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The Brazilian demographic dynamics, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, was intensely characterized by mass displacement towards the largest urban centers in the country. However, in the last two decades of the century, there was a considerable migratory flow of people returning to their States of origin. Thus, this research aimed to broaden the understanding of this population dynamics characterized as return migration, especially among northeastern migrants who leave the two largest metropolitan regions of Brazil and return to their homeland. From the process of interpretation of the variations recorded in order to understand the reason for migration numbers, it is concluded that a significant fraction of the population, especially the one with a lower financial condition, is susceptible to the consequences that the transformations of a fundamentally economic and Quality and projection of life imposes on him regardless of the region of residence, forcing even the return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of ecosystem services for the welfare of society has been widely disseminated within the scientific community, as well as the interest of the population regarding its relevance has increased significantly. This paper presents as an object of investigation the Payment for Environmental Services (PES), which is regarded as an instrument of environmental management capable of generating economic value from the protection and maintenance of ecosystems through economic incentives to environmental services “providers”. Considering that PES materializes through contracts, this paper has analysed its theoretical assumptions as well as the institutional elements that form a PES market and its use as a tool for environmental public policy. Thus, two projects under the Water Producer Program of the National Water Agency (ANA) were investigated, through the following dimensions of analysis: the institutional arrangements; a remuneration methodology; opportunity cost; monitoring; and efficiency of the projects. The results demonstrate that although PES is viewed as a genuine market tool, in practice the schemes are agent-driven, which implicates in a redesign of its conceptual framework of issues that may be linked to private property to a broader perspective that comes from the environmental service. It has also been identified that cost-effectiveness measurements associated with the program in comparison to other environmental policies are poorly explored in the field of ecosystem service studies, which may cause doubts on the power of such an instrument in behaviour induction and environmental conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to point out some aspects of convergence and divergence among some authors established in the field of institutionalism that analyzed the role of institutions in society and its evolution through time. Specifically, it aims at identifying how the nature, functioning, and evolution of institutions are portrayed. It is a theoretical research, having as a field of analysis the selection of recurrent texts in (neo) institutionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade in agrarian reform settlements within the context of solidary economy is discussed. Current exploratory, descriptive and quantitative research comprises descriptive statistics based on the 2010-2012 version of the National System of Information of Solidary Economy (SIES) with valid information of 1033 solidary economic enterprises (EES) which indicated as social category the agrarian reform settlement, with 5.24% of total respondents. Results show that (a) most EES lie in the northeastern region of Brazil; (b) main economic activity is production or production plus commercialization; (c) most settlements fail to participate in commercialization networks; (d) the main target is selling and self-consumption; (e) underscored consumer markets are market/town trade and market/local or community trade; (f ) both variables align to strengthen settler groups including the insertion of products within the agribusiness context and the promotion of the workers' life style, with a reinforcement of values and designs of agrarian reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]