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1. Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change

Author

Xu, Wu-Bing, Guo, Wen-Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L, Enquist, Brian J, Maitner, Brian S, Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A, Cerabolini, Bruno EL, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J Hans C, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S, Giroldo, Aelton B, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan JB, Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H, Martin, Adam R, Ma, Ke-Ping, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T, Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S, Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D, Pisek, Jan, Pound, Matthew J, Robroek, Bjorn JM, Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sun, Miao, Sosinski, Ênio E, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A, Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter M, van der Plas, Fons, Zheng, Jingming, Svenning, Jens-Christian, and Ordonez, Alejandro

Subjects
Life Below Water, Climate Action, Humans, Phylogeny, Magnoliopsida, Climate Change, Biodiversity
Abstract

As Earth's climate has varied strongly through geological time, studying the impacts of past climate change on biodiversity helps to understand the risks from future climate change. However, it remains unclear how paleoclimate shapes spatial variation in biodiversity. Here, we assessed the influence of Quaternary climate change on spatial dissimilarity in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional composition among neighboring 200-kilometer cells (beta-diversity) for angiosperm trees worldwide. We found that larger glacial-interglacial temperature change was strongly associated with lower spatial turnover (species replacements) and higher nestedness (richness changes) components of beta-diversity across all three biodiversity facets. Moreover, phylogenetic and functional turnover was lower and nestedness higher than random expectations based on taxonomic beta-diversity in regions that experienced large temperature change, reflecting phylogenetically and functionally selective processes in species replacement, extinction, and colonization during glacial-interglacial oscillations. Our results suggest that future human-driven climate change could cause local homogenization and reduction in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of angiosperm trees worldwide.

Published
2023

2. The global spectrum of plant form and function: enhanced species-level trait dataset.

Author

Díaz, Sandra, Kattge, Jens, Cornelissen, Johannes HC, Wright, Ian J, Lavorel, Sandra, Dray, Stéphane, Reu, Björn, Kleyer, Michael, Wirth, Christian, Prentice, I Colin, Garnier, Eric, Bönisch, Gerhard, Westoby, Mark, Poorter, Hendrik, Reich, Peter B, Moles, Angela T, Dickie, John, Zanne, Amy E, Chave, Jérôme, Wright, S Joseph, Sheremetiev, Serge N, Jactel, Hervé, Baraloto, Christopher, Cerabolini, Bruno EL, Pierce, Simon, Shipley, Bill, Casanoves, Fernando, Joswig, Julia S, Günther, Angela, Falczuk, Valeria, Rüger, Nadja, Mahecha, Miguel D, Gorné, Lucas D, Amiaud, Bernard, Atkin, Owen K, Bahn, Michael, Baldocchi, Dennis, Beckmann, Michael, Blonder, Benjamin, Bond, William, Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Brown, Kerry, Burrascano, Sabina, Byun, Chaeho, Campetella, Giandiego, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Chapin, F Stuart, Choat, Brendan, Coomes, David Anthony, Cornwell, William K, Craine, Joseph, Craven, Dylan, Dainese, Matteo, de Araujo, Alessandro Carioca, de Vries, Franciska T, Domingues, Tomas Ferreira, Enquist, Brian J, Fagúndez, Jaime, Fang, Jingyun, Fernández-Méndez, Fernando, Fernandez-Piedade, Maria T, Ford, Henry, Forey, Estelle, Freschet, Gregoire T, Gachet, Sophie, Gallagher, Rachael, Green, Walton, Guerin, Greg R, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Harrison, Sandy P, Hattingh, Wesley Neil, He, Tianhua, Hickler, Thomas, Higgins, Steven I, Higuchi, Pedro, Ilic, Jugo, Jackson, Robert B, Jalili, Adel, Jansen, Steven, Koike, Fumito, König, Christian, Kraft, Nathan, Kramer, Koen, Kreft, Holger, Kühn, Ingolf, Kurokawa, Hiroko, Lamb, Eric G, Laughlin, Daniel C, Leishman, Michelle, Lewis, Simon, Louault, Frédérique, Malhado, Ana CM, Manning, Peter, Meir, Patrick, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Messier, Julie, Miller, Regis, Minden, Vanessa, Molofsky, Jane, and Montgomery, Rebecca

Abstract

Here we provide the 'Global Spectrum of Plant Form and Function Dataset', containing species mean values for six vascular plant traits. Together, these traits -plant height, stem specific density, leaf area, leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen content per dry mass, and diaspore (seed or spore) mass - define the primary axes of variation in plant form and function. The dataset is based on ca. 1 million trait records received via the TRY database (representing ca. 2,500 original publications) and additional unpublished data. It provides 92,159 species mean values for the six traits, covering 46,047 species. The data are complemented by higher-level taxonomic classification and six categorical traits (woodiness, growth form, succulence, adaptation to terrestrial or aquatic habitats, nutrition type and leaf type). Data quality management is based on a probabilistic approach combined with comprehensive validation against expert knowledge and external information. Intense data acquisition and thorough quality control produced the largest and, to our knowledge, most accurate compilation of empirically observed vascular plant species mean traits to date.

Published
2022

3. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure

Author

Guo, Wen-Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L, Maitner, Brian S, Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A, Cerabolini, Bruno EL, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J Hans C, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S, Giroldo, Aelton B, Guo, Kun, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Klein, Tamir, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan JB, Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H, Martin, Adam R, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T, Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S, Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D, Pisek, Jan, Robroek, Bjorn JM, Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sosinski, Ênio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A, Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter, van der Plas, Fons, Wright, Ian J, Xu, Wu-Bing, Zheng, Jingming, Enquist, Brian J, and Svenning, Jens-Christian

Subjects
Life on Land, Anthropogenic Effects, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Humans, Phylogeny, Trees, biodiversity, conservation frameworks, land use, protected areas, tree species
Abstract

Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.

Published
2022

4. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation

Author

Joswig, Julia S., Wirth, Christian, Schuman, Meredith C., Kattge, Jens, Reu, Björn, Wright, Ian J., Sippel, Sebastian D., Rüger, Nadja, Richter, Ronny, Schaepman, Michael E., van Bodegom, Peter M., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Díaz, Sandra, Hattingh, Wesley N., Kramer, Koen, Lens, Frederic, Niinemets, Ülo, Reich, Peter B., Reichstein, Markus, Römermann, Christine, Schrodt, Franziska, Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael, Byun, Chaeho, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Craine, Joseph M., Gonzalez-Melo, Andres, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., He, Tianhua, Higuchi, Pedro, Jactel, Hervé, Kraft, Nathan J. B., Minden, Vanessa, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Sosinski, Ênio, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Weiher, Evan, and Mahecha, Miguel D.

Published
2022
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8. Global trait–environment relationships of plant communities

Author

Bruelheide, Helge, Dengler, Jürgen, Purschke, Oliver, Lenoir, Jonathan, Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja, Hennekens, Stephan M., Botta-Dukát, Zoltán, Chytrý, Milan, Field, Richard, Jansen, Florian, Kattge, Jens, Pillar, Valério D., Schrodt, Franziska, Mahecha, Miguel D., Peet, Robert K., Sandel, Brody, van Bodegom, Peter, Altman, Jan, Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Arfin Khan, Mohammed A. S., Attorre, Fabio, Aubin, Isabelle, Baraloto, Christopher, Barroso, Jorcely G., Bauters, Marijn, Bergmeier, Erwin, Biurrun, Idoia, Bjorkman, Anne D., Blonder, Benjamin, Čarni, Andraž, Cayuela, Luis, Černý, Tomáš, Cornelissen, J. Hans C., Craven, Dylan, Dainese, Matteo, Derroire, Géraldine, De Sanctis, Michele, Díaz, Sandra, Doležal, Jiří, Farfan-Rios, William, Feldpausch, Ted R., Fenton, Nicole J., Garnier, Eric, Guerin, Greg R., Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Haider, Sylvia, Hattab, Tarek, Henry, Greg, Hérault, Bruno, Higuchi, Pedro, Hölzel, Norbert, Homeier, Jürgen, Jentsch, Anke, Jürgens, Norbert, Kącki, Zygmunt, Karger, Dirk N., Kessler, Michael, Kleyer, Michael, Knollová, Ilona, Korolyuk, Andrey Y., Kühn, Ingolf, Laughlin, Daniel C., Lens, Frederic, Loos, Jacqueline, Louault, Frédérique, Lyubenova, Mariyana I., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcenò, Corrado, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Müller, Jonas V., Munzinger, Jérôme, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Neill, David A., Niinemets, Ülo, Orwin, Kate H., Ozinga, Wim A., Penuelas, Josep, Pérez-Haase, Aaron, Petřík, Petr, Phillips, Oliver L., Pärtel, Meelis, Reich, Peter B., Römermann, Christine, Rodrigues, Arthur V., Sabatini, Francesco Maria, Sardans, Jordi, Schmidt, Marco, Seidler, Gunnar, Silva Espejo, Javier Eduardo, Silveira, Marcos, Smyth, Anita, Sporbert, Maria, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Tang, Zhiyao, Thomas, Raquel, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Vassilev, Kiril, Violle, Cyrille, Virtanen, Risto, Weiher, Evan, Welk, Erik, Wesche, Karsten, Winter, Marten, Wirth, Christian, and Jandt, Ute

Published
2018
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9. Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change

Author

Xu, Wu Bing, Guo, Wen Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Enquist, Brian J., Maitner, Brian S., Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E.L., Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J. Hans C., Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S., Giroldo, Aelton B., Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan J.B., Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H., Martin, Adam R., Ma, Ke Ping, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T., Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E., Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Pound, Matthew J., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sun, Miao, Sosinski, Ênio E., Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter M., van der Plas, Fons, Zheng, Jingming, Svenning, Jens Christian, Ordonez, Alejandro, Xu, Wu Bing, Guo, Wen Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Enquist, Brian J., Maitner, Brian S., Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E.L., Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J. Hans C., Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S., Giroldo, Aelton B., Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan J.B., Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H., Martin, Adam R., Ma, Ke Ping, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T., Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E., Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Pound, Matthew J., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sun, Miao, Sosinski, Ênio E., Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter M., van der Plas, Fons, Zheng, Jingming, Svenning, Jens Christian, and Ordonez, Alejandro

Abstract

As Earth’s climate has varied strongly through geological time, studying the impacts of past climate change on biodiversity helps to understand the risks from future climate change. However, it remains unclear how paleoclimate shapes spatial variation in biodiversity. Here, we assessed the influence of Quaternary climate change on spatial dissimilarity in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional composition among neighboring 200-kilometer cells (beta-diversity) for angiosperm trees worldwide. We found that larger glacial-interglacial temperature change was strongly associated with lower spatial turnover (species replacements) and higher nestedness (richness changes) components of beta-diversity across all three biodiversity facets. Moreover, phylogenetic and functional turnover was lower and nestedness higher than random expectations based on taxonomic beta-diversity in regions that experienced large temperature change, reflecting phylogenetically and functionally selective processes in species replacement, extinction, and colonization during glacial-interglacial oscillations. Our results suggest that future human-driven climate change could cause local homogenization and reduction in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of angiosperm trees worldwide., As Earth's climate has varied strongly through geological time, studying the impacts of past climate change on biodiversity helps to understand the risks from future climate change. However, it remains unclear how paleoclimate shapes spatial variation in biodiversity. Here, we assessed the influence of Quaternary climate change on spatial dissimilarity in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional composition among neighboring 200-kilometer cells (beta-diversity) for angiosperm trees worldwide. We found that larger glacial-interglacial temperature change was strongly associated with lower spatial turnover (species replacements) and higher nestedness (richness changes) components of beta-diversity across all three biodiversity facets. Moreover, phylogenetic and functional turnover was lower and nestedness higher than random expectations based on taxonomic beta-diversity in regions that experienced large temperature change, reflecting phylogenetically and functionally selective processes in species replacement, extinction, and colonization during glacial-interglacial oscillations. Our results suggest that future human-driven climate change could cause local homogenization and reduction in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of angiosperm trees worldwide.

Published
2023

13. Which is a better predictor of plant traits: temperature or precipitation?

Author

Moles, Angela T., Perkins, Sarah E., Laffan, Shawn W., Flores-Moreno, Habacuc, Awasthy, Monica, Tindall, Marianne L., Sack, Lawren, Pitman, Andy, Kattge, Jens, Aarssen, Lonnie W., Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael, Blonder, Benjamin, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Cornelissen, J. Hans C., Cornwell, Will K., Díaz, Sandra, Dickie, John B., Freschet, Grégoire T., Griffiths, Joshua G., Gutierrez, Alvaro G., Hemmings, Frank A., Hickler, Thomas, Hitchcock, Timothy D., Keighery, Matthew, Kleyer, Michael, Kurokawa, Hiroko, Leishman, Michelle R., Liu, Kenwin, Niinemets, Ülo, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Onoda, Yusuke, Penuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Reich, Peter B., Shiodera, Satomi, Siefert, Andrew, Sosinski, Enio E., Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Swaine, Emily K., Swenson, Nathan G., van Bodegom, Peter M., Warman, Laura, Weiher, Evan, Wright, Ian J., Zhang, Hongxiang, Zobel, Martin, and Bonser, Stephen P.

Published
2014
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14. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation

Author

Joswig, Julia Sophia, Wirth, Christian, Schuman, Meredith, Kattge, Jens, Reu, Björn, Wright, Ian J., Sippel, Sebastian, Rüger, Nadja, Richter, Ronny, Schaepman, Michael E., van Bodegom, Peter, Cornelissen, J. H. C., Díaz, Sandra, Hattingh, Wesley, Kramer, Koen, Lens, Frederic, Niinemets, Ülo, Reich, Peter, Reichstein, Markus, Römermann, Christine, Schrodt, Franziska, Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael, Byun, Chaeho, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone, Craine, Joseph, Gonzalez-Melo, Andres, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., He, Tianhua, Higuchi, Pedro, Jactel, Hervé, Kraft, Nathan J. B., Minden, Vanessa, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério, Sosinski, Ênio, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Weiher, Evan, Mahecha, Miguel D., Joswig, Julia Sophia, Wirth, Christian, Schuman, Meredith, Kattge, Jens, Reu, Björn, Wright, Ian J., Sippel, Sebastian, Rüger, Nadja, Richter, Ronny, Schaepman, Michael E., van Bodegom, Peter, Cornelissen, J. H. C., Díaz, Sandra, Hattingh, Wesley, Kramer, Koen, Lens, Frederic, Niinemets, Ülo, Reich, Peter, Reichstein, Markus, Römermann, Christine, Schrodt, Franziska, Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael, Byun, Chaeho, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone, Craine, Joseph, Gonzalez-Melo, Andres, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., He, Tianhua, Higuchi, Pedro, Jactel, Hervé, Kraft, Nathan J. B., Minden, Vanessa, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério, Sosinski, Ênio, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Weiher, Evan, and Mahecha, Miguel D.

Abstract

Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land-climate feedbacks. Still, we lack a global understanding of how land and climate affect plant traits. A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential. The orthogonality of these two axes suggests they are differently influenced by environmental drivers. We find that these axes persist in a global dataset of 17 traits across more than 20,000 species. We find a dominant joint effect of climate and soil on trait variation. Additional independent climate effects are also observed across most traits, whereas independent soil effects are almost exclusively observed for economics traits. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. In contrast, variation in economics traits is better explained by interactions of climate with soil fertility. These findings have the potential to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and our predictions of climate change impacts on biogeochemical cycles. The authors investigate the broad-scale climatological and soil properties that co-vary with major axes of plant functional traits. They find that variation in plant size is attributed to latitudinal gradients in water or energy limitation, while variation in leaf economics traits is attributed to both climate and soil fertility including their interaction.

Published
2022

15. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure

Author

Guo, Wen Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Maitner, Brian S., Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E.L., Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S., Giroldo, Aelton B., Guo, Kun, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Klein, Tamir, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan J.B., Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H., Martin, Adam R., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T., Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sosinski, Ênio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter, van der Plas, Fons, Wright, Ian J., Xu, Wu Bing, Zheng, Jingming, Enquist, Brian J., Svenning, Jens Christian, Guo, Wen Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Maitner, Brian S., Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E.L., Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S., Giroldo, Aelton B., Guo, Kun, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Klein, Tamir, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan J.B., Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H., Martin, Adam R., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T., Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sosinski, Ênio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter, van der Plas, Fons, Wright, Ian J., Xu, Wu Bing, Zheng, Jingming, Enquist, Brian J., and Svenning, Jens Christian

Abstract

Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.

Published
2022

16. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation

Author

Joswig, Julia S; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-1728, Wirth, Christian; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-8056, Schuman, Meredith Christine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-3534, Kattge, Jens; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8469, Reu, Björn, Wright, Ian J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-9143, Sippel, Sebastian D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-4458, Rüger, Nadja; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-4172, Richter, Ronny; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8728-7918, Schaepman, Michael E; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-9565, van Bodegom, Peter M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-4500, Cornelissen, J H C, Díaz, Sandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-4612, Hattingh, Wesley N; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-5137, Kramer, Koen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1402-2775, Lens, Frederic; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5001-0149, Niinemets, Ülo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-2192, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Reichstein, Markus; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-1112, Römermann, Christine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3471-0951, Schrodt, Franziska; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-8872, Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-9776, Byun, Chaeho; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-3275, Campetella, Giandiego; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6126-522X, Cerabolini, Bruno E L; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-0733, Craine, Joseph M; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6561-3244, Gonzalez-Melo, Andres, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8928-3198, He, Tianhua, et al, Joswig, Julia S; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-1728, Wirth, Christian; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-8056, Schuman, Meredith Christine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-3534, Kattge, Jens; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8469, Reu, Björn, Wright, Ian J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-9143, Sippel, Sebastian D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-4458, Rüger, Nadja; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-4172, Richter, Ronny; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8728-7918, Schaepman, Michael E; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-9565, van Bodegom, Peter M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-4500, Cornelissen, J H C, Díaz, Sandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-4612, Hattingh, Wesley N; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-5137, Kramer, Koen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1402-2775, Lens, Frederic; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5001-0149, Niinemets, Ülo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-2192, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Reichstein, Markus; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-1112, Römermann, Christine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3471-0951, Schrodt, Franziska; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-8872, Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-9776, Byun, Chaeho; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-3275, Campetella, Giandiego; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6126-522X, Cerabolini, Bruno E L; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-0733, Craine, Joseph M; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6561-3244, Gonzalez-Melo, Andres, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8928-3198, He, Tianhua, and et al

Abstract

Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land–climate feedbacks. Still, we lack a global understanding of how land and climate affect plant traits. A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential. The orthogonality of these two axes suggests they are differently influenced by environmental drivers. We find that these axes persist in a global dataset of 17 traits across more than 20,000 species. We find a dominant joint effect of climate and soil on trait variation. Additional independent climate effects are also observed across most traits, whereas independent soil effects are almost exclusively observed for economics traits. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. In contrast, variation in economics traits is better explained by interactions of climate with soil fertility. These findings have the potential to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and our predictions of climate change impacts on biogeochemical cycles.

Published
2022

17. Understanding climate change impacts on biome and plant distributions in the Andes: Challenges and opportunities

Author

Tovar, Carolina, primary, Carril, Andrea F., additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Ahrends, Antje, additional, Fita, Lluis, additional, Zaninelli, Pablo, additional, Flombaum, Pedro, additional, Abarzúa, Ana M., additional, Alarcón, Diego, additional, Aschero, Valeria, additional, Báez, Selene, additional, Barros, Agustina, additional, Carilla, Julieta, additional, Ferrero, M. Eugenia, additional, Flantua, Suzette G. A., additional, Gonzáles, Paúl, additional, Menéndez, Claudio G., additional, Pérez‐Escobar, Oscar A., additional, Pauchard, Aníbal, additional, Ruscica, Romina C., additional, Särkinen, Tiina, additional, Sörensson, Anna A., additional, Srur, Ana, additional, Villalba, Ricardo, additional, and Hollingsworth, Peter M., additional

Published
2022
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22. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation

Author

Joswig, Julia S., primary, Wirth, Christian, additional, Schuman, Meredith C., additional, Kattge, Jens, additional, Reu, Björn, additional, Wright, Ian J., additional, Sippel, Sebastian D., additional, Rüger, Nadja, additional, Richter, Ronny, additional, Schaepman, Michael E., additional, van Bodegom, Peter M., additional, Cornelissen, J. H. C., additional, Díaz, Sandra, additional, Hattingh, Wesley N., additional, Kramer, Koen, additional, Lens, Frederic, additional, Niinemets, Ülo, additional, Reich, Peter B., additional, Reichstein, Markus, additional, Römermann, Christine, additional, Schrodt, Franziska, additional, Anand, Madhur, additional, Bahn, Michael, additional, Byun, Chaeho, additional, Campetella, Giandiego, additional, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., additional, Craine, Joseph M., additional, Gonzalez-Melo, Andres, additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, He, Tianhua, additional, Higuchi, Pedro, additional, Jactel, Hervé, additional, Kraft, Nathan J. B., additional, Minden, Vanessa, additional, Onipchenko, Vladimir, additional, Peñuelas, Josep, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, Sosinski, Ênio, additional, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., additional, Weiher, Evan, additional, and Mahecha, Miguel D., additional

Published
2021
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23. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation

Author

Joswig, Julia S., Wirth, Christian, Schuman, Meredith C., Kattge, Jens, Reu, Björn, Wright, Ian J., Sippel, Sebastian, Rüger, Nadja, Richter, Ronny, Schaepman, Michael E., van Bodegom, Peter M., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Díaz, Sandra, Hattingh, Wesley, Kramer, Koen, Lens, Frederic, Niinemets, Ülo, Reich, Peter B., Reichstein, Markus, Römermann, Christine, Schrodt, Franziska, Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael, Byun, Chaeho, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone, Craine, Joseph, Gonzalez Melo, Andres, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., He, Tianhua, Higuchi, Pedro, Jactel, Hervé, Kraft, Nathan J. B., Minden, Vanessa, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério, Sosinski, Ênio, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Weiher, Evan, Mahecha, Miguel D., Joswig, Julia S., Wirth, Christian, Schuman, Meredith C., Kattge, Jens, Reu, Björn, Wright, Ian J., Sippel, Sebastian, Rüger, Nadja, Richter, Ronny, Schaepman, Michael E., van Bodegom, Peter M., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Díaz, Sandra, Hattingh, Wesley, Kramer, Koen, Lens, Frederic, Niinemets, Ülo, Reich, Peter B., Reichstein, Markus, Römermann, Christine, Schrodt, Franziska, Anand, Madhur, Bahn, Michael, Byun, Chaeho, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone, Craine, Joseph, Gonzalez Melo, Andres, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., He, Tianhua, Higuchi, Pedro, Jactel, Hervé, Kraft, Nathan J. B., Minden, Vanessa, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério, Sosinski, Ênio, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Weiher, Evan, and Mahecha, Miguel D.

Abstract

Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land-climate feedbacks. Still, we lack a global understanding of how land and climate affect plant traits. A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential. The orthogonality of these two axes suggests they are differently influenced by environmental drivers. We find that these axes persist in a global dataset of 17 traits across more than 20,000 species. We find a dominant joint effect of climate and soil on trait variation. Additional independent climate effects are also observed across most traits, whereas independent soil effects are almost exclusively observed for economics traits. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. In contrast, variation in economics traits is better explained by interactions of climate with soil fertility. These findings have the potential to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and our predictions of climate change impacts on biogeochemical cycles.

Published
2021

24. sPlotOpen – An environmentally balanced, open‐access, global dataset of vegetation plots

Author

Sabatini, Francesco Maria, Lenoir, Jonathan, Hattab, Tarek, Arnst, Elise Aimee, Chytrý, Milan, Dengler, Jürgen, De Ruffray, Patrice, Hennekens, Stephan M., Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Florian, Jiménez‐Alfaro, Borja, Kattge, Jens, Levesley, Aurora, Pillar, Valério D., Purschke, Olivier, Sandel, Brody, Sultana, Fahmida, Aavik, Tsipe, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T.R., Agrillo, Emiliano, Alvarez, Miguel, Apostolova, Iva, Arfin Khan, Mohammed A. S., Arroyo, Luzmila, Attorre, Fabio, Aubin, Isabelle, Banerjee, Arindam, Bauters, Marijn, Bergeron, Yves, Bergmeier, Erwin, Biurrun, Idoia, Bjorkman, Anne D., Bonari, Gianmaria, Bondareva, Viktoria, Brunet, Jörg, Carni, Andraz, Casella, Laura, Cayuela, Luis, Cerný, Tomás, Chepinoga, Victor, Csiky, János, Ćušterevska, Renata, De Bie, Els, De Gasper, André Luis, De Sanctis, Michele, Dimopoulos, Panayotis, Dolezal, Jiri, Dziuba, Tetiana, El‐Sheikh, Mohamed Abd El‐Rouf Mousa, Enquist, Brian, Ewald, Jörg, Fazayeli, Farideh, Field, Richard, Finckh, Manfred, Gachet, Sophie, Galán‐de‐Mera, Antonio, Garbolino, Emmanuel, Gholizadeh, Hamid, Giorgis, Melisa, Golub, Valentin, Alsos, Inger Greve, Grytnes, John-Arvid, Guerin, Gregory Richard, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Haider, Sylvia, Hatim, Mohamed Z., Herault, Bruno, et al., Sabatini, Francesco Maria, Lenoir, Jonathan, Hattab, Tarek, Arnst, Elise Aimee, Chytrý, Milan, Dengler, Jürgen, De Ruffray, Patrice, Hennekens, Stephan M., Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Florian, Jiménez‐Alfaro, Borja, Kattge, Jens, Levesley, Aurora, Pillar, Valério D., Purschke, Olivier, Sandel, Brody, Sultana, Fahmida, Aavik, Tsipe, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T.R., Agrillo, Emiliano, Alvarez, Miguel, Apostolova, Iva, Arfin Khan, Mohammed A. S., Arroyo, Luzmila, Attorre, Fabio, Aubin, Isabelle, Banerjee, Arindam, Bauters, Marijn, Bergeron, Yves, Bergmeier, Erwin, Biurrun, Idoia, Bjorkman, Anne D., Bonari, Gianmaria, Bondareva, Viktoria, Brunet, Jörg, Carni, Andraz, Casella, Laura, Cayuela, Luis, Cerný, Tomás, Chepinoga, Victor, Csiky, János, Ćušterevska, Renata, De Bie, Els, De Gasper, André Luis, De Sanctis, Michele, Dimopoulos, Panayotis, Dolezal, Jiri, Dziuba, Tetiana, El‐Sheikh, Mohamed Abd El‐Rouf Mousa, Enquist, Brian, Ewald, Jörg, Fazayeli, Farideh, Field, Richard, Finckh, Manfred, Gachet, Sophie, Galán‐de‐Mera, Antonio, Garbolino, Emmanuel, Gholizadeh, Hamid, Giorgis, Melisa, Golub, Valentin, Alsos, Inger Greve, Grytnes, John-Arvid, Guerin, Gregory Richard, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Haider, Sylvia, Hatim, Mohamed Z., Herault, Bruno, and et al.

Abstract

Motivation: Assessing biodiversity status and trends in plant communities is critical for understanding, quantifying and predicting the effects of global change on ecosystems. Vegetation plots record the occurrence or abundance of all plant species co-occurring within delimited local areas. This allows species absences to be inferred, information seldom provided by existing global plant datasets. Although many vegetation plots have been recorded, most are not available to the global research community. A recent initiative, called 'sPlot', compiled the first global vegetation plot database, and continues to grow and curate it. The sPlot database, however, is extremely unbalanced spatially and environmentally, and is not open-access. Here, we address both these issues by (a) resampling the vegetation plots using several environmental variables as sampling strata and (b) securing permission from data holders of 105 local-to-regional datasets to openly release data. We thus present sPlotOpen, the largest open-access dataset of vegetation plots ever released. sPlotOpen can be used to explore global diversity at the plant community level, as ground truth data in remote sensing applications, or as a baseline for biodiversity monitoring. Main types of variable contained: Vegetation plots (n = 95,104) recording cover or abundance of naturally co-occurring vascular plant species within delimited areas. sPlotOpen contains three partially overlapping resampled datasets (c. 50,000 plots each), to be used as replicates in global analyses. Besides geographical location, date, plot size, biome, elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation type, naturalness, coverage of various vegetation layers, and source dataset, plot-level data also include community-weighted means and variances of 18 plant functional traits from the TRY Plant Trait Database. Spatial location and grain Global, 0.01–40,000 m². Time period and grain: 1888–2015, recording dates. Major taxa and level of measurement: 42,677

Published
2021

25. sPlotOpen – An environmentally balanced, open‐access, global dataset of vegetation plots

Author

Sabatini, Francesco Maria, primary, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Hattab, Tarek, additional, Arnst, Elise Aimee, additional, Chytrý, Milan, additional, Dengler, Jürgen, additional, De Ruffray, Patrice, additional, Hennekens, Stephan M., additional, Jandt, Ute, additional, Jansen, Florian, additional, Jiménez‐Alfaro, Borja, additional, Kattge, Jens, additional, Levesley, Aurora, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, Purschke, Oliver, additional, Sandel, Brody, additional, Sultana, Fahmida, additional, Aavik, Tsipe, additional, Aćić, Svetlana, additional, Acosta, Alicia T. R., additional, Agrillo, Emiliano, additional, Alvarez, Miguel, additional, Apostolova, Iva, additional, Arfin Khan, Mohammed A. S., additional, Arroyo, Luzmila, additional, Attorre, Fabio, additional, Aubin, Isabelle, additional, Banerjee, Arindam, additional, Bauters, Marijn, additional, Bergeron, Yves, additional, Bergmeier, Erwin, additional, Biurrun, Idoia, additional, Bjorkman, Anne D., additional, Bonari, Gianmaria, additional, Bondareva, Viktoria, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Čarni, Andraž, additional, Casella, Laura, additional, Cayuela, Luis, additional, Černý, Tomáš, additional, Chepinoga, Victor, additional, Csiky, János, additional, Ćušterevska, Renata, additional, De Bie, Els, additional, Gasper, André Luis, additional, De Sanctis, Michele, additional, Dimopoulos, Panayotis, additional, Dolezal, Jiri, additional, Dziuba, Tetiana, additional, El‐Sheikh, Mohamed Abd El‐Rouf Mousa, additional, Enquist, Brian, additional, Ewald, Jörg, additional, Fazayeli, Farideh, additional, Field, Richard, additional, Finckh, Manfred, additional, Gachet, Sophie, additional, Galán‐de‐Mera, Antonio, additional, Garbolino, Emmanuel, additional, Gholizadeh, Hamid, additional, Giorgis, Melisa, additional, Golub, Valentin, additional, Alsos, Inger Greve, additional, Grytnes, John‐Arvid, additional, Guerin, Gregory Richard, additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Haider, Sylvia, additional, Hatim, Mohamed Z., additional, Hérault, Bruno, additional, Hinojos Mendoza, Guillermo, additional, Hölzel, Norbert, additional, Homeier, Jürgen, additional, Hubau, Wannes, additional, Indreica, Adrian, additional, Janssen, John A. M., additional, Jedrzejek, Birgit, additional, Jentsch, Anke, additional, Jürgens, Norbert, additional, Kącki, Zygmunt, additional, Kapfer, Jutta, additional, Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, additional, Kavgacı, Ali, additional, Kearsley, Elizabeth, additional, Kessler, Michael, additional, Khanina, Larisa, additional, Killeen, Timothy, additional, Korolyuk, Andrey, additional, Kreft, Holger, additional, Kühl, Hjalmar S., additional, Kuzemko, Anna, additional, Landucci, Flavia, additional, Lengyel, Attila, additional, Lens, Frederic, additional, Lingner, Débora Vanessa, additional, Liu, Hongyan, additional, Lysenko, Tatiana, additional, Mahecha, Miguel D., additional, Marcenò, Corrado, additional, Martynenko, Vasiliy, additional, Moeslund, Jesper Erenskjold, additional, Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel, additional, Mucina, Ladislav, additional, Müller, Jonas V., additional, Munzinger, Jérôme, additional, Naqinezhad, Alireza, additional, Noroozi, Jalil, additional, Nowak, Arkadiusz, additional, Onyshchenko, Viktor, additional, Overbeck, Gerhard E., additional, Pärtel, Meelis, additional, Pauchard, Aníbal, additional, Peet, Robert K., additional, Peñuelas, Josep, additional, Pérez‐Haase, Aaron, additional, Peterka, Tomáš, additional, Petřík, Petr, additional, Peyre, Gwendolyn, additional, Phillips, Oliver L., additional, Prokhorov, Vadim, additional, Rašomavičius, Valerijus, additional, Revermann, Rasmus, additional, Rivas‐Torres, Gonzalo, additional, Rodwell, John S., additional, Ruprecht, Eszter, additional, Rūsiņa, Solvita, additional, Samimi, Cyrus, additional, Schmidt, Marco, additional, Schrodt, Franziska, additional, Shan, Hanhuai, additional, Shirokikh, Pavel, additional, Šibík, Jozef, additional, Šilc, Urban, additional, Sklenář, Petr, additional, Škvorc, Željko, additional, Sparrow, Ben, additional, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, additional, Stančić, Zvjezdana, additional, Svenning, Jens‐Christian, additional, Tang, Zhiyao, additional, Tang, Cindy Q., additional, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, additional, Vanselow, Kim André, additional, Vásquez Martínez, Rodolfo, additional, Vassilev, Kiril, additional, Vélez‐Martin, Eduardo, additional, Venanzoni, Roberto, additional, Vibrans, Alexander Christian, additional, Violle, Cyrille, additional, Virtanen, Risto, additional, Wehrden, Henrik, additional, Wagner, Viktoria, additional, Walker, Donald A., additional, Waller, Donald M., additional, Wang, Hua‐Feng, additional, Wesche, Karsten, additional, Whitfeld, Timothy J. S., additional, Willner, Wolfgang, additional, Wiser, Susan K., additional, Wohlgemuth, Thomas, additional, Yamalov, Sergey, additional, Zobel, Martin, additional, Bruelheide, Helge, additional, and Bates, Amanda, additional

Published
2021
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26. TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Author

Kattge, Jens, Bönisch, Gerhard, Díaz, Sandra, Lavorel, Sandra, Prentice, Iain Colin, Leadley, Paul, Tautenhahn, Susanne, Werner, Gijsbert D. A., Aakala, Tuomas, Abedi, Mehdi, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Adamidis, George C., Adamson, Kairi, Aiba, Masahiro, Albert, Cécile H., Alcántara, Julio M., Alcázar C, Carolina, Aleixo, Izabela, Ali, Hamada, Amiaud, Bernard, Ammer, Christian, Amoroso, Mariano M., Anand, Madhur, Anderson, Carolyn, Anten, Niels, Antos, Joseph, Apgaua, Deborah Mattos Guimarães, Ashman, Tia-Lynn, Asmara, Degi Harja, Asner, Gregory P., Aspinwall, Michael, Atkin, Owen, Aubin, Isabelle, Baastrup-Spohr, Lars, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Baker, Timothy, Baker, William J., Bakker, Jan P., Baldocchi, Dennis, Baltzer, Jennifer, Banerjee, Arindam, Baranger, Anne, Barlow, Jos, Barneche, Diego R., Baruch, Zdravko, Bastianelli, Denis, Battles, John, Bauerle, William, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzato, Erika, Beckmann, Michael, Beeckman, Hans, Beierkuhnlein, Carl, Bekker, Renee, Belfry, Gavin, Belluau, Michael, Beloiu, Mirela, Benavides, Raquel, Benomar, Lahcen, Berdugo-Lattke, Mary Lee, Berenguer, Erika, Bergamin, Rodrigo, Bergmann, Joana, Bergmann Carlucci, Marcos, Berner, Logan, Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Bigler, Christof, Bjorkman, Anne D., Blackman, Chris, Blanco, Carolina, Blonder, Benjamin, Blumenthal, Dana, Bocanegra-González, Kelly T., Boeckx, Pascal, Bohlman, Stephanie, Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Boisvert-Marsh, Laura, Bond, William, Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Boom, Arnoud, Boonman, Coline C. F., Bordin, Kauane, Boughton, Elizabeth H., Boukili, Vanessa, Bowman, David M. J. S., Bravo, Sandra, Brendel, Marco Richard, Broadley, Martin R., Brown, Kerry A., Bruelheide, Helge, Brumnich, Federico, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Bruy, David, Buchanan, Serra W., Bucher, Solveig Franziska, Buchmann, Nina, Buitenwerf, Robert, Bunker, Daniel E., Bürger, Jana, Burrascano, Sabina, Burslem, David F. R. P., Butterfield, Bradley J., Byun, Chaeho, Marques, Marcia, Scalon, Marina C., Caccianiga, Marco, Cadotte, Marc, Cailleret, Maxime, Camac, James, Camarero, Jesús Julio, Campany, Courtney, Campetella, Giandiego, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cano-Arboleda, Laura, Canullo, Roberto, Carbognani, Michele, Carvalho, Fabio, Casanoves, Fernando, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Catford, Jane A., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Cervellini, Marco, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Chapin, Kenneth, Chapin, F. Stuart, Chelli, Stefano, Chen, Si-Chong, Chen, Anping, Cherubini, Paolo, Chianucci, Francesco, Choat, Brendan, Chung, Kyong-Sook, Chytrý, Milan, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Coll, Lluís, Collins, Courtney G., Conti, Luisa, Coomes, David, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., Cornwell, William K., Corona, Piermaria, Coyea, Marie, Craine, Joseph, Craven, Dylan, Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M., Csecserits, Anikó, Cufar, Katarina, Cuntz, Matthias, da Silva, Ana Carolina, Dahlin, Kyla M., Dainese, Matteo, Dalke, Igor, Dalle Fratte, Michele, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, Danihelka, Jirí, Dannoura, Masako, Dawson, Samantha, de Beer, Arend Jacobus, De Frutos, Angel, De Long, Jonathan R., Dechant, Benjamin, Delagrange, Sylvain, Delpierre, Nicolas, Derroire, Géraldine, Dias, Arildo S., Diaz-Toribio, Milton Hugo, Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., Dobrowolski, Mark, Doktor, Daniel, Dřevojan, Pavel, Dong, Ning, Dransfield, John, Dressler, Stefan, Duarte, Leandro, Ducouret, Emilie, Dullinger, Stefan, Durka, Walter, Duursma, Remko, Dymova, Olga, E-Vojtkó, Anna, Eckstein, Rolf Lutz, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Elser, James, Emilio, Thaise, Engemann, Kristine, Erfanian, Mohammad Bagher, Erfmeier, Alexandra, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Esser, Gerd, Estiarte, Marc, Domingues, Tomas F., Fagan, William F., Fagúndez, Jaime, Falster, Daniel S., Fang, Jingyun, Farris, Emmanuele, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feng, Yanhao, Fernandez-Mendez, Fernando, Ferrara, Carlotta, Ferreira, Joice, Fidelis, Alessandra, Finegan, Bryan, Firn, Jennifer, Flowers, Timothy J., Flynn, Dan F. B., Fontana, Veronika, Forey, Estelle, Forgiarini, Cristiane, François, Louis, Frangipani, Marcelo, Frank, Dorothea, Frenette-Dussault, Cedric, Freschet, Grégoire T., Fry, Ellen L., Fyllas, Nikolaos M., Mazzochini, Guilherme G., Gachet, Sophie, Gallagher, Rachael, Ganade, Gislene, Ganga, Francesca, García-Palacios, Pablo, Gargaglione, Verónica, Garnier, Eric, Garrido, Jose Luis, de Gasper, André Luís, Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo, Gibson, David, Gillison, Andrew N., Giroldo, Aelton, Glasenhardt, Mary-Claire, Gleason, Sean, Gliesch, Mariana, Goldberg, Emma, Göldel, Bastian, Gonzalez-Akre, Erika, Gonzalez-Andujar, Jose L., González-Melo, Andrés, González-Robles, Ana, Graae, Bente Jessen, Granda, Elena, Graves, Sarah, Green, Walton A., Gregor, Thomas, Gross, Nicolas, Guerin, Greg R., Günther, Angela, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Haddock, Lillie, Haines, Anna, Hall, Jefferson, Hambuckers, Alain, Han, Wenxuan, Harrison, Sandy P., Hattingh, Wesley, Hawes, Joseph E., He, Tianhua, He, Pengcheng, Heberling, Jacob Mason, Helm, Aveliina, Hempel, Stefan, Hentschel, Jörn, Hérault, Bruno, Hereş, Ana-Maria, Herz, Katharina, Heuertz, Myriam, Hickler, Thomas, Hietz, Peter, Higuchi, Pedro, Hipp, Andrew L., Hirons, Andrew, Hock, Maria, Hogan, James Aaron, Holl, Karen, Honnay, Olivier, Hornstein, Daniel, Hou, Enqing, Hough-Snee, Nate, Hovstad, Knut Anders, Ichie, Tomoaki, Igić, Boris, Illa, Estela, Isaac, Marney, Ishihara, Masae, Ivanov, Leonid, Ivanova, Larissa, Iversen, Colleen M., Izquierdo, Jordi, Jackson, Robert B., Jackson, Benjamin, Jactel, Hervé, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Steven, Jenkins, Thomas, Jentsch, Anke, Jespersen, Jens Rasmus Plantener, Jiang, Guo-Feng, Johansen, Jesper Liengaard, Johnson, David, Jokela, Eric J., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jordan, Gregory J., Joseph, Grant Stuart, Junaedi, Decky, Junker, Robert R., Justes, Eric, Kabzems, Richard, Kane, Jeffrey, Kaplan, Zdenek, Kattenborn, Teja, Kavelenova, Lyudmila, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kempel, Anne, Kenzo, Tanaka, Kerkhoff, Andrew, Khalil, Mohammed I., Kinlock, Nicole L., Kissling, Wilm Daniel, Kitajima, Kaoru, Kitzberger, Thomas, Kjøller, Rasmus, Klein, Tamir, Kleyer, Michael, Klimešová, Jitka, Klipel, Joice, Kloeppel, Brian, Klotz, Stefan, Knops, Johannes M. H., Kohyama, Takashi, Koike, Fumito, Kollmann, Johannes, Komac, Benjamin, Komatsu, Kimberly, König, Christian, Kraft, Nathan J. B., Kramer, Koen, Kreft, Holger, Kühn, Ingolf, Kumarathunge, Dushan, Kuppler, Jonas, Kurokawa, Hiroko, Kurosawa, Yoko, Kuyah, Shem, Laclau, Jean-Paul, Lafleur, Benoit, Lallai, Erik, Lamb, Eric, Lamprecht, Andrea, Larkin, Daniel J., Laughlin, Daniel, Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, le Maire, Guerric, le Roux, Peter C., le Roux, Elizabeth, Lee, Tali, Lens, Frederic, Lewis, Simon L., Lhotsky, Barbara, Li, Yuanzhi, Li, Xine, Lichstein, Jeremy W., Liebergesell, Mario, Lim, Jun Ying, Lin, Yan-Shih, Linares, Juan Carlos, Liu, Chunjiang, Liu, Daijun, Liu, Udayangani, Livingstone, Stuart, Llusià, Joan, Lohbeck, Madelon, López-García, Álvaro, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lososová, Zdeňka, Louault, Frédérique, Lukács, Balázs A., Lukeš, Petr, Luo, Yunjian, Lussu, Michele, Ma, Siyan, Maciel Rabelo Pereira, Camilla, Mack, Michelle, Maire, Vincent, Mäkelä, Annikki, Mäkinen, Harri, Malhado, Ana Claudia Mendes, Mallik, Azim, Manning, Peter, Manzoni, Stefano, Marchetti, Zuleica, Marchino, Luca, Marcilio-Silva, Vinicius, Marcon, Eric, Marignani, Michela, Markesteijn, Lars, Martin, Adam, Martínez-Garza, Cristina, Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mašková, Tereza, Mason, Kelly, Mason, Norman, Massad, Tara Joy, Masse, Jacynthe, Mayrose, Itay, McCarthy, James, McCormack, M. Luke, McCulloh, Katherine, McFadden, Ian R., McGill, Brian J., McPartland, Mara Y., Medeiros, Juliana S., Medlyn, Belinda, Meerts, Pierre, Mehrabi, Zia, Meir, Patrick, Melo, Felipe P. L., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Meredieu, Céline, Messier, Julie, Mészáros, Ilona, Metsaranta, Juha, Michaletz, Sean T., Michelaki, Chrysanthi, Migalina, Svetlana, Milla, Ruben, Miller, Jesse E. D., Minden, Vanessa, Ming, Ray, Mokany, Karel, Moles, Angela T., Molnár V, Attila, Molofsky, Jane, Molz, Martin, Montgomery, Rebecca A., Monty, Arnaud, Moravcová, Lenka, Moreno-Martínez, Alvaro, Moretti, Marco, Mori, Akira S., Mori, Shigeta, Morris, Dave, Morrison, Jane, Mucina, Ladislav, Mueller, Sandra, Muir, Christopher D., Müller, Sandra Cristina, Munoz, François, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Myster, Randall W., Nagano, Masahiro, Naidu, Shawna, Narayanan, Ayyappan, Natesan, Balachandran, Negoita, Luka, Nelson, Andrew S., Neuschulz, Eike Lena, Ni, Jian, Niedrist, Georg, Nieto, Jhon, Niinemets, Ülo, Nolan, Rachael, Nottebrock, Henning, Nouvellon, Yann, Novakovskiy, Alexander, Network, The Nutrient, Nystuen, Kristin Odden, O'Grady, Anthony, O'Hara, Kevin, O'Reilly-Nugent, Andrew, Oakley, Simon, Oberhuber, Walter, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Oliveira, Ricardo, Öllerer, Kinga, Olson, Mark E., Onipchenko, Vladimir, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E., Ordonez, Jenny C., Osada, Noriyuki, Ostonen, Ivika, Ottaviani, Gianluigi, Otto, Sarah, Overbeck, Gerhard E., Ozinga, Wim A., Pahl, Anna T., Paine, C. E. Timothy, Pakeman, Robin J., Papageorgiou, Aristotelis C., Parfionova, Evgeniya, Pärtel, Meelis, Patacca, Marco, Paula, Susana, Paule, Juraj, Pauli, Harald, Pausas, Juli G., Peco, Begoña, Penuelas, Josep, Perea, Antonio, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petisco-Souza, Ana Carolina, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petritan, Any Mary, Phillips, Oliver L., Pierce, Simon, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Pomogaybin, Alexandr, Poorter, Hendrik, Portsmuth, Angelika, Poschlod, Peter, Potvin, Catherine, Pounds, Devon, Powell, A. Shafer, Power, Sally A., Prinzing, Andreas, Puglielli, Giacomo, Pyšek, Petr, Raevel, Valerie, Rammig, Anja, Ransijn, Johannes, Ray, Courtenay A., Reich, Peter B., Reichstein, Markus, Reid, Douglas E. B., Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, de Dios, Victor Resco, Ribeiro, Sabina, Richardson, Sarah, Riibak, Kersti, Rillig, Matthias C., Riviera, Fiamma, Robert, Elisabeth M. R., Roberts, Scott, Robroek, Bjorn, Roddy, Adam, Rodrigues, Arthur Vinicius, Rogers, Alistair, Rollinson, Emily, Rolo, Victor, Römermann, Christine, Ronzhina, Dina, Roscher, Christiane, Rosell, Julieta A., Rosenfield, Milena Fermina, Rossi, Christian, Roy, David B., Royer-Tardif, Samuel, Rüger, Nadja, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Rumpf, Sabine B., Rusch, Graciela M., Ryo, Masahiro, Sack, Lawren, Saldaña, Angela, Salgado-Negret, Beatriz, Salguero-Gomez, Roberto, Santa-Regina, Ignacio, Santacruz-García, Ana Carolina, Santos, Joaquim, Sardans, Jordi, Schamp, Brandon, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schleuning, Matthias, Schmid, Bernhard, Schmidt, Marco, Schmitt, Sylvain, Schneider, Julio V., Schowanek, Simon D., Schrader, Julian, Schrodt, Franziska, Schuldt, Bernhard, Schurr, Frank, Selaya Garvizu, Galia, Semchenko, Marina, Seymour, Colleen, Sfair, Julia C., Sharpe, Joanne M., Sheppard, Christine S., Sheremetiev, Serge, Shiodera, Satomi, Shipley, Bill, Shovon, Tanvir Ahmed, Siebenkäs, Alrun, Sierra, Carlos, Silva, Vasco, Silva, Mateus, Sitzia, Tommaso, Sjöman, Henrik, Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G., Sodhi, Darwin, Soltis, Pamela, Soltis, Douglas, Somers, Ben, Sonnier, Grégory, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Sosinski Jr, Enio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Souza, Alexandre F., Spasojevic, Marko, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Stan, Amanda B., Stegen, James, Steinbauer, Klaus, Stephan, Jörg G., Sterck, Frank, Stojanovic, Dejan B., Strydom, Tanya, Suarez, Maria Laura, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svitková, Ivana, Svitok, Marek, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swaine, Emily, Swenson, Nathan, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Takagi, Kentaro, Tappeiner, Ulrike, Tarifa, Rubén, Tauugourdeau, Simon, Tavsanoglu, Cagatay, te Beest, Mariska, Tedersoo, Leho, Thiffault, Nelson, Thom, Dominik, Thomas, Evert, Thompson, Ken, Thornton, Peter E., Thuiller, Wilfried, Tichý, Lubomír, Tissue, David, Tjoelker, Mark G., Tng, David Yue Phin, Tobias, Joseph, Török, Péter, Tarin, Tonantzin, Torres-Ruiz, José M., Tóthmérész, Béla, Treurnicht, Martina, Trivellone, Valeria, Trolliet, Franck, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Tsakalos, James L., Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Tysklind, Niklas, Umehara, Toru, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Vadeboncoeur, Matthew, Vaezi, Jamil, Valladares, Fernando, Vamosi, Jana, van Bodegom, Peter M., van Breugel, Michiel, Van Cleemput, Elisa, van de Weg, Martine, van der Merwe, Stephni, van der Plas, Fons, van der Sande, Masha T., van Kleunen, Mark, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Vanderwel, Mark, Vanselow, Kim André, Vårhammar, Angelica, Varone, Laura, Vasquez Valderrama, Maribel Yesenia, Vassilev, Kiril, Vellend, Mark, Veneklaas, Erik J., Verbeeck, Hans, Verheyen, Kris, Vibrans, Alexander, Vieira, Ima, Villacís, Jaime, Violle, Cyrille, Vivek, Pandi, Wagner, Katrin, Waldram, Matthew, Waldron, Anthony, Walker, Anthony P., Waller, Martyn, Walther, Gabriel, Wang, Han, Wang, Feng, Wang, Weiqi, Watkins, Harry, Watkins, James, Weber, Ulrich, Weedon, James T., Wei, Liping, Weigelt, Patrick, Weiher, Evan, Wells, Aidan W., Wellstein, Camilla, Wenk, Elizabeth, Westoby, Mark, Westwood, Alana, White, Philip John, Whitten, Mark, Williams, Mathew, Winkler, Daniel E., Winter, Klaus, Womack, Chevonne, Wright, Ian J., Wright, S. Joseph, Wright, Justin, Pinho, Bruno X., Ximenes, Fabiano, Yamada, Toshihiro, Yamaji, Keiko, Yanai, Ruth, Yankov, Nikolay, Yguel, Benjamin, Zanini, Kátia Janaina, Zanne, Amy E., Zelený, David, Zhao, Yun-Peng, Zheng, Jingming, Zheng, Ji, Ziemińska, Kasia, Zirbel, Chad R., Zizka, Georg, Zo-Bi, Irié Casimir, Zotz, Gerhard, Wirth, Christian, Kattge, Jens, Bönisch, Gerhard, Díaz, Sandra, Lavorel, Sandra, Prentice, Iain Colin, Leadley, Paul, Tautenhahn, Susanne, Werner, Gijsbert D. A., Aakala, Tuomas, Abedi, Mehdi, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Adamidis, George C., Adamson, Kairi, Aiba, Masahiro, Albert, Cécile H., Alcántara, Julio M., Alcázar C, Carolina, Aleixo, Izabela, Ali, Hamada, Amiaud, Bernard, Ammer, Christian, Amoroso, Mariano M., Anand, Madhur, Anderson, Carolyn, Anten, Niels, Antos, Joseph, Apgaua, Deborah Mattos Guimarães, Ashman, Tia-Lynn, Asmara, Degi Harja, Asner, Gregory P., Aspinwall, Michael, Atkin, Owen, Aubin, Isabelle, Baastrup-Spohr, Lars, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Baker, Timothy, Baker, William J., Bakker, Jan P., Baldocchi, Dennis, Baltzer, Jennifer, Banerjee, Arindam, Baranger, Anne, Barlow, Jos, Barneche, Diego R., Baruch, Zdravko, Bastianelli, Denis, Battles, John, Bauerle, William, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzato, Erika, Beckmann, Michael, Beeckman, Hans, Beierkuhnlein, Carl, Bekker, Renee, Belfry, Gavin, Belluau, Michael, Beloiu, Mirela, Benavides, Raquel, Benomar, Lahcen, Berdugo-Lattke, Mary Lee, Berenguer, Erika, Bergamin, Rodrigo, Bergmann, Joana, Bergmann Carlucci, Marcos, Berner, Logan, Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Bigler, Christof, Bjorkman, Anne D., Blackman, Chris, Blanco, Carolina, Blonder, Benjamin, Blumenthal, Dana, Bocanegra-González, Kelly T., Boeckx, Pascal, Bohlman, Stephanie, Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Boisvert-Marsh, Laura, Bond, William, Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Boom, Arnoud, Boonman, Coline C. F., Bordin, Kauane, Boughton, Elizabeth H., Boukili, Vanessa, Bowman, David M. J. S., Bravo, Sandra, Brendel, Marco Richard, Broadley, Martin R., Brown, Kerry A., Bruelheide, Helge, Brumnich, Federico, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Bruy, David, Buchanan, Serra W., Bucher, Solveig Franziska, Buchmann, Nina, Buitenwerf, Robert, Bunker, Daniel E., Bürger, Jana, Burrascano, Sabina, Burslem, David F. R. P., Butterfield, Bradley J., Byun, Chaeho, Marques, Marcia, Scalon, Marina C., Caccianiga, Marco, Cadotte, Marc, Cailleret, Maxime, Camac, James, Camarero, Jesús Julio, Campany, Courtney, Campetella, Giandiego, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cano-Arboleda, Laura, Canullo, Roberto, Carbognani, Michele, Carvalho, Fabio, Casanoves, Fernando, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Catford, Jane A., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Cervellini, Marco, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Chapin, Kenneth, Chapin, F. Stuart, Chelli, Stefano, Chen, Si-Chong, Chen, Anping, Cherubini, Paolo, Chianucci, Francesco, Choat, Brendan, Chung, Kyong-Sook, Chytrý, Milan, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Coll, Lluís, Collins, Courtney G., Conti, Luisa, Coomes, David, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., Cornwell, William K., Corona, Piermaria, Coyea, Marie, Craine, Joseph, Craven, Dylan, Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M., Csecserits, Anikó, Cufar, Katarina, Cuntz, Matthias, da Silva, Ana Carolina, Dahlin, Kyla M., Dainese, Matteo, Dalke, Igor, Dalle Fratte, Michele, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, Danihelka, Jirí, Dannoura, Masako, Dawson, Samantha, de Beer, Arend Jacobus, De Frutos, Angel, De Long, Jonathan R., Dechant, Benjamin, Delagrange, Sylvain, Delpierre, Nicolas, Derroire, Géraldine, Dias, Arildo S., Diaz-Toribio, Milton Hugo, Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., Dobrowolski, Mark, Doktor, Daniel, Dřevojan, Pavel, Dong, Ning, Dransfield, John, Dressler, Stefan, Duarte, Leandro, Ducouret, Emilie, Dullinger, Stefan, Durka, Walter, Duursma, Remko, Dymova, Olga, E-Vojtkó, Anna, Eckstein, Rolf Lutz, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Elser, James, Emilio, Thaise, Engemann, Kristine, Erfanian, Mohammad Bagher, Erfmeier, Alexandra, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Esser, Gerd, Estiarte, Marc, Domingues, Tomas F., Fagan, William F., Fagúndez, Jaime, Falster, Daniel S., Fang, Jingyun, Farris, Emmanuele, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feng, Yanhao, Fernandez-Mendez, Fernando, Ferrara, Carlotta, Ferreira, Joice, Fidelis, Alessandra, Finegan, Bryan, Firn, Jennifer, Flowers, Timothy J., Flynn, Dan F. B., Fontana, Veronika, Forey, Estelle, Forgiarini, Cristiane, François, Louis, Frangipani, Marcelo, Frank, Dorothea, Frenette-Dussault, Cedric, Freschet, Grégoire T., Fry, Ellen L., Fyllas, Nikolaos M., Mazzochini, Guilherme G., Gachet, Sophie, Gallagher, Rachael, Ganade, Gislene, Ganga, Francesca, García-Palacios, Pablo, Gargaglione, Verónica, Garnier, Eric, Garrido, Jose Luis, de Gasper, André Luís, Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo, Gibson, David, Gillison, Andrew N., Giroldo, Aelton, Glasenhardt, Mary-Claire, Gleason, Sean, Gliesch, Mariana, Goldberg, Emma, Göldel, Bastian, Gonzalez-Akre, Erika, Gonzalez-Andujar, Jose L., González-Melo, Andrés, González-Robles, Ana, Graae, Bente Jessen, Granda, Elena, Graves, Sarah, Green, Walton A., Gregor, Thomas, Gross, Nicolas, Guerin, Greg R., Günther, Angela, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Haddock, Lillie, Haines, Anna, Hall, Jefferson, Hambuckers, Alain, Han, Wenxuan, Harrison, Sandy P., Hattingh, Wesley, Hawes, Joseph E., He, Tianhua, He, Pengcheng, Heberling, Jacob Mason, Helm, Aveliina, Hempel, Stefan, Hentschel, Jörn, Hérault, Bruno, Hereş, Ana-Maria, Herz, Katharina, Heuertz, Myriam, Hickler, Thomas, Hietz, Peter, Higuchi, Pedro, Hipp, Andrew L., Hirons, Andrew, Hock, Maria, Hogan, James Aaron, Holl, Karen, Honnay, Olivier, Hornstein, Daniel, Hou, Enqing, Hough-Snee, Nate, Hovstad, Knut Anders, Ichie, Tomoaki, Igić, Boris, Illa, Estela, Isaac, Marney, Ishihara, Masae, Ivanov, Leonid, Ivanova, Larissa, Iversen, Colleen M., Izquierdo, Jordi, Jackson, Robert B., Jackson, Benjamin, Jactel, Hervé, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Steven, Jenkins, Thomas, Jentsch, Anke, Jespersen, Jens Rasmus Plantener, Jiang, Guo-Feng, Johansen, Jesper Liengaard, Johnson, David, Jokela, Eric J., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jordan, Gregory J., Joseph, Grant Stuart, Junaedi, Decky, Junker, Robert R., Justes, Eric, Kabzems, Richard, Kane, Jeffrey, Kaplan, Zdenek, Kattenborn, Teja, Kavelenova, Lyudmila, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kempel, Anne, Kenzo, Tanaka, Kerkhoff, Andrew, Khalil, Mohammed I., Kinlock, Nicole L., Kissling, Wilm Daniel, Kitajima, Kaoru, Kitzberger, Thomas, Kjøller, Rasmus, Klein, Tamir, Kleyer, Michael, Klimešová, Jitka, Klipel, Joice, Kloeppel, Brian, Klotz, Stefan, Knops, Johannes M. H., Kohyama, Takashi, Koike, Fumito, Kollmann, Johannes, Komac, Benjamin, Komatsu, Kimberly, König, Christian, Kraft, Nathan J. B., Kramer, Koen, Kreft, Holger, Kühn, Ingolf, Kumarathunge, Dushan, Kuppler, Jonas, Kurokawa, Hiroko, Kurosawa, Yoko, Kuyah, Shem, Laclau, Jean-Paul, Lafleur, Benoit, Lallai, Erik, Lamb, Eric, Lamprecht, Andrea, Larkin, Daniel J., Laughlin, Daniel, Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, le Maire, Guerric, le Roux, Peter C., le Roux, Elizabeth, Lee, Tali, Lens, Frederic, Lewis, Simon L., Lhotsky, Barbara, Li, Yuanzhi, Li, Xine, Lichstein, Jeremy W., Liebergesell, Mario, Lim, Jun Ying, Lin, Yan-Shih, Linares, Juan Carlos, Liu, Chunjiang, Liu, Daijun, Liu, Udayangani, Livingstone, Stuart, Llusià, Joan, Lohbeck, Madelon, López-García, Álvaro, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lososová, Zdeňka, Louault, Frédérique, Lukács, Balázs A., Lukeš, Petr, Luo, Yunjian, Lussu, Michele, Ma, Siyan, Maciel Rabelo Pereira, Camilla, Mack, Michelle, Maire, Vincent, Mäkelä, Annikki, Mäkinen, Harri, Malhado, Ana Claudia Mendes, Mallik, Azim, Manning, Peter, Manzoni, Stefano, Marchetti, Zuleica, Marchino, Luca, Marcilio-Silva, Vinicius, Marcon, Eric, Marignani, Michela, Markesteijn, Lars, Martin, Adam, Martínez-Garza, Cristina, Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mašková, Tereza, Mason, Kelly, Mason, Norman, Massad, Tara Joy, Masse, Jacynthe, Mayrose, Itay, McCarthy, James, McCormack, M. Luke, McCulloh, Katherine, McFadden, Ian R., McGill, Brian J., McPartland, Mara Y., Medeiros, Juliana S., Medlyn, Belinda, Meerts, Pierre, Mehrabi, Zia, Meir, Patrick, Melo, Felipe P. L., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Meredieu, Céline, Messier, Julie, Mészáros, Ilona, Metsaranta, Juha, Michaletz, Sean T., Michelaki, Chrysanthi, Migalina, Svetlana, Milla, Ruben, Miller, Jesse E. D., Minden, Vanessa, Ming, Ray, Mokany, Karel, Moles, Angela T., Molnár V, Attila, Molofsky, Jane, Molz, Martin, Montgomery, Rebecca A., Monty, Arnaud, Moravcová, Lenka, Moreno-Martínez, Alvaro, Moretti, Marco, Mori, Akira S., Mori, Shigeta, Morris, Dave, Morrison, Jane, Mucina, Ladislav, Mueller, Sandra, Muir, Christopher D., Müller, Sandra Cristina, Munoz, François, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Myster, Randall W., Nagano, Masahiro, Naidu, Shawna, Narayanan, Ayyappan, Natesan, Balachandran, Negoita, Luka, Nelson, Andrew S., Neuschulz, Eike Lena, Ni, Jian, Niedrist, Georg, Nieto, Jhon, Niinemets, Ülo, Nolan, Rachael, Nottebrock, Henning, Nouvellon, Yann, Novakovskiy, Alexander, Network, The Nutrient, Nystuen, Kristin Odden, O'Grady, Anthony, O'Hara, Kevin, O'Reilly-Nugent, Andrew, Oakley, Simon, Oberhuber, Walter, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Oliveira, Ricardo, Öllerer, Kinga, Olson, Mark E., Onipchenko, Vladimir, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E., Ordonez, Jenny C., Osada, Noriyuki, Ostonen, Ivika, Ottaviani, Gianluigi, Otto, Sarah, Overbeck, Gerhard E., Ozinga, Wim A., Pahl, Anna T., Paine, C. E. Timothy, Pakeman, Robin J., Papageorgiou, Aristotelis C., Parfionova, Evgeniya, Pärtel, Meelis, Patacca, Marco, Paula, Susana, Paule, Juraj, Pauli, Harald, Pausas, Juli G., Peco, Begoña, Penuelas, Josep, Perea, Antonio, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petisco-Souza, Ana Carolina, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petritan, Any Mary, Phillips, Oliver L., Pierce, Simon, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Pomogaybin, Alexandr, Poorter, Hendrik, Portsmuth, Angelika, Poschlod, Peter, Potvin, Catherine, Pounds, Devon, Powell, A. Shafer, Power, Sally A., Prinzing, Andreas, Puglielli, Giacomo, Pyšek, Petr, Raevel, Valerie, Rammig, Anja, Ransijn, Johannes, Ray, Courtenay A., Reich, Peter B., Reichstein, Markus, Reid, Douglas E. B., Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, de Dios, Victor Resco, Ribeiro, Sabina, Richardson, Sarah, Riibak, Kersti, Rillig, Matthias C., Riviera, Fiamma, Robert, Elisabeth M. R., Roberts, Scott, Robroek, Bjorn, Roddy, Adam, Rodrigues, Arthur Vinicius, Rogers, Alistair, Rollinson, Emily, Rolo, Victor, Römermann, Christine, Ronzhina, Dina, Roscher, Christiane, Rosell, Julieta A., Rosenfield, Milena Fermina, Rossi, Christian, Roy, David B., Royer-Tardif, Samuel, Rüger, Nadja, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Rumpf, Sabine B., Rusch, Graciela M., Ryo, Masahiro, Sack, Lawren, Saldaña, Angela, Salgado-Negret, Beatriz, Salguero-Gomez, Roberto, Santa-Regina, Ignacio, Santacruz-García, Ana Carolina, Santos, Joaquim, Sardans, Jordi, Schamp, Brandon, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schleuning, Matthias, Schmid, Bernhard, Schmidt, Marco, Schmitt, Sylvain, Schneider, Julio V., Schowanek, Simon D., Schrader, Julian, Schrodt, Franziska, Schuldt, Bernhard, Schurr, Frank, Selaya Garvizu, Galia, Semchenko, Marina, Seymour, Colleen, Sfair, Julia C., Sharpe, Joanne M., Sheppard, Christine S., Sheremetiev, Serge, Shiodera, Satomi, Shipley, Bill, Shovon, Tanvir Ahmed, Siebenkäs, Alrun, Sierra, Carlos, Silva, Vasco, Silva, Mateus, Sitzia, Tommaso, Sjöman, Henrik, Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G., Sodhi, Darwin, Soltis, Pamela, Soltis, Douglas, Somers, Ben, Sonnier, Grégory, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Sosinski Jr, Enio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Souza, Alexandre F., Spasojevic, Marko, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Stan, Amanda B., Stegen, James, Steinbauer, Klaus, Stephan, Jörg G., Sterck, Frank, Stojanovic, Dejan B., Strydom, Tanya, Suarez, Maria Laura, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svitková, Ivana, Svitok, Marek, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swaine, Emily, Swenson, Nathan, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Takagi, Kentaro, Tappeiner, Ulrike, Tarifa, Rubén, Tauugourdeau, Simon, Tavsanoglu, Cagatay, te Beest, Mariska, Tedersoo, Leho, Thiffault, Nelson, Thom, Dominik, Thomas, Evert, Thompson, Ken, Thornton, Peter E., Thuiller, Wilfried, Tichý, Lubomír, Tissue, David, Tjoelker, Mark G., Tng, David Yue Phin, Tobias, Joseph, Török, Péter, Tarin, Tonantzin, Torres-Ruiz, José M., Tóthmérész, Béla, Treurnicht, Martina, Trivellone, Valeria, Trolliet, Franck, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Tsakalos, James L., Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Tysklind, Niklas, Umehara, Toru, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Vadeboncoeur, Matthew, Vaezi, Jamil, Valladares, Fernando, Vamosi, Jana, van Bodegom, Peter M., van Breugel, Michiel, Van Cleemput, Elisa, van de Weg, Martine, van der Merwe, Stephni, van der Plas, Fons, van der Sande, Masha T., van Kleunen, Mark, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Vanderwel, Mark, Vanselow, Kim André, Vårhammar, Angelica, Varone, Laura, Vasquez Valderrama, Maribel Yesenia, Vassilev, Kiril, Vellend, Mark, Veneklaas, Erik J., Verbeeck, Hans, Verheyen, Kris, Vibrans, Alexander, Vieira, Ima, Villacís, Jaime, Violle, Cyrille, Vivek, Pandi, Wagner, Katrin, Waldram, Matthew, Waldron, Anthony, Walker, Anthony P., Waller, Martyn, Walther, Gabriel, Wang, Han, Wang, Feng, Wang, Weiqi, Watkins, Harry, Watkins, James, Weber, Ulrich, Weedon, James T., Wei, Liping, Weigelt, Patrick, Weiher, Evan, Wells, Aidan W., Wellstein, Camilla, Wenk, Elizabeth, Westoby, Mark, Westwood, Alana, White, Philip John, Whitten, Mark, Williams, Mathew, Winkler, Daniel E., Winter, Klaus, Womack, Chevonne, Wright, Ian J., Wright, S. Joseph, Wright, Justin, Pinho, Bruno X., Ximenes, Fabiano, Yamada, Toshihiro, Yamaji, Keiko, Yanai, Ruth, Yankov, Nikolay, Yguel, Benjamin, Zanini, Kátia Janaina, Zanne, Amy E., Zelený, David, Zhao, Yun-Peng, Zheng, Jingming, Zheng, Ji, Ziemińska, Kasia, Zirbel, Chad R., Zizka, Georg, Zo-Bi, Irié Casimir, Zotz, Gerhard, and Wirth, Christian

Abstract

Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Published
2020

27. Leaf litter hides post-dispersed seeds from invasive alien removers in a sclerophyll forest in central Chile

Author

Cáceres Polgrossi, Luis, Promis, Alvaro, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Cáceres Polgrossi, Luis, Promis, Alvaro, and Gutiérrez, Alvaro G.

Abstract

Aim of the study: Seed removal may be a determining filter for regeneration. Factors such as leaf litter, tree cover and seed density affect seed removal. This aims to assess three aspects involving on post dispersal seed removal of four woody species (Lithraea caustica, Maytenus boaria, Quillaja saponaria and Retanilla ephedra) of a sclerophyll forest. Study area: Andean Mediterranean sclerophyll forest of Quillaja saponaria and Lithraea caustica located in the Río de Los Cipreses National Reserve, Chile. Materials and methods: Seven experimental plots were set up, in which seeds were offered in an experiment with variations in leaf litter, tree cover and seed density. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used for the statistical analysis. Camera traps were installed to identify the seed removers. Main results: Q. saponaria seeds were more removed than the seeds of the other species (0.84, observed mean). Whereas that M. boaria and R. ephedra did not show significant differences on the removal of their seeds (0.77 and 0.67 respectively), both were more removed than L. caustica (0.59). The removal of M. boaria, Q. saponaria and R. ephedra seeds was lower in the presence of leaf litter. No factor influenced the removal of L. caustica seeds. Seed removers were identified as invasive alien species such as Rattus sp. and Oryctolagus cuniculus and native species such as Lycalopex culpaeus. Research highlights: Three woody species of this forest suffer severe seed removal by invasive alien fauna with major implications for the resilience of these forests. The coverage of leaf litter is key to hide away the seeds, increasing survival and could promote germination.

Published
2020

28. Half of the world’s tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities

Author

Guo, Wen-Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Maitner, Brian S., Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, Frutos, Angel de, Dias, Arildo S., Giroldo, Aelton B., Guo, Kun, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Klein, Tamir, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan, Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H., Martin, Adam R., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T., Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E., Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Robroek, Bjorn J. M., Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martjin, Sosinski, Ênio, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Thiffault , Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter, Van Der Plas, Fons, Wright, Ian J., Xu , Wu-Bing, Zheng , Jingming, Enquist, Brian J., Svenning, Jens-Christian, Guo, Wen-Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Maitner, Brian S., Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, Frutos, Angel de, Dias, Arildo S., Giroldo, Aelton B., Guo, Kun, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Klein, Tamir, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan, Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H., Martin, Adam R., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T., Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E., Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D., Pisek, Jan, Robroek, Bjorn J. M., Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martjin, Sosinski, Ênio, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Thiffault , Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter, Van Der Plas, Fons, Wright, Ian J., Xu , Wu-Bing, Zheng , Jingming, Enquist, Brian J., and Svenning, Jens-Christian

Abstract

Although trees are key to ecosystem functioning, many forests and tree species across the globe face strong threats. Preserving areas of high biodiversity is a core priority for conservation; however, different dimensions of biodiversity and varied conservation targets make it difficult to respond effectively to this challenge. Here, we (i) identify priority areas for global tree conservation using comprehensive coverage of tree diversity based on taxonomy, phylogeny, and functional traits; and (ii) compare these findings to existing protected areas and global biodiversity conservation frameworks. We find that ca. 51% of the top-priority areas for tree biodiversity are located in current protected areas. The remaining half top-priority areas are subject to moderate to high human pressures, indicating conservation actions are needed to mitigate these human impacts. Our findings emphasize the effectiveness of using tree conservation priority areas for future global conservation planning.

Published
2020

29. Similar factors underlie tree abundance in forests in native and alien ranges

Author

van der Sande, Masha T., Bruelheide, Helge, Dawson, Wayne, Dengler, Jürgen, Essl, Franz, Field, Richard, Haider, Sylvia, van Kleunen, Mark, Kreft, Holger, Pagel, Joern, Pergl, Jan, Purschke, Oliver, Pyšek, Petr, Weigelt, Patrick, Winter, Marten, Attorre, Fabio, Aubin, Isabelle, Bergmeier, Erwin, Chytrý, Milan, Dainese, Matteo, De Sanctis, Michele, Fagundez, Jaime, Golub, Valentin, Guerin, Greg R., Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Florian, Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja, Kattge, Jens, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Klotz, Stefan, Kramer, Koen, Moretti, Marco, Niinemets, Ülo, Peet, Robert K., Penuelas, Josep, Petřík, Petr, Reich, Peter B., Sandel, Brody, Schmidt, Marco, Sibikova, Maria, Violle, Cyrille, Whitfeld, Timothy J.S., Wohlgemuth, Thomas, Knight, Tiffany M., van der Sande, Masha T., Bruelheide, Helge, Dawson, Wayne, Dengler, Jürgen, Essl, Franz, Field, Richard, Haider, Sylvia, van Kleunen, Mark, Kreft, Holger, Pagel, Joern, Pergl, Jan, Purschke, Oliver, Pyšek, Petr, Weigelt, Patrick, Winter, Marten, Attorre, Fabio, Aubin, Isabelle, Bergmeier, Erwin, Chytrý, Milan, Dainese, Matteo, De Sanctis, Michele, Fagundez, Jaime, Golub, Valentin, Guerin, Greg R., Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Florian, Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja, Kattge, Jens, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Klotz, Stefan, Kramer, Koen, Moretti, Marco, Niinemets, Ülo, Peet, Robert K., Penuelas, Josep, Petřík, Petr, Reich, Peter B., Sandel, Brody, Schmidt, Marco, Sibikova, Maria, Violle, Cyrille, Whitfeld, Timothy J.S., Wohlgemuth, Thomas, and Knight, Tiffany M.

Abstract

Aim: Alien plant species can cause severe ecological and economic problems, and therefore attract a lot of research interest in biogeography and related fields. To identify potential future invasive species, we need to better understand the mechanisms underlying the abundances of invasive tree species in their new ranges, and whether these mechanisms differ between their native and alien ranges. Here, we test two hypotheses: that greater relative abundance is promoted by (a) functional difference from locally co-occurring trees, and (b) higher values than locally co-occurring trees for traits linked to competitive ability. Location: Global. Time period: Recent. Major taxa studied: Trees. Methods: We combined three global plant databases: sPlot vegetation-plot database, TRY plant trait database and Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database. We used a hierarchical Bayesian linear regression model to assess the factors associated with variation in local abundance, and how these relationships vary between native and alien ranges and depend on species’ traits. Results: In both ranges, species reach highest abundance if they are functionally similar to co-occurring species, yet are taller and have higher seed mass and wood density than co-occurring species. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that light limitation leads to strong environmental and biotic filtering, and that it is advantageous to be taller and have denser wood. The striking similarities in abundance between native and alien ranges imply that information from tree species’ native ranges can be used to predict in which habitats introduced species may become dominant.

Published
2020

31. Old-Growth Temperate Rainforests of South America: Conservation, Plant–Animal Interactions, and Baseline Biogeochemical Processes

Author

Armesto, Juan J., primary, Smith-Ramírez, Cecilia, additional, Carmona, Martín R., additional, Celis-Diez, Juan L., additional, Díaz, Iván A., additional, Gaxiola, Aurora, additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Núñez-Avila, Mariela C., additional, Pérez, Cecilia A., additional, and Rozzi, Ricardo, additional

Published
2009
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32. Quaternary climate change explains global patterns of tree beta-diversity

Author

Xu, Wu-Bing, primary, Guo, Wen-Yong, additional, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., additional, Schrodt, Franziska, additional, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., additional, Enquist, Brian J., additional, Maitner, Brian S., additional, Merow, Cory, additional, Violle, Cyrille, additional, Anand, Madhur, additional, Belluau, Michaël, additional, Bruun, Hans Henrik, additional, Byun, Chaeho, additional, Catford, Jane A., additional, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., additional, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, additional, Ciccarelli, Daniela, additional, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., additional, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, additional, Frutos, Angel de, additional, Dias, Arildo S., additional, Giroldo, Aelton B., additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Hattingh, Wesley, additional, He, Tianhua, additional, Hietz, Peter, additional, Hough-Snee, Nate, additional, Jansen, Steven, additional, Kattge, Jens, additional, Komac, Benjamin, additional, Kraft, Nathan, additional, Kramer, Koen, additional, Lavorel, Sandra, additional, Lusk, Christopher H., additional, Martin, Adam R., additional, Ma, Ke-Ping, additional, Mencuccini, Maurizio, additional, Michaletz, Sean T., additional, Minden, Vanessa, additional, Mori, Akira S., additional, Niinemets, Ülo, additional, Onoda, Yusuke, additional, Onstein, Renske E., additional, Peñuelas, Josep, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, Pisek, Jan, additional, Pound, Matthew J., additional, Robroek, Bjorn J.M., additional, Schamp, Brandon, additional, Slot, Martijn, additional, Sosinski, Ênio, additional, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., additional, Thiffault, Nelson, additional, van Bodegom, Peter, additional, van der Plas, Fons, additional, Zheng, Jingming, additional, Svenning, Jens-Christian, additional, and Ordonez, Alejandro, additional

Published
2020
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33. Paleoclimate and current climate collectively shape the phylogenetic and functional diversity of trees worldwide

Author

Guo, Wen-Yong, primary, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., additional, Schrodt, Franziska, additional, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., additional, Maitner, Brian S., additional, Merow, Cory, additional, Violle, Cyrille, additional, Blach-Overgaard, Anne, additional, Zhang, Jian, additional, Anand, Madhur, additional, Belluau, Michaël, additional, Bruun, Hans Henrik, additional, Byun, Chaeho, additional, Catford, Jane A., additional, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., additional, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, additional, Ciccarelli, Daniela, additional, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., additional, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, additional, de Frutos, Angel, additional, Dias, Arildo S., additional, Giroldo, Aelton B., additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Hattingh, Wesley, additional, He, Tianhua, additional, Hietz, Peter, additional, Hough-Snee, Nate, additional, Jansen, Steven, additional, Kattge, Jens, additional, Klein, Tamir, additional, Komac, Benjamin, additional, Kraft, Nathan, additional, Kramer, Koen, additional, Lavorel, Sandra, additional, Lusk, Christopher H., additional, Martin, Adam R., additional, Mencuccini, Maurizio, additional, Michaletz, Sean T., additional, Minden, Vanessa, additional, Mori, Akira S., additional, Niinemets, Ülo, additional, Onoda, Yusuke, additional, Onstein, Renske E., additional, Peñuelas, Josep, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, Pisek, Jan, additional, Pound, Matthew J., additional, Robroek, Bjorn J.M., additional, Schamp, Brandon, additional, Slot, Martijn, additional, Sosinski, Ênio, additional, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., additional, Thiffault, Nelson, additional, van Bodegom, Peter, additional, van der Plas, Fons, additional, Wright, Ian J., additional, Zheng, Jingming, additional, Enquist, Brian J., additional, and Svenning, Jens-Christian, additional

Published
2020
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34. Half of the world’s tree biodiversity is unprotected and is increasingly threatened by human activities

Author

Guo, Wen-Yong, primary, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., additional, Schrodt, Franziska, additional, Eiserhardt, Wolf L., additional, Maitner, Brian S., additional, Merow, Cory, additional, Violle, Cyrille, additional, Anand, Madhur, additional, Belluau, Michaël, additional, Bruun, Hans Henrik, additional, Byun, Chaeho, additional, Catford, Jane A., additional, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., additional, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, additional, Ciccarelli, Daniela, additional, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., additional, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, additional, de Frutos, Angel, additional, Dias, Arildo S., additional, Giroldo, Aelton B., additional, Guo, Kun, additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Hattingh, Wesley, additional, He, Tianhua, additional, Hietz, Peter, additional, Hough-Snee, Nate, additional, Jansen, Steven, additional, Kattge, Jens, additional, Klein, Tamir, additional, Komac, Benjamin, additional, Kraft, Nathan, additional, Kramer, Koen, additional, Lavorel, Sandra, additional, Lusk, Christopher H., additional, Martin, Adam R., additional, Mencuccini, Maurizio, additional, Michaletz, Sean T., additional, Minden, Vanessa, additional, Mori, Akira S., additional, Niinemets, Ülo, additional, Onoda, Yusuke, additional, Onstein, Renske E., additional, Peñuelas, Josep, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, Pisek, Jan, additional, Robroek, Bjorn J.M., additional, Schamp, Brandon, additional, Slot, Martjin, additional, Sosinski, Ênio, additional, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., additional, Thiffault, Nelson, additional, van Bodegom, Peter, additional, van der Plas, Fons, additional, Wright, Ian J., additional, Xu, Wu-Bing, additional, Zheng, Jingming, additional, Enquist, Brian J., additional, and Svenning, Jens-Christian, additional

Published
2020
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35. Patrones de distribución de alturas de bosques antiguos siempreverde del centro-sur de Chile

Author

Oyarzún, Alejandro, Donoso, Pablo J, and Gutiérrez, Alvaro G

Subjects
dynamic processes, stratification, life strategies, estrategias de vida, procesos dinámicos, vertical distribution, distribución vertical, estratificación, heterogeneity, heterogeneidad
Abstract

Canopy structure is relevant to understand forests functioning and sustaining biodiversity. In Chile, old-growth temperate evergreen rainforests have been characterized by a muti-stratified canopy; however, it is uncertain the common number of strata formed in the canopy or how dynamic processes structure the forest canopy. In this study, we evaluated two alternative hypotheses to explain canopy structure in old-growth temperate evergreen rainforests of Chile, i) the increased density of shade-tolerant tree species along the succession should lead to a non-stratified canopy, and ii) the occurrence of disturbances (e.g. individual tree falls opening gaps in the canopy) would allow species with different life strategies to concentrate at specific canopy heights, leading to stratified canopies. We tested these hypotheses in four old-growth stands, where we measured tree height distributions and the degree of correlation among vertical variables. We found two to three well defined strata in the canopy made up of species groups with similar functional traits. These results support the second hypothesis and suggest that the pattern of crown aggregation may be explained by the life strategies of the species, adapted to the occurrence of canopy openings. The dynamics of canopy gaps favors a stable canopy stratification in these forests along the succession. This is relevant for the elaboration of sustainable management strategies and the conservation of the biodiversity of these ecosystems., La estructura vertical del dosel es determinante en el funcionamiento de los bosques y el sostenimiento de la biodiversidad. En Chile, los bosques antiguos del tipo forestal siempreverde han sido caracterizados con una estructura de dosel mutiestratificado, no obstante, no existe certeza del número de estratos que se forman, ni cómo los procesos dinámicos influyen en esta estructuración. En este estudio se exploraron dos hipótesis alternativas para explicar la estructuración del dosel en bosques antiguos siempreverdes, i) la densidad de especies arbóreas tolerantes a la sombra propician un dosel no estratificado, y ii) la ocurrencia de disturbios (e.g. caídas individuales de árboles), permitiría que especies con distintas estrategias de vida se concentren en alturas específicas del dosel, propiciando doseles estratificados. Se pusieron a prueba estas hipótesis en cuatro bosques antiguos del tipo forestal siempreverde, donde se midieron las distribuciones de alturas de árboles y el grado de correlación entre variables verticales. Se encontraron dos a tres estratos en el dosel, cada uno conformado por grupos de especies con similares rasgos funcionales. Estos resultados apoyan la segunda hipótesis y sugieren que el patrón de agregación de copas en estratos definidos, sería explicado por las estrategias de vida de las especies, adaptadas a la ocurrencia de claros en el dosel. La dinámica de claros favorece una estratificación estable del dosel de estos bosques a lo largo de su desarrollo, aspecto relevante a considerar para la elaboración de estrategias de manejo sostenible y la conservación de la biodiversidad de estos ecosistemas.

Published
2019

36. Efecto de la variabilidad climática sobre los patrones de crecimiento y establecimiento de Nothofagus macrocarpa en Chile central

Author

Venegas-González, Alejandro, Juñent, Fidel Roig, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Peña-Rojas, Karen, and Filho, Mario Tomazello

Subjects
dinámica de la regeneración, tree rings, climate change, droughts, roble de Santiago, dendroecología, Chilean Mediterranean forest, sequías, anillos de crecimiento, oak of Santiago, cambio climático, bosque mediterráneo chileno
Abstract

An increase in drought conditions over the last century has been documented in Central Chile, a fact that could affect the Mediterranean forests, especially the northernmost Nothofagus populations from South America (Nothofagus macrocarpa). For this reason, it is key to study the climate influence on radial growth and trees establishment to design strategies of conservation and mitigation in the face of a climate change situation. In this study, 10 trees populations of N. macrocarpa were selected across natural distribution for a dendroecological analysis. The relationship between droughts and radial growth was analyzed annually, while the influence of water favorable conditions in trees establishment was evaluated in periods of 10 years. Results identified three growth patterns: (i) most degraded populations of the Coastal Mountains (young trees predominate), (ii) low-intervened forests found at a higher altitude in the Coastal Mountains and (iii) low-intervened forests of the Andes Mountains. All populations showed positive correlations with the SPEI-drought index during winter-spring, being sensitive up to 36 months after a dry period. More than 64% of the years with lowest growth are associated with historical droughts in all the chronologies, whereas trees establishment linked to humid periods was found especially in the less degraded forests (37-41% trees). These results provide an ecological vision of the climatic sensitivity of the Chilean Mediterranean forest and can contribute to the design restoration, conservation and mitigation actions in situations of global warming., Se ha documentado un aumento de las condiciones de sequía durante el último siglo en Chile central, que estaría afectando al bosque mediterráneo, especialmente a los bosques septentrionales del género Nothofagus en América (Nothofagus macrocarpa). Por esta razón resulta imprescindible estudiar la influencia del clima en el crecimiento radial y establecimiento de árboles a fin de diseñar estrategias de conservación y mitigación al cambio climático. Diez poblaciones de N. macrocarpa fueron seleccionadas para analizar la relación entre las sequías y el crecimiento radial anual y la influencia de condiciones hídricas en el establecimiento. Se identificaron tres patrones de crecimiento: (i) poblaciones más degradadas de la Cordillera de la Costa, (ii) bosques poco intervenidos y que se encuentran a una mayor altitud de la Cordillera de la Costa, y (iii) poblaciones poco intervenidas de la Cordillera de Los Andes. Todas las poblaciones presentaron correlaciones positivas con el índice de sequía SPEI (índice estandarizado de precipitación-evapotranspiración) durante invierno-primavera, siendo sensibles hasta 36 meses después de un período seco. Más del 64 % de los años con bajo crecimiento en todas las cronologías fue asociado a sequías históricas. Se observó mayor establecimiento de N. macrocarpa vinculado a períodos húmedos especialmente en los bosques poco degradados. Estos resultados entregan una visión ecológica sobre la sensibilidad climática del bosque mediterráneo de Chile y pueden contribuir en el diseño de proyectos de restauración, conservación y mitigación frente al calentamiento global.

Published
2018

37. Similar factors underlie tree abundance in forests in native and alien ranges

Author

van der Sande, Masha T., primary, Bruelheide, Helge, additional, Dawson, Wayne, additional, Dengler, Jürgen, additional, Essl, Franz, additional, Field, Richard, additional, Haider, Sylvia, additional, van Kleunen, Mark, additional, Kreft, Holger, additional, Pagel, Joern, additional, Pergl, Jan, additional, Purschke, Oliver, additional, Pyšek, Petr, additional, Weigelt, Patrick, additional, Winter, Marten, additional, Attorre, Fabio, additional, Aubin, Isabelle, additional, Bergmeier, Erwin, additional, Chytrý, Milan, additional, Dainese, Matteo, additional, De Sanctis, Michele, additional, Fagundez, Jaime, additional, Golub, Valentin, additional, Guerin, Greg R., additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Jandt, Ute, additional, Jansen, Florian, additional, Jiménez‐Alfaro, Borja, additional, Kattge, Jens, additional, Kearsley, Elizabeth, additional, Klotz, Stefan, additional, Kramer, Koen, additional, Moretti, Marco, additional, Niinemets, Ülo, additional, Peet, Robert K., additional, Penuelas, Josep, additional, Petřík, Petr, additional, Reich, Peter B., additional, Sandel, Brody, additional, Schmidt, Marco, additional, Sibikova, Maria, additional, Violle, Cyrille, additional, Whitfeld, Timothy J. S., additional, Wohlgemuth, Thomas, additional, and Knight, Tiffany M., additional

Published
2019
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38. Cover Image

Author

Estay, Sergio A., primary, Chávez, Roberto O., additional, Rocco, Ronald, additional, and Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional

Published
2019
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41. Spatial patterns and climate relationships of major plant traits in the New World differ between woody and herbaceous species

Author

Šímová, Irena, primary, Violle, Cyrille, additional, Svenning, Jens‐Christian, additional, Kattge, Jens, additional, Engemann, Kristine, additional, Sandel, Brody, additional, Peet, Robert K., additional, Wiser, Susan K., additional, Blonder, Benjamin, additional, McGill, Brian J., additional, Boyle, Brad, additional, Morueta‐Holme, Naia, additional, Kraft, Nathan J. B., additional, van Bodegom, Peter M., additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Bahn, Michael, additional, Ozinga, Wim A., additional, Tószögyová, Anna, additional, and Enquist, Brian J., additional

Published
2018
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42. Lessons learned from applying a forest gap model to understand ecosystem and carbon dynamics of complex tropical forests

Author

Fischer, Rico, Bohn, Friedrich, Dantas de Paula, Mateus, Dislich, Claudia, Groeneveld, Jürgen, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Kazmierczak, Martin, Knapp, Nikolai, Lehmann, Sebastian, Paulick, Sebastian, Pütz, Sandro, Rödig, Edna, Taubert, Franziska, Köhler, Peter, Huth, Andreas, Fischer, Rico, Bohn, Friedrich, Dantas de Paula, Mateus, Dislich, Claudia, Groeneveld, Jürgen, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., Kazmierczak, Martin, Knapp, Nikolai, Lehmann, Sebastian, Paulick, Sebastian, Pütz, Sandro, Rödig, Edna, Taubert, Franziska, Köhler, Peter, and Huth, Andreas

Abstract

Forests worldwide are threatened by various environmental and anthropogenic hazards, especially tropical forests. Knowledge on the impacts of these hazards on forest structure and dynamics has been compiled in empirical studies. However, the results of these studies are often not sufficient for long-term projections and extrapolations to large spatial scales especially for unprecedented environmental conditions, which require both the identification and understanding of key underlying processes. Forest models bridge this gap by incorporating multiple ecological processes in a dynamic framework (i.e. including a realistic model structure) and addressing the complexity of forest ecosystems. Here, we describe the evolution of the individual-based and process-based forest gap model FORMIND and its application to tropical forests. At its core, the model includes physiological processes on tree level (photosynthesis, respiration, tree growth, mortality, regeneration, competition). During the past two decades, FORMIND has been used to address various scientific questions arising from different forest types by continuously extending the model structure. The model applications thus provided understanding in three main aspects: (1) the grouping of single tree species into plant functional types is a successful approach to reduce complexity in vegetation models, (2) structural realism was necessary to analyze impacts of natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as logging, fragmentation, or drought, and (3) complex ecological processes such as carbon fluxes in tropical forests – starting from the individual tree level up to the entire forest ecosystem – can be explored as a function of forest structure, species composition and disturbance regime. Overall, this review shows how the evolution of long-term modelling projects not only provides scientific understanding of forest ecosystems, but also provides benefits for ecological theory and empirical study design.

Published
2016

43. Community dynamics under environmental change: How can next generation mechanistic models improve projections of species distributions?

Author

Singer, Alexander, primary, Johst, Karin, additional, Banitz, Thomas, additional, Fowler, Mike S., additional, Groeneveld, Jürgen, additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Hartig, Florian, additional, Krug, Rainer M., additional, Liess, Matthias, additional, Matlack, Glenn, additional, Meyer, Katrin M., additional, Pe’er, Guy, additional, Radchuk, Viktoriia, additional, Voinopol-Sassu, Ana-Johanna, additional, and Travis, Justin M.J., additional

Published
2016
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44. Lessons learned from applying a forest gap model to understand ecosystem and carbon dynamics of complex tropical forests

Author

Fischer, Rico, primary, Bohn, Friedrich, additional, Dantas de Paula, Mateus, additional, Dislich, Claudia, additional, Groeneveld, Jürgen, additional, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G., additional, Kazmierczak, Martin, additional, Knapp, Nikolai, additional, Lehmann, Sebastian, additional, Paulick, Sebastian, additional, Pütz, Sandro, additional, Rödig, Edna, additional, Taubert, Franziska, additional, Köhler, Peter, additional, and Huth, Andreas, additional

Published
2016
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49. Estación Biológica Senda Darwin: Investigación ecológica de largo plazo en la interfase ciencia-sociedad

Author

CARMONA, MARTÍN R, primary, ARAVENA, J. C, additional, BUSTAMANTE-SÁNCHEZ, MARCELA A, additional, CELIS-DIEZ, JUAN L, additional, CHARRIER, ANDRÉS, additional, DÍAZ, IVÁN A, additional, DÍAZ-FORESTIER, JAVIERA, additional, DÍAZ, MARÍA F, additional, GAXIOLA, AURORA, additional, GUTIÉRREZ, ALVARO G, additional, HERNANDEZ-PELLICER, CLAUDIA, additional, IPPI, SILVINA, additional, JAÑA-PRADO, ROCÍO, additional, JARA-ARANCIO, PAOLA, additional, JIMENEZ, JAIME, additional, MANUSCHEVICH, DANIELA, additional, NECOCHEA, PABLO, additional, NUÑEZ-AVILA, MARIELA, additional, PAPIC, CLAUDIA, additional, PÉREZ, CECILIA, additional, PÉREZ, FERNANDA, additional, REID, SHARON, additional, ROJAS, LEONORA, additional, SALGADO, BEATRIZ, additional, SMITH-RAMÍREZ, CECILIA, additional, TRONCOSO, ANDREA, additional, VÁSQUEZ, RODRIGO A, additional, WILLSON, MARY F, additional, ROZZI, RICARDO, additional, and ARMESTO, JUAN J, additional

Published
2010
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