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Callitriche is a sub-cosmopolitan plant genus occurring throughout temperate regions of both hemispheres, including the peri-Antarctic islands, with 78 species worldwide. Records of Callitriche include frequent and extensive misidentification due to a combination of factors including a lack of taxonomic and nomenclatural clarification before the mid-20th century. This work aims to contribute to the taxonomic knowledge of the genus Callitriche in South America by presenting taxonomic novelties and a revision of some critical species. More specifically, seven new species are described: C. ciliata, C. concinna, C. dacryoidea, C. ecarinata, C. hegelmaieriana, C. praetermissa and C. schotsmaniana. In addition, C. marginata var. berteroana is here raised to species rank, C. mandonis, C. oblongicarpa and C. turfosa are re-established, and the names C. antarctica, C. deflexa, C. deflexa var. brauniana, C. deflexa var. glaziovii, C. deflexa var. phaeocarpa, C. heterophylla, C. heteropoda, C. terrestris and C. turfosa are typified.

Margyricarpus pinnatus is a poorly understood entity from natural grasslands of South America that it better considered as a species complex. In this work we contribute to the advancement of the taxonomic knowledge of this challenging species complex by describing two new species of Margyricarpus from southern Brazil. We present field photographs, illustrations, a distribution map and ecologic and conservation notes on the new species.

We describe a narrowly endemic new species of Delairea from the highlands of southern Brazil. It is the second species described in this previously monospecific genus that was endemic to Africa, and the first record of a native species of Delairea in the Americas. Delairea aparadensis differs from D. odorata by its deltoid leaves and capitulescences composed by cymes of 2–6 capitula. Additionally, the new species is classified as critically endangered using the IUCN criteria.

—Lysimachia is a genus that was recently recircumscribed and greatly enlarged by the inclusion of many genera in the Primulaceae. In this work five new species, all endemic from the grasslands of southern Brazil, are described, two new combinations are proposed, and 10 typifications are effected. The preliminary conservation status of these species are assessed, and we also provide field photographs and distribution maps. Furthermore, we provide an identification key to all species of Lysimachia that occur in Brazil.

A new species of Persicaria, P. humboldtiana, endemic to a narrow area of waterfalls in Corupá, southern Brazil, is described in the present paper. The locus classicus of the new species is well-known for plant endemisms. A complete morphological description, original pictures, a distribution map, and a morphological comparison with the similar Eurasian species P. minor (≡ Polygonum minus) are given. The name Polygonum minus is lecto- and epitypified on, respectively, a Morison’s illustration and a specimen preserved at BM.

In this work we present taxonomic notes for the genus Erechtites. More specifically, we present evidence for the re-establishment of E. petiolatus, a species that was hitherto being considered as a synonym of either E. valerianifolius or E. valerianifolius f. prenanthoides. Thus, we raise to six the number of accepted species of Erechtites. We present field photographs of E. petiolatus and E. valerianifolius and assess the conservation status of these species. Furthermore, we present taxonomic notes for E. valerianifolius and Senecio prenanthoides.

Plantago robusta is a critically endangered species endemic to Saint Helena Island, a remote British island located in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean. Despite its already acknowledged considerable importance for biodiversity conservation, the species is notably poorly studied from a systematic point of view. In this work we typify the name P. robusta and present a complete account of the morphology of the species, including illustrations, field photographs and a complete description. Furthermore, we discuss important knowledge gaps concerning the species.

In this work we describe Ludwigia humboldtiana, an extremely narrowly endemic new species from a waterfall system in Corupá municipality, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. This is already the second plant species endemic to the area. The new species is morphologically most similar to L. caparosa, L. elegans, L. multinervia and L. peruviana but differs from those by a series of taxonomically important characters. We present field photographs, a distribution map and a detailed morphological account of the new species, discuss its morphology and taxonomy in relation to the morphologically most similar other species of Ludwigia, and assess its conservation status according to IUCN criteria.

We present here novelties and notes on Tradescantia from Brazil. More specifically, we describe a narrowly endemic new species from southern Brazil (T. insularis), create a new name at the species rank (T. catharinensis) for T. crassula var. gaudichaudii, discuss the taxonomy of T. schwirkowskiana and T. serrana, and lectotypify T. tenella and present the first record of this species in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Finally, we provide an identification key to Tradescantia in Brazil.

Evidence is presented that the records of Plantago virginica from South Africa and of P. australis from Reunion Island (France) are in fact misidentified specimens of P. tomentosa. These are the first records of P. tomentosa outside South America. The species is native to Argentina, Bolivia, southern Brazil, southern Paraguay, southern Peru and Uruguay. My findings suggest that P. virginica, native to North America, and P. australis, native to the Americas, do not occur in Africa. Furthermore, a lectotype is designated for the name P. affinis, a synonym of P. tomentosa.

The only species of Bergia known from South America, B. arenarioides, was originally described as Merimea arenarioides in 1829 and has been surprisingly neglected in the literature and databases since after the publication of the treatment of the Elatinaceae for Flora brasiliensis in 1872. The species is only known from two gatherings, both from northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, the most recent of which is from 1914. In this work I designate a lectotype for the species, investigate and clarify the location of its type locality and discuss its taxonomy and nomenclature. I present this information aiming at fostering the search and eventual rediscovery of the species.

Commelina dielsii is a species notable for being, together with the southern Brazilian C. catharinensis, the only native Commelina from the Americas with yellow petals. The species was up until now only known from the type gathering, made in 1878 in Entre Ríos province, north-eastern Argentina. Because it had not been collected since then, the species was considered as likely extinct. We present here the rediscovery of this species after 140 years, as the species was recently found in western Uruguay, in pampean environment. This also corresponds to the first record of the species in Uruguay. We also present field photographs, a morphological description, a distribution map for the species and its conservation status assessment.

Study of the Commelina names published for the Americas and their original materials, in the context of a continental taxonomic revision of the genus, evidenced the need for typifications and synonymisations. In this work, 18 names are lectotypified (Athyrocarpus pseudomonosperma, C. aquatica, C. bravoa, C. diffusa var. cordispatha, C. dubia Redouté nom. illeg., C. erecta f. intercursa, C. formosa, C. glabra, C. nervosa, C. pallida, C. pallida var. parviflora, C. pilosula, C. quitensis var. mandonii, C. stricta, C. undulata Lodd. nom. illeg., C. virginica var. massonii, Nephralles parviflora and Phaeosphaerion efoveolaltum), one name neotypified (C. polygama), one name epitypified (C. longicaulis) and eight new synonymisations proposed. Evidence is presented that the African species C. aquatica, which is morphologically similar to the American C. longicaulis but has a different chromosome number, is most probably not conspecific with C. diffusa. Furthermore, the situation of seven Commelina names currently recognised in some sources, which however were never validly published, is discussed.

Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species' establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges both intentionally and accidentally by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scarce to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed

The tribe Plantagineae (Lamiales) is a group of plants with worldwide distribution, notorious for its complicated taxonomy and still unresolved natural history. We describe the result of a broadly sampled phylogenetic study of tribe. The expanded sampling dataset is based on the trnL-F spacer, rbcL, and ITS2 markers across all three included genera (Aragoa, Littorella and Plantago) and makes this the most comprehensive study to date. The other dataset uses five markers and provides remarkably good resolution throughout the tree, including support for all of the major clades. In addition to the molecular phylogeny, a morphology database of 114 binary characters was assembled to provide comparison with the molecular phylogeny and to develop a means to assign species not sampled in the molecular analysis to their most closely related species that were sampled. Based on the molecular phylogeny and the assignment algorithm to place unsampled species, a key to sections is presented, and a revised classification of the tribe is provided. We also include the description of new species from North America, North Dakota INBRE program, grant 43500/2200/MIS0010729

In a recently-published work it was demonstrated that the previous circumscription of Erechtites valerianifolius encompassed two distinct species, thus calling for the re-establishment of E. petiolatus. However, in that work it was overlooked that Senecio albiflorus, a replacement name for Cacalia prenanthoides, was published three months before E. petiolatus. In the present work we make the necessary amendments to the taxonomic treatment of this species of Erechtites due to this nomenclatural oversight. We also discuss the issue of the provenance of the type of C. prenanthoides.

High-throughput sequencing, when combined with taxonomic expertise, is a powerful tool to refine and advance taxonomic classification, including at the species level. In the present work, a new species, Plantago campestris, is described out of the P. commersoniana species complex, based on phylogenomic and morphological evidence. The main morphological characters that distinguish the new species from P. commersoniana are the glabrous posterior sepals and the slightly broader leaves. The new species is known from only three localities, all in natural high-elevation grasslands in Paraná and Santa Catarina states, southern Brazil. According to the IUCN criteria new species should be assessed as Endangered (EN). We present field photographs of P. campestris and related species, and we provide an identification key to the species previously included within the circumscription of P. commersoniana.

Plantago sect. Lancifolia is a Mediterranean group of species with complicated nomenclature and taxonomy. In this work I present nomenclatural clarifications and taxonomic rectifications for P. altissima, P. lacustris, P. lanceolata subsp. cyrenaica, P. leiopetala and P. malato-belizii. Plantago maireana is proposed as a new name for P. lanceolata subsp. cyrenaica, and P. pilgeriana for P. lanceolata var. lacustris. Concerning P. malato-belizii and P. maireana, the conclusions presented here have important implications for biodiversity conservation, as these species are geographically very restricted. I also provide a revised identification key to all species in Plantago sect. Lancifolia.

In this contribution I present novelties and notes on Plantago sect. Virginica. Specifically, I newly describe P. veadeirensis, a critically endangered, narrowly endemic species from northern Goias state, central Brazil. The new species is remarkable for being the northernmost native Plantago species occurring in South America outside the Andes. The affinities with the morphologically closest allied species, P. hatschbachiana and P. pyrophila, are discussed, and its conservation status is assessed. I also present updates to the distribution of P. napiformis and P. pretoana, discuss nomenclatural aspects for the names P. australis, P. hirtella and P. myosuros, and provide an identification key to the genus Plantago in Brazil, Paraguay and Santa Cruz department, Bolivia.

A Flora do Brasil 2020 e um projeto coordenado pelo Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, uma autarquia publica federal vinculada ao Ministerio do Meio Ambiente. Na primeira conferencia da ONU para meio ambiente (conhecida como Rio 92) foi criada a Convencao sobre a Diversidade Biologica (CDB). Esta convencao foi assinado por centenas de paises, inclusive o Brasil, com o claro objetivo de deter a perda da diversidade biologica no planeta. Uma decada depois foi estabelecida dentro da CDB a Estrategia Global para Conservacao de Plantas ou GSPC (sigla em ingles), com metas a serem entregues pelos paises signatarios da CDB a cada decada.O projeto Flora do Brasil 2020 foi idealizado em 2008 para que o Brasil fosse capaz de entregar a meta 1 estabelecida pela GSPC. Conta com a participacao de 979 taxonomistas de 224 instituicoes de 25 paises.

The attractive colour characteristics of the flowers of the species Impatiens walleriana have been arousing great interest in the food industry, which is looking for potential natural sources of colouring ingredients. In this sense, the present work focused on the chemical and bioactive characterization of pink and orange flowers of I. walleriana. The phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS, in addition, different bioactivities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity) were also analysed. Both samples studied showed significant amounts of phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which justifies the excellent performance in the different bioactivities studied. The orange variety, despite having a greater variety of phenolic compounds, showed a total amount of compounds lower than the pink variety. Overall, the flowers of I. walleriana emerge as a promising resource to be explored by the food industry.

The tribe Plantagineae (Lamiales) is a group of plants with worldwide distribution, notorious for its complicated taxonomy, still unresolved natural history, and a trend of morphologic reduction and simplification. This tribe includes the plantains (Plantago), the small aquatic Littorella, and the northern Andean shrubs Aragoa. Some Plantago lineages exhibit remarkably high diversification rates, which further adds to the complicated classification, and the worldwide distribution of these plants raises numerous questions related to vicariance and dispersal. In this work, we present the broadest phylogeny of the group to date and discuss the evolutionary, morphological, and biogeographical implications of our phylogenetic results, including the description of two new species from the Americas.

Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species’ establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants are thought to have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scare to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed, Plantago major, collected from 50 populations worldwide to test hypotheses that the plant was brought to new regions during colonial times. We further investigate how patterns in genomic diversity facilitate the success of this global weed. Although genomic differentiation among populations is found to be low, we identify six unique ecotypes showing very little sign of admixture. Three of the most prevalent of these ecotypes present in the native range gave rise to introduced populations in the Americas, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, indicating that more than one successful ecotype colonized and spread. The distribution of ecotypes is found to have links to colonial history, and ecotypes are further found to be restricted by latitude. Dispersal of multiple successful ecotypes and prior adaptation in the native range to latitudinally dependent environmental factors (such as climate) are likely reasons for the success of this prolific, global weed. Genomic signatures can provide new perspectives on the drivers behind the historic introductions and the successful colonization of introduced species in an era of global change.

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) was established by the Conference of Parties in 2002 to decrease the loss of plant diversity, reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. To achieve this overarching goal, the GSPC has established a series of targets, one of which is to ensure that plant diversity is well understood, so that it can be effectively conserved and used in a sustainable manner. Brazil hosts more than 46,000 species of plants, algae and fungi, representing one of the most biodiverse countries on Earth, and playing a key role in the GSPC. To meet the GSPC goals of Target 1 and facilitate access to plant diversity, Brazil committed to preparing the List of Species of the Brazilian Flora (2008-2015) and the Brazilian Flora 2020 (2016-present). Managing all the information associated with such great biodiversity has proven to be an extremely challenging task. Here, we synthesize the history of these projects, focusing on the multidisciplinary and collaborative approach adopted to develop and manage the inclusion of all the knowledge generated though digital information systems. We further describe the methods used, challenges faced, and strategies adopted, as well as summarize advances to date and prospects for completing the Brazilian flora in 2020.

During the preparation of the treatment of the genus Plantago L. for the Flora Argentina project, dozens of names were identified as needing typification to stabilize their nomenclature. As a result, lectotypes are designated for 40 names, second-step lectotypes for four names, and a neotype for P. grandiflora Meyen. Furthermore, erroneous applications in past literature of the term "holotype" are corrected to lectotypes for five names. Fil: Moroni, Pablo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Hassemer, Gustavo. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarca Fil: O'Leary, Nataly Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Plantago sect. Maritima is a group of Mediterranean narrow-leaved plantains whose taxonomy and nomenclature are particularly complex and still unresolved. This work has the objective of advancing the taxonomic knowledge of this section by revising and presenting novelties for the synonymy of P. subulata, including the lectotypification of four names with recent usage (since 1985) within this group: P. sarda, P. subulata var. atlantis, P. subulata var. granatensis, and P. subulata var. insularis. Furthermore, two synonymizations are newly proposed, and the situation of two Plantago species names published by Nyman in 1881 in his Conspectus Floræ Europææ is clarified.

Callitriche is a genus of small herbs, ranging from aquatic to amphibious and terrestrial, the taxonomy of the genus is complicated and still unresolved, and knowledge of species distribution is st...