improve occupational performance and participation outcomes in inpatient rehabilitation; it is unclear whether they are more effective than any control/alternative intervention. Research in the acute and mental health hospital settings were scarcer. Understanding the benefits of occupation-based interventions was enhanced through qualitative results including improving independence and confidence to discharge home, increasing motivation for therapy, connecting with others, and peer-based learning. Heterogeneity and methodological weaknesses across existing studies limits the conclusions that can be drawn on the impact of occupation-based interventions in the hospital setting. More rigorous research should be conducted with better reporting of intervention design and the use of robust measures of occupational performance. The use of occupation-based interventions should be considered to improve occupational performance and participation outcomes in the hospital setting. There is good evidence to support the impact of occupation-based interventions on improving occupational performance and participation outcomes in the inpatient rehabilitation setting; evidence in the acute and mental health settings is scarcer. Occupation-based interventions are valued by both patients and clinicians for their impact on patient outcomes and the patient experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAimsMethodsResultsConclusion1) Explore occupational challenges of individuals participating in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and 2) examine impacts of occupational therapy, embedded within PR, on performance of, satisfaction with, dyspnea in and experience of challenging occupations.A mixed methods cohort study recruited adults from a 8-week community-based PR program which incorporated targeted occupational therapy. Participant perspectives of the occupational therapy were explored using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale.Seventeen participants with either Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Bronchiectasis, or Interstitial Lung Disease were recruited (age 71 ± 7(SD) identifying 269 problematic occupations. Nine participants completed the program obtaining clinically and statistically significant improvements in COPM performance, satisfaction scores and Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale, maintained at 12 wk, and validated through participants reporting they ‘now do things differently’.People with chronic respiratory conditions are occupational beings. Occupational therapy embedded within PR can influence participants’ engagement in challenging occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cognitive impairment is common post-stroke. There is a need to understand patterns of early cognitive recovery post-stroke to guide both clinical and research practice. The aim of the study was to map the trajectory of cognitive recovery during the first week to 90-days post-stroke using serial computerised assessment. Method: An observational cohort study recruited consecutive stroke patients admitted to a stroke unit within 48 hours of onset. Cognitive function was assessed using the computerised Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) daily for seven days, then 14, 30 and 90 days post-stroke. The CANTAB measured visual episodic memory and learning, information processing speed, visuo-spatial working memory, complex sustained attention and mental flexibility. Repeated measures MANOVA/ANOVA with Least Squares Difference post-hoc analyses were performed to ascertain significant change over time. Result: Forty-eight participants, mean age 73, primarily mild, ischaemic stroke, completed all assessment timepoints. There was a trajectory of early, global cognitive improvement, indicative of a post-stroke delirium, that largely stabilised between 6 and 14-days post-stroke. Change over time was examined within each cognitive test, with one measure stabilising by day 6 (Reaction Time) and others detecting improving performances up to 14 days post-stroke. Conclusions: Serial, computerised cognitive assessment can effectively map post-stroke cognitive recovery and revealed an early phase of global improvement over 14 days that is evidence for an acute post-stroke delirium. Resolution of post-stroke delirium in the second week following mild stroke indicates more extensive neuropsychological testing may be undertaken earlier than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine associations between post-stroke participation and personal factors, including demographic characteristics, self- and threat appraisals, and personality variables. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional study with purpose-designed survey was completed online or via mail. The survey was comprised of demographic and health-related questions and multiple questionnaires, including the Stroke Impact Scale Version 3.0 (SISv3) (participation/perceived recovery), Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) (participation), Head Injury Semantic Differential III (pre- vs post-stroke self-concept/self-discrepancy), Appraisal of Threat and Avoidance Questionnaire (threat appraisal), Life Orientation Test – Revised (optimism) and Relationships Questionnaire (adult attachment style) that measured variables of interest. Sixty-two participants, aged 24–96 years who had experienced a stroke (one or multiple events) and had returned to community living, completed the survey. Associations were examined using correlations, and univariate and multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Regression analysis showed that greater participation, measured using the CIQ, was associated with younger age, female gender, lower self-discrepancy and higher perceived recovery, explaining 69% of the variability in CIQ participation. Further, greater participation on the SISv3 was associated with lower self-discrepancy and higher perceived recovery, explaining 64% of the variability in SISv3 participation. Conclusions: Results indicate that personal factors, particularly self-appraisals like self-concept/self-discrepancy, in combination with perceived recovery may be important in explaining a large portion of variance in post-stroke participation. Specifically, findings highlight the interrelatedness of self-concept change, perceived recovery and post-stroke participation. Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify the directionality of these associations throughout the hospital-to-home transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to quantify the perceived needs and adequacy of realised access to post-acute services in a sample of people with acquired brain injury in the first 6-months after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. A secondary focus was the influence of access to funding and specialist transitional rehabilitation on unmet needs. Participants were 51 adults with a median age of 50 (IQR 35–57) recruited from an inpatient rehabilitation unit in an Australian tertiary hospital. The sample was those who had an acquired brain injury, including 23 who sustained a traumatic injury and 28 who sustained a non-traumatic injury. Measures were collected via telephone at 3- and 6-months, in a prospective observational cohort design using the Needs and Provisions Complexity Scale. A series of logistic regression models were used to determine the effects of participation in a transitional rehabilitation program and funding pathway on adequacy and unmet needs. Unmet needs for rehabilitation were most commonly reported (60%), followed by unmet needs in relation to health care (40%), social care (35%), personal care (32%) and environment-related (14%). Participants who attended transitional rehabilitation were more likely to indicate unmet health care needs (OR = 6.40, 95% CI = 1.40–29.24, p = 0.02). The study highlights the need to look beyond functional impairment when conceptualising appropriate access. Additionally, the present research highlighted the need for greater work into an expectation of services. The majority of people with an acquired brain injury report unmet needs at 6 months post discharge. Present findings support the utility of patient reported measures when considering treatment evaluation with people with ABI, where assessing the personal appraisal of individuals needs may prove to be a key indicator to facilitate optimal service access. There are specific services that needed and not provided including psychological, speech pathology, family carer needs and vocational rehabilitation, and therefore are a key target for ensuring appropriate support is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]