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Depending on the obturation technique, the tooth and surrounding tissues may heat up during root canal filling, particularly with warm methods. This study aimed to analyze the temperature increase in the periradicular and -apical region during various warm obturation techniques with a present simulated periodontal blood flow. Seventy-five extracted human teeth were shortened to 11 mm (cut-grinder Primus diamond cutting device; Walter Messner GmbH, Oststeinbek, Germany) and prepared using the ProTaper Gold system (Dentsply Sirona Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA) ISO size 40/.06. Specimens were prepared to ensure stable fluid circulation in an artificially created periodontal space, and the procedure was recorded with a thermal infrared camera (VarioCAM HD; InfraTec GmbH Infrarotsensorik und Messtechnik, Dresden, Germany). The following obturation methods were applied: I, cold single-cone obturation (control group); II, gutta-percha-coated rigid carrier technique (GuttaFusion); III, squirting technique (injection technique); IV, continuous wave technique; and V, Schilder technique. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Mann–Whitney pairwise test using the sequential Bonferroni procedure for significant differences (p < 0.05). The Schilder technique with 0 mL/min showed the lowest temperature change, with a median of 0.00 °C (max. 0.00 °C, min. 0.00 °C, IQR 0.00 °C). In contrast, the continuous wave technique at a circulation rate of 2.6 mL/min exhibited the highest temperature change, with a median of 3.76 °C (max. 5.33 °C, min. 2.42 °C, IQR 1.46 °C). Although warm obturation techniques can increase surface temperature, none of the methods produced changes that were potentially damaging to the periodontium or surrounding bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytotoxic effects of three root canal sealers with different bases on human dental pulp stem cells were assessed in this study using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. The cytotoxic effects of three root canal sealers with different bases on human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were assessed in this study using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. The cytotoxicity of the sealers was tested after one, 4, and 7 d. Human dental pulp stem cell proliferation was concluded using an MTT assay. Cells not treated with sealer extract were used as controls. The absorption levels were measured using an Eliza spectrophotometer. P was set at 0.05 when the percentage of cell proliferation was matched between groups and observation times using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).During the second passage (P2), human dental pulp stem cells displayed a single morphological and phenotypic trait, with fibroblast morphology being the most common. There were no appreciable variations between the four groups after a day. There was a notable variation in the average percentage of cell proliferation between the groups after 4 and 7 days. The control group had the highest percentage, followed by the GuttaFlow Bioseal group, the Well Root St group, and the AH-Plus group, which had the lowest percentage. For every sealing group, after one day, the highest mean percentage of cell proliferation was recorded, followed by day four, and after day seven, the lowest mean percentage. The observation periods showed minimal cytotoxic effects of GuttaFlow Bioseal, whereas AH-Plus was the most cytotoxic to human dental pulp stem cells. The highest mean percentage of cell proliferation for all sealers was recorded on day one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different types of dental laser can be used instead of the traditional hand and rotary files in root canal treatment with highly acceptable performance. Laser devices emit an intense and focused light energy, which interacts with biologic tissues, for pulp removal, shaping and cleaning the dentinal walls to be finally sealed with gutta-percha. Various laser devices with different wavelengths such as CO2, Er:YAG, Nd: YAG and Diode present the best laser–tissue interaction. Lasers in root canal treatment show more advantages than traditional treatment. Laser is more accurate than conventional root canal treatment that allow minimal removal of healthy dentinal tissue. Lasers have anti-bacterial effect by reduction of more than 99.7% bacterial counts for root canal sterilization. Laser provides less bleeding, inflammation, pain, discomfort and infection than conventional procedures. Laser treatment of root canals results in a good sealing of gutta-percha to root canal walls to prevent infections. Conclusions: Laser application is comfortable to the patients by removing the disturbing sounds of drills and decreasing the need for local anesthesia. It decreases the need for suturing in endodontic surgery due to better hemostasis, thus getting clean and well-sealed surgical wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the quality of matching single-cone obturation using three different single-file systems—WaveOne® Gold (Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany), Reciproc® blue (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany), and Procodile® (Komet Medical, Gebr. Brasseler GmbH & Co. KG, Lemgo, Germany). The evaluation focused on the percentage of gutta-percha-filled areas (PGFAs), sealer-filled areas (PSFAs), and unfilled areas (PUAs) across three different sections of curved and straight root canals. Sixty extracted human teeth were categorized into six groups. Based on radiographically determined root canal curvature, thirty curved and thirty straight root canals were prepared using the single-file systems according to the manufacturers' instructions and obturated with matching gutta-percha cones using AH-Plus sealer. A total of 180 sections were evaluated digitally under the microscope and the results were statistically analyzed. The mean gutta-percha percentages for Reciproc® blue, Procodile®, and WaveOne® Gold were 83%, 82%, and 80%, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) and relevant (ηp2 < 0.10) differences were found in the proportion of form-fitting gutta-percha cones between the systems in all sections. Similarly, canal anatomy showed no significant influence (p > 0.05). Ex vivo, all three systems showed comparable filling quality in all sections of curved and straight canals. Therefore, it can be concluded that all three file systems, in combination with their corresponding gutta-percha points, might be reliable methods for root canal obturation. Reciproc® Blue, Procodile®, and WaveOne® Gold consistently achieved comparable obturation results across various root configurations and levels of the root canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This article emphasizes the importance of the informed and careful practice in pediatric dentistry and endodontics to prevent iatrogenic events. It highlights critical need to select appropriate obturation materials, especially in deciduous teeth, and the use of diagnostic tools such as panoramic radiographs and computed tomography scans, to avoid complications. Case report. The case of a pediatric patient of 8 years and one month old is presented, with a pulpectomy in the OD 53 obturated with gutta-percha, which hindered the eruption of teeth 13 and 14. This case is rare due to the unusual difficulty in eruption caused by gutta-percha obturation in a deciduous tooth, not commonly reported in literature. Conclusions. Meticulous dental practice supported by clear protocols is essential to ensure successful and safe treatment in pediatric patients. Proper selection of obturation materials, particularly in deciduous dentition, is crucial. The findings underscore the relevance of diagnostic tools such as panoramic radiography and computed tomography. Specialized attention and the use of resorbable materials in deciduous dentition are critical to prevent future complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Patients undergoing radiotherapy for head or neck cancer often require root canal treatments, which can be compromised by the effects of radiation. This investigation aimed to determine whether ionizing radiation (IR), in doses similar to those used in conventional therapy, affects the surface and physicomechanical properties of various brands of endodontic gutta-percha points (EGPs). Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-three EGPs from three brands (Meta-Biomed, Dentsply, and Hygenic) were divided into groups and either exposed or not exposed to IR at a total dose of 50 Gy, divided into 25 fractions. Tensile strength and microhardness tests were performed on all EGPs. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to identify possible microstructural surface changes due to IR exposure. The proportion of organic to inorganic components in each brand was also determined. Results: Exposure to IR resulted in significant changes only in the EGPs from the Meta-Biomed brand, including a notable decrease in tensile strength and an increase in microhardness. Furthermore, the surface microstructure of these EGPs displayed dark lines and striations over a large area, with some lines deeply embedded in the center and cavities of variable depths and extensions observed, leading to irregular and non-smooth surfaces. This brand had the highest proportion of organic components. Conclusion: The physicomechanical properties and surface microstructure of Meta-Biomed brand EGPs were significantly affected by IR at doses used in conventional therapy for head or neck cancer, while the other brands were less affected or unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The cytotoxic effects of three root canal sealers with different bases on human dental pulp stem cells were assessed in this study using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. The cytotoxic effects of three root canal sealers with different bases on human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were assessed in this study using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. The cytotoxicity of the sealers was tested after one, 4, and 7 d. Human dental pulp stem cell proliferation was concluded using an MTT assay. Cells not treated with sealer extract were used as controls. The absorption levels were measured using an Eliza spectrophotometer. P was set at 0.05 when the percentage of cell proliferation was matched between groups and observation times using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).During the second passage (P2), human dental pulp stem cells displayed a single morphological and phenotypic trait, with fibroblast morphology being the most common. There were no appreciable variations between the four groups after a day. There was a notable variation in the average percentage of cell proliferation between the groups after 4 and 7 days. The control group had the highest percentage, followed by the GuttaFlow Bioseal group, the Well Root St group, and the AH-Plus group, which had the lowest percentage. For every sealing group, after one day, the highest mean percentage of cell proliferation was recorded, followed by day four, and after day seven, the lowest mean percentage. The observation periods showed minimal cytotoxic effects of GuttaFlow Bioseal, whereas AH-Plus was the most cytotoxic to human dental pulp stem cells. The highest mean percentage of cell proliferation for all sealers was recorded on day one.

Aim: One of the main goals of instrumentation during retreatment is to preserve the remaining dentin during gutta-percha retrieval. The current study assesses the remaining dentin thickness after retreatment using two different retreatment file systems. Methods: Forty extracted single-rooted teeth were obturated and decoronated at a standard root length of 16 mm. Two groups of twenty single-root teeth each were randomly divided from the samples, and Solite RS3 retreatment and ProTaper Universal retreatment (PTUR) files were used for instrumentation, respectively. Pre- and postoperative nanocomputed tomography scans were obtained, and 3D reconstruction was carried out for analysis. The remaining dentin thickness was determined by taking sections of the preoperative and postoperative samples at 7, 5, and 3 mm from the apex. The mean volume of dentin removed was also calculated. The statistical analysis between the two groups was conducted using an independent t-test. Results: When compared to PTUR files, Solite RS3 retreatment files demonstrated a significant difference at all three levels: 3, 5, and 7 mm from the apex (P < 0.000). The mean volume of dentin removed was lesser in Solite RS3 files in comparison to PTUR files (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the aforementioned findings, we conclude that Solite RS3 preserves more dentin in comparison to the PTUR system.

Abstract Background Gutta-percha (GP) combined with an endodontic sealer is still the core material most widely used for tridimensional obturation. The sealer acts as a bonding agent between the GP and the root dentinal walls. However, one of the main drawbacks of GP core material is the lack of adhesiveness to the sealer. ZnO thin films have many remarkable features due to their considerable bond strength, good optical quality, and excellent piezoelectric, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, offering many potential applications in various fields. This study aimed to explore the influence of GP surface’s functionalization with a nanostructured ZnO thin film on its adhesiveness to endodontic sealers. Methods Conventional GP samples were divided randomly into three groups: (a) Untreated GP (control); (b) GP treated with argon plasma (PT); (c) Functionalized GP (PT followed by ZnO thin film deposition). GP’s surface functionalization encompassed a multi-step process. First, a low-pressure argon PT was applied to modify the GP surface, followed by a ZnO thin film deposition via magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology was assessed using SEM and water contact angle analysis. Further comprehensive testing included tensile bond strength assessment evaluating Endoresin and AH Plus Bioceramic sealers’ adhesion to GP. ANOVA procedures were used for data statistical analysis. Results The ZnO thin film reproduced the underlying surface topography produced by PT. ZnO thin film deposition decreased the water contact angle compared to the control (p

Endodontic retreatment is a procedure to remove root canal filling material from the tooth, followed by cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the canals. Treatment outcomes may be influenced by incomplete removal of filling materials. The present literature review aimed to identify the techniques and materials used to remove Bioceramic Sealers (BCS) from the root canal system using Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A search of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases using applicable keywords such as ‘‘BCS’’ and ‘‘calcium silicate-based sealer’’ and ‘‘retreatment’’ and ‘‘retreatability’’ and ‘‘micro-CT’’ and ‘‘SEM’’ identified studies on techniques and materials used to remove BCSs from the root canal system, as assessed by micro-CT and SEM. A total of 46 studies were included in the review. Of these, 32 studies used Nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments, 11 used reciprocating systems, and three compared continuous nickel-titanium rotary and reciprocating systems with rotary systems and reciprocation in removing filling materials. Apical patency and Working Length (WL) could be achieved in a canal obturated with gutta-percha and a BCS. The review revealed that removing filling materials using various instrumentation protocols can be successful but incomplete. Both rotary and reciprocating systems can efficiently remove root-filling material. Using supplemental techniques can improve the cleanliness of the root canal during retreatment. Solvents require less time to reach the WL and achieve patency; however, they leave a larger amount of residual root canal-filling material than non solvents. Additionally, the formation of dentinal microcracks remains controversial during the non surgical retreatment of canals filled using BCSs.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered one of the most harmful bacteria to human health. Dentistry, like all healthcare disciplines, places great emphasis on preventing scenarios that may result in cross-infection. Although various tested and already used materials are suitable for filling the root canal system, Gutta-Percha (GP) remains the preferred and widely accepted gold standard. Objective: We performed an in vitro analysis of the contamination of GP points, regarding the strains of Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus, using classical microbiology methods and molecular biology techniques. Methods: Gutta-Percha points of two different brands from opened packages (already in use for 1 month) were collected for analysis. The assessment involved incubating the GP points in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium to detect microbial growth. Growing microorganisms were plated on a selective and differential chromogenic medium for MRSA/MSSA strains, and the identification of isolates was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In the case of microbial growth, the GP point was submitted to a disinfection protocol. Results: From the 315 collected GP points, only 6 (1.9%) resulted in being positive for microbial growth. After confirmation by PCR, only one sample of the six GP points was contaminated by MRSA, and the remaining five were MSSA-contaminated. The disinfection protocol was effective in all contaminated GP points. Conclusions: The Gutta-Percha points from opened pre-sterilized packages showed a very low degree of contamination by MRSA/MSSA. However, the detection of MSSA and MRSA strains raises concerns about potential contamination in dental clinic environments, and this risk cannot be considered negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endodontic retreatment involves the removal of gutta-percha and sealer from root canals to address treatment failures and persistent infections. This study aimed to systematically evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different gutta-percha removal techniques. Methods: Sixty extracted human teeth with single canals were selected. The canals were initially treated, obturated with gutta-percha, and divided into six groups (n=10 each). Each group represented a distinct removal technique: rotary instrument-driven, Gates-Glidden drill-assisted, solvent-based dissolution, ultrasonic removal, heat-based softening, and a control group. Gutta-percha mass and canal wall cleanliness were assessed post-removal. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's HSD tests. Results: The solvent-based dissolution technique exhibited the most efficient removal, achieving the lowest mean remaining gutta-percha mass (0.89 ± 0.15 mg) and the highest canal wall cleanliness (95% ± 3%). The ultrasonic technique also showed effective removal capabilities with a mean remaining mass of 1.56 ± 0.22 mg and a cleanliness of 89% ± 4%. The rotary technique resulted in a mean mass of 2.47 ± 0.30 mg and cleanliness of 84% ± 5%. Gates-Glidden drill-assisted and heat-based techniques showed moderate performance with remaining masses of 3.18 ± 0.25 mg and 2.10 ± 0.20 mg, respectively, and cleanliness percentages of 78% ± 6% and 81% ± 5%. The control group had the highest remaining mass (9.88 ± 0.42 mg) and the lowest cleanliness (10% ± 2%), confirming the efficacy of the removal techniques. Conclusion: The solvent-based dissolution technique demonstrated superior efficacy in gutta-percha removal. Ultrasonic and rotary techniques were also effective choices. Clinicians should consider these findings when selecting gutta-percha removal methods for endodontic retreatment procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: For placement of intraradicular posts the intracanal filling material has to be removed. If drills are employed for this purpose, extra widening of the canal, incomplete cracks or root perforation are probable when inappropriate size of drill is used. OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study assessed the efficacy of radiographs taken after completion of root canal therapy in selecting the appropriate-sized Peeso reamer for post space preparation. METHODS: Canals of 53 extracted maxillary and mandibular teeth of different types were cleaned and shaped. Then with acrylic resin 3-dimensional model of the intracanal space of each tooth was fabricated. Next, all canals were filled with gutta-percha and teeth were radiographed buccolingually. Based on these radiographs two observers selected a Peeso reamer that best matched each canal's diameter. The diameter of the selected Peeso reamer was compared to the diameter of the corresponding resin model of each canal by two independent observers and the difference was measured. The data were analyzed by paired sample t -test using SPSS version 22. RESULTS: The diameter of the selected Peeso reamers ranged from 0.21 mm smaller to 0.12 mm larger than the diameter of intracanal spaces. The difference between reamer and resin model was less than 0.1 mm in 75% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The result of this study suggests that post-operation endodontic radiographs are reliable means for selecting a size of Peeso reamer that does not encroach on dentinal wall during removal of intracanal filling material and post space preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Using X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), the aim of this study was to measure the porosity of two tricalcium silicate sealers (EndoSequence BC and NeoSealer Flo) applied using three obturation techniques (single-cone, warm-vertical, and cold-lateral) to six singlerooted human teeth. Methods: Six extracted, single-rooted human teeth were shaped with Pro-Taper Next rotary files and obturated with EndoSequence BC or NeoSealer Flo sealers and gutta-percha (GP) using one of the three techniques above. Micro-CT was used to map the full length of the canals. Deep learning cross-sectional segmentation was used to analyze image slices of the apical (0-2 mm) and coronal (14-16 mm from the apex) regions (n = 230-261 per tooth) for the areas of GP and sealer, as well as porosity. Median (%) with interquartile range of porosity were calculated, and the results were statistically analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: In the apical region, EndoSequence BC had significantly fewer pores than NeoSealer Flo with the single-cone obturation (% medianinterquartile range, IQR: 0.00-1.62) and warm-vertical condensation (5.57-10.32) techniques, whereas in the coronal region, NeoSealer Flo had significantly fewer pores than EndoSequence BC with these two techniques (0.39-5.02) and (0.10-0.19), respectively. There was no significant difference in porosity between the two sealers for the cold-lateral condensation technique in both the apical and coronal regions. Conclusion: For optimal obturation, the choice of technique and sealer is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gutta-percha (GP) combined with an endodontic sealer is still the core material most widely used for tridimensional obturation. The sealer acts as a bonding agent between the GP and the root dentinal walls. However, one of the main drawbacks of GP core material is the lack of adhesiveness to the sealer. ZnO thin films have many remarkable features due to their considerable bond strength, good optical quality, and excellent piezoelectric, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, offering many potential applications in various fields. This study aimed to explore the influence of GP surface's functionalization with a nanostructured ZnO thin film on its adhesiveness to endodontic sealers. Methods: Conventional GP samples were divided randomly into three groups: (a) Untreated GP (control); (b) GP treated with argon plasma (PT); (c) Functionalized GP (PT followed by ZnO thin film deposition). GP's surface functionalization encompassed a multi-step process. First, a low-pressure argon PT was applied to modify the GP surface, followed by a ZnO thin film deposition via magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology was assessed using SEM and water contact angle analysis. Further comprehensive testing included tensile bond strength assessment evaluating Endoresin and AH Plus Bioceramic sealers' adhesion to GP. ANOVA procedures were used for data statistical analysis. Results: The ZnO thin film reproduced the underlying surface topography produced by PT. ZnO thin film deposition decreased the water contact angle compared to the control (p < 0.001). Endoresin showed a statistically higher mean bond strength value than AH Plus Bioceramic (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the control and the ZnO-functionalized GP (p = 0.006), with the latter presenting the highest mean bond strength value. Conclusions: The deposition of a nanostructured ZnO thin film on GP surface induced a shift towards hydrophilicity and an increased GP's adhesion to Endoresin and AH Bioceramic sealers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endodontic retreatment is a procedure to remove root canal filling material from the tooth, followed by cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the canals. Treatment outcomes may be influenced by incomplete removal of filling materials. The present literature review aimed to identify the techniques and materials used to remove Bioceramic Sealers (BCS) from the root canal system using Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A search of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases using applicable keywords such as "BCS" and "calcium silicate-based sealer" and "retreatment" and "retreatability" and "micro-CT" and "SEM" identified studies on techniques and materials used to remove BCSs from the root canal system, as assessed by micro-CT and SEM. A total of 46 studies were included in the review. Of these, 32 studies used Nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments, 11 used reciprocating systems, and three compared continuous nickel-titanium rotary and reciprocating systems with rotary systems and reciprocation in removing filling materials. Apical patency and Working Length (WL) could be achieved in a canal obturated with gutta-percha and a BCS. The review revealed that removing filling materials using various instrumentation protocols can be successful but incomplete. Both rotary and reciprocating systems can efficiently remove root-filling material. Using supplemental techniques can improve the cleanliness of the root canal during retreatment. Solvents require less time to reach the WL and achieve patency; however, they leave a larger amount of residual root canal-filling material than non solvents. Additionally, the formation of dentinal microcracks remains controversial during the non surgical retreatment of canals filled using BCSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Tagger technique and the lateral condensation technique with different obturation cements in achieving optimal apical sealing in endodontic treatments. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted on 68 extracted human upper or lower first premolars. Teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=17) based on two obturation techniques and endodontic sealers employed, as follows: Group 1, Tagger technique with the zinc oxide-eugenol sealer; Group 2, Tagger technique with the resin-based sealer; Group 3, lateral condensation technique with zinc oxide-eugenol sealer, and Group 4, lateral condensation technique with resin-based sealer. Homogeneity of the gutta-percha mass and apical obliteration were evaluated under a digital stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and a P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Most group specimens exhibited non-homogeneous gutta-percha, whereas apical obliteration was achieved in a significant proportion of samples across all groups. No significant difference was found between the study groups either in the homogeneity of the gutta-percha mass (P=0.978) or in the optimal apical obliteration (P=0.782). Conclusions: The study found no significant difference in the effectiveness of the Tagger hybrid and lateral condensation techniques using different sealers in achieving optimal apical sealing and gutta-percha homogeneity. This highlights the critical role of the clinician's expertise in ensuring successful endodontic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: This research aimed to assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) to dentin of three distinct obturation materials inside the root canal and identify the failure mechanism. Materials and Methods: The research used 30 undamaged human mandibular premolars. The specimens were randomly assigned to three groups, each employing a different sealer (n = 10). Group 1 used AH Plus sealer, Group 2 used GuttaFlow-2 sealer, and Group 3 used bioceramic sealer (CeraSeal). The obturation procedure was performed utilizing the single-cone method with gutta-percha. The specimens were divided into sections and loaded using a universal testing machine. Following PBS testing, every sample underwent a stereomicroscope examination, and the specific failure mechanism was documented. Results: The average PBS was greatest for AH Plus, followed by CeraSeal and Guttaflow-2. Notable disparities existed between the coronal and apical levels. Conclusion: AH Plus exhibited superior PBS qualities to root dentin compared to other sealers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Misconceptions should be detected early in dental students’ training to improve their clinical performance. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess undergraduate dental students’ knowledge and performance of master gutta-percha (GP) cone selection and fitting during clinical endodontic courses at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University. Methods Ninety-nine undergraduate dental students completed an online survey about their knowledge of master GP cone selection. Forty-five of these students were observed by faculty members in clinical endodontic courses while they fitted master GP cones during root canal treatments. The observers recorded the details of each student’s cone-fitting techniques. The data were analysed using t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square tests (p

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of Sure-Seal Root as a new bioceramic-based sealer, and compare it with other sealers, including an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus), zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and a mineral trioxide aggregate-based sealer (MTA Fillapex).Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 extracted mandibular premolars were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=10) according to the type of sealer applied as follows: Group 1: AH-Plus, Group 2: MTA-Fillapex, Group 3: Sure-Seal Root, and Group 4: ZOE. The canals were prepared and obturated with gutta-percha and the corresponding sealer. The samples were sectioned into horizontal segments, and the push-out bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine at the coronal, middle, and apical root thirds. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, and the significance level was set at P0.05). In the middle third, AH-Plus exhibited significantly greater bond strength compared to Sure-Seal Root and ZOE sealers (P0.05). In the apical third, both AH-Plus and MTA-Fillapex showed significantly greater push-out bond strength than Sure-Seal Root and ZOE sealers (P

This study aimed to assess the adaptability and penetration depth capacity of recent bioceramic systems, including regular EndoSequence (BC) versus HiFlow (BCH) sealers in the presence of BC points. A total of 54 single-rooted teeth were instrumented and obturated with either the cold or warm compaction technique (n = 9), using either BC, BCH, or AH Plus (AHP) combined with BC points. The adaptation, film thickness, and gaps/voids were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The sealer/dentin interface was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy, and depth penetration was evaluated by a confocal laser scanning microscope. According to the normality test, the data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests at p < 0.05. BCH sealer showed the significantly thinnest film with the greatest flow (p > 0.001), with further improvement when subjected to the warm compaction technique. Moreover, it exhibited close adaptation with deep penetration into radicular dentin, forming a tag-like structure. The Raman spectra also indicated close contact with the dentin surface. The use of BC sealer with BC points exhibited homogenous, single-unit obturation, either with a cold or warm technique. Furthermore, the use of the warm compaction technique with BCH sealer achieved a gap-free interface associated with tag-like structures, which exhibit the monoblock phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Neo-endo, Hyflextm retreatment file systems, and H-files for removing gutta-percha from root canal treated tooth. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted single-rooted human teeth with a single canal were opted. The shaping of the root canals was done with pro-taper universal files and later obturated. The samples were grouped based on the file system chosen for removing the obturating material: Group I-H-files; Group II-Neo-endo retreatment files; Group III-HyflexTM retreatment files. The quantity of remaining gutta-percha still present after the retreatment procedure was assessed under a stereomicroscope. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to statistically analyze the data. Results: HyflexTM files left less remaining filling material than with Neo-endo and H-files. Conclusion: The HyflexTM retreatment files were most efficient in removing the gutta-percha from the root canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: One of the main goals of instrumentation during retreatment is to preserve the remaining dentin during gutta-percha retrieval. The current study assesses the remaining dentin thickness after retreatment using two different retreatment file systems. Methods: Forty extracted single-rooted teeth were obturated and decoronated at a standard root length of 16 mm. Two groups of twenty single-root teeth each were randomly divided from the samples, and Solite RS3 retreatment and ProTaper Universal retreatment (PTUR) files were used for instrumentation, respectively. Pre- and postoperative nanocomputed tomography scans were obtained, and 3D reconstruction was carried out for analysis. The remaining dentin thickness was determined by taking sections of the preoperative and postoperative samples at 7, 5, and 3 mm from the apex. The mean volume of dentin removed was also calculated. The statistical analysis between the two groups was conducted using an independent t-test. Results: When compared to PTUR files, Solite RS3 retreatment files demonstrated a significant difference at all three levels: 3, 5, and 7 mm from the apex ( P < 0.000). The mean volume of dentin removed was lesser in Solite RS3 files in comparison to PTUR files ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the aforementioned findings, we conclude that Solite RS3 preserves more dentin in comparison to the PTUR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Root canal retreatment aims to eliminate or substantially reduce the microbial load from the root canal and removal of previous root filling materials is the primary goal of nonsurgical retreatment. Aim: To comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of ProTaper retreatment files, Mtwo retreatment files, and Hedstrom files along with Gates Glidden (GG) Drill by using a stereomicroscope for the detection of remaining gutta-percha after root canal retreatment using a stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: Forty-five test samples were divided into three experimental groups (15 samples each), such as Group A--ProTaper retreatment files; Group B--Mtwo retreatment files; Group C--Hedstrom files along with Gates Glidden Drill. After routine endodontic treatment in the test samples, gutta-percha was removed from the test samples as per the division of different retreatment file systems. Further, test samples were divided longitudinally and were evaluated under the stereomicroscope. Stereomicroscopic images were captured and analysed under Image Analyser Software--Image J. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA test was used for comparison of gutta-percha removal between the groups and Tukey's post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. Results: The least remaining filling material was seen in specimens retreated with the ProTaper universal system. The highest remaining filling material was seen in specimens retreated with Hedstrom file with Gates Glidden Drill. Conclusion: All experimental test techniques left gutta-percha remnants within the root canal. ProTaper universal rotary retreatment system proved to be an efficient method of removing gutta-percha and left relatively less volume in comparison with other test systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to its biological and antibacterial qualities, many plants, including curcumin, are used as phytomedicines in dentistry. They are primarily used as intracanal medication in endodontics to prevent probable chemical side effects and also to address antimicrobial resistance. Curcumin nanoformulations have improved antibacterial activity and improved dispersion, making them the superior form of curcumin. The purpose of this study was to assess curcumin and nanocurcumin's antibacterial properties. As a gutta-percha coating, they are to be tested against Escherichia coli. Materials and Methods: The study employs the standard strain of E. coli, ATCC 25922. The antibacterial activity of gutta-percha cones against E. coli is assessed after coating them with suspensions of curcumin and nanocurcumin. Scanning electron microscopy is utilized to evaluate the coatings' continuity. Results: The gutta-percha cones that are untreated, coated with curcumin, and coated with nanocurcumin exhibit significantly different levels of antibacterial activity. There is statistically significant variation in their antibacterial activity. Conclusion: (1) Compared to curcumin-coated and untreated gutta-percha cones, those coated with nanocurcumin exhibit a stronger antibacterial activity. (2) Compared to uncoated gutta-percha cones, gutta-percha cones coated with curcumin exhibit more antibacterial action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of ultrasonic tip with and without solvent in removing gutta-perca and bioceramic sealer from the middle and apical third of the root canals. Methods: This is a true experimental study with randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Eighteen freshly extracted straight single-rooted mandibular first premolars were confirmed by CBCT and selected. The teeth were decoronated until a length of 16 ± 0.5mm. The teeth were prepared and obturated using gutta-percha and bioceramic sealer with a hydraulic condensation technique. Pre-instrumentation CBCT imaging of all teeth was carried out to obtain the initial volume of the obturation material. After incubating for 30 days, the treated teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6): ultrasonic and xylene, ultrasonic and orange oil, and ultrasonic only. Post-instrumentation CBCT was carried out and the amount of obturation material removed was calculated using CT Analyser. The two-way ANOVA was used to determine the solvent and location interaction. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference among the groups based on the treatment and location (p > 0.05). In addition, no significant interaction was found in relation to the cleanliness of the root canal (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no difference in the effectiveness of ultrasonic obturation material cleaning with and without endodontic solvents. Based on the results, the obturation material with the most residue is a sealer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: There are currently no high‐quality studies comparing the static navigation technique with conventional methods of fibre post removal. The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the effectiveness of fibre post removal between a static navigation technique and a conventional freehand technique using ultrasonics by experienced and inexperienced operators. Methodology: Forty‐eight extracted single‐rooted human premolars were root‐filled. A fibre post was cemented in all 48 teeth, which were then divided randomly into the following groups: static navigation group using burs; static navigation‐ultrasonic group; and non‐guided group using ultrasonic tips. The following parameters were evaluated for both experienced operators and inexperienced operators: reaching the gutta‐percha root filling successfully, the time required to remove the entire post, the occurrence of lateral root perforations, and the amount of root dentine removed. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to examine the normality of the data; the anova test was used to compare the significant differences among groups; and Tukey tests were used for all two‐by‐two comparisons. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: In the static navigation group, the gutta‐percha was reached significantly more frequently than in the non‐guided group (p <.05). The static navigation approach required significantly less time than the non‐guided approach to reach the gutta‐percha (p <.05). The total removal of posts was significantly different between groups (p <.05), but there was no significant difference between experienced and inexperienced operators in the static navigation group (p >.05). More perforations were associated with the non‐guided group than with the other two groups. The total mean loss of dentine in the non‐guided group in all directions was 0.39 (±0.17) mm, with 0.25 (±0.09) mm for experienced, and 0.42 (±0.16) mm for inexperienced operators. Conclusion: When compared to a conventional ultrasonic technique for the removal of fibre posts, the static navigation method using burs resulted in less dentine removal, more rapid access to the gutta‐percha root filling, less overall time to remove the posts, and fewer complications. When using static navigation, there was no difference in performance between experienced and inexperienced operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of Sure-Seal Root as a new bioceramic-based sealer, and compare it with other sealers, including an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus), zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and a mineral trioxide aggregate-based sealer (MTA Fillapex). Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 extracted mandibular premolars were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=10) according to the type of sealer applied as follows: Group 1: AH-Plus, Group 2: MTA-Fillapex, Group 3: Sure-Seal Root, and Group 4: ZOE. The canals were prepared and obturated with gutta-percha and the corresponding sealer. The samples were sectioned into horizontal segments, and the push-out bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine at the coronal, middle, and apical root thirds. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, and the significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: There were no significant differences in the push-out bond strength between groups in the coronal third (P>0.05). In the middle third, AH-Plus exhibited significantly greater bond strength compared to Sure-Seal Root and ZOE sealers (P<0.05), whereas MTA-Fillapex was not significantly different from the other groups (P>0.05). In the apical third, both AH-Plus and MTA-Fillapex showed significantly greater push-out bond strength than Sure-Seal Root and ZOE sealers (P<0.05). Conclusions: AH-Plus sealer exhibited the highest and ZOE showed the lowest bond strength. Sure-Seal Root indicated promising bond strength results when compared to ZOE and MTA-Fillapex. The push-out bond strength of all sealers to dentin increased from the coronal to the apical third. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of this in vitro micro-computed tomography investigation is to assess the efficacy of the ProTaper Universal Retreatment System in retreating oval-shaped root canals filled with three obturation procedures. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six lower incisors with a single oval root canal were prepared using XP-Endo Shaper up to size 30/0.04, and allocated into three equal groups based on the filling technique: Group 1: Warm vertical condensation technique; Group 2: GuttaCore obturators; Group 3: Cold lateral condensation technique. All samples were further retreated using the ProTaper Universal Retreatment system. Micro-CT analysis was performed before and after the retreatment procedure. Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of 0.05. Data analysis was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kruskal--Wallis H tests. Results: The best performance of the files was achieved when the removal of the filling in the entire canal was considered. However, this outcome was not statistically significant when compared with the other observed root canal levels. The retreatment procedure could not ensure thorough cleanliness of the canal walls from filling remnants, regardless of the obturation technique and observational level. Conclusions: The ProTaper Universal Retreatment system used for the removal of gutta-percha and sealer in oval-shaped root canals demonstrated equal effectiveness, regardless of the obturation technique used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gutta-percha is commonly used in endodontic therapy for obturating root canals after cleaning and shaping procedures. Warm and cold gutta-percha techniques are two common methods employed for obturation, each with its own advantages and limitations. Materials and Methods: Twenty extracted human teeth with single-rooted canals were selected and divided into two groups: warm gutta-percha obturation and cold gutta-percha obturation. In the warm gutta-percha group, gutta-percha was heated to a predetermined temperature using a warm gutta-percha heating device and injected into the root canal using a heated carrier. In the cold gutta-percha group, gutta-percha was applied directly to the root canal without prior heating. Root canal obturation quality was assessed using radiographic imaging to evaluate the presence of voids, completeness of obturation, and adaptation to the canal walls. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis was also performed to quantify the volume of obturating material and assess the three-dimensional distribution of gutta-percha within the root canal space. Results: Both warm and cold gutta-percha techniques demonstrated effective obturation of root canals, with comparable outcomes in terms of void formation, completeness of obturation, and adaptation to canal walls. However, micro-CT analysis revealed differences in the volume and distribution of gutta-percha within the root canal space. Warm gutta-percha obturation exhibited more uniform distribution of gutta-percha material and higher volumetric filling compared to cold gutta-percha obturation. Additionally, the warm gutta-percha technique demonstrated superior flowability and adaptation to irregularities within the root canal system. Conclusion: In this in vitro study, warm gutta-percha obturation demonstrated advantages over cold gutta-percha obturation in terms of volumetric filling, distribution within the root canal space, and adaptation to canal irregularities.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's pairwise comparison with a significance value of P ≤ 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl3, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect.

Abstract Background Postoperative pain has remained a challenge for clinicians. This randomized superiority trial compared the levels of postoperative pain following the use of gutta-percha (GP) and sealer or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as root canal filling materials in teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Methods A total of 119 patients were initially evaluated in this two-arm, parallel-group, single-blind, superiority randomized trial. The inclusion criteria were participants aged 18–65 years with single-canal premolars diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. The participants were finally divided into two groups using the permuted block randomization method. In the GP group (N = 46), the cleaned and shaped root canals were filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer, while in the MTA group (N = 48), the cleaned and shaped root canals were filled with an MTA apical filling and a coronal gutta-percha and sealer. Patient pain level was measured 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). The data were analyzed by the chi-square, independent t, Friedman, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results The mean of VAS scores decreased significantly over time in both groups (P

Depending on the obturation technique, the tooth and surrounding tissues may heat up during root canal filling, particularly with warm methods. This study aimed to analyze the temperature increase in the periradicular and -apical region during various warm obturation techniques with a present simulated periodontal blood flow. Seventy-five extracted human teeth were shortened to 11 mm (cut-grinder Primus diamond cutting device; Walter Messner GmbH, Oststeinbek, Germany) and prepared using the ProTaper Gold system (Dentsply Sirona Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA) ISO size 40/.06. Specimens were prepared to ensure stable fluid circulation in an artificially created periodontal space, and the procedure was recorded with a thermal infrared camera (VarioCAM HD; InfraTec GmbH Infrarotsensorik und Messtechnik, Dresden, Germany). The following obturation methods were applied: I, cold single-cone obturation (control group); II, gutta-percha-coated rigid carrier technique (GuttaFusion); III, squirting technique (injection technique); IV, continuous wave technique; and V, Schilder technique. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Mann–Whitney pairwise test using the sequential Bonferroni procedure for significant differences (p < 0.05). The Schilder technique with 0 mL/min showed the lowest temperature change, with a median of 0.00 °C (max. 0.00 °C, min. 0.00 °C, IQR 0.00 °C). In contrast, the continuous wave technique at a circulation rate of 2.6 mL/min exhibited the highest temperature change, with a median of 3.76 °C (max. 5.33 °C, min. 2.42 °C, IQR 1.46 °C). Although warm obturation techniques can increase surface temperature, none of the methods produced changes that were potentially damaging to the periodontium or surrounding bone.

James Clerk Maxwell's theories of electromagnetism are distinctively Victorian products. Analysis of his often ignored theory of electric absorption and the Maxwellians' "leaky condenser" reveals that critical details of these theories were shaped by Victorian electrical technology, namely capacitors and undersea telegraphy. Between appearances in his "Dynamical Theory" and Treatise, Maxwell's theory of electric absorption evolved. It shifted his understanding of electrical action in the dielectric, bolstered central concepts in his broader electromagnetic theories, provided hope for a beleaguered experimental program to confirm his electromagnetic theory of light, and even led him to distort his expression for Ohm's law. Simultaneously, the technological influences behind his theories come with their own histories. Maxwell draws heavily upon the testimony of cable engineer Fleeming Jenkin to the Joint Committee on the Construction of Submarine Telegraphs, formed to rescue the industry after multiple failed attempts to lay an Atlantic cable. Maxwell's reliance on this testimony given to this committee imprints the financial and imperial ambition that initially spurred these cables' construction onto his electromagnetic theories. A substance discussed in this testimony, gutta-percha, also connects Maxwell's theory to the extractive global trade of this resource. The success of this committee in reforming the telegraph industry links Maxwell's theories to the colonial, economic, and ecological fallout of the rapid global expansion of Britain's undersea telegraph network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the push out bond strength (POBS) of a syringe-mixed resin sealer and a premixed bioceramic sealer to root dentin exposed to different gutta-percha (GP) solvents and to determine the mode of failure. Methods: A total of 200 horizontal root slices (1 mm thickness) were prepared up to size 40, 0.04 taper and randomly divided into four main groups based on solvent (Endosolv, orange oil, chloroform) and control (saline), then subdivided into two subgroups based on sealer type (AH Plus Jet and iRoot SP). Samples were exposed to respective solvents for 5 minutes and after the final rinsing, canal spaces were filled with either AH Plus Jet or iRoot SP. POBS test was performed 2 weeks after incubation and mode of failure following POBS test was evaluated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Dunnett post hoc analysis (P< 0.05). Failure mode patterns were categorized as adhesive, cohesive and mixed failures. Results: There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in POBS between all solvent groups against the control in both AH Plus Jet and iRoot SP groups. Regardless of the use of solvents, AH Plus Jet group had significantly higher bond strength (P< 0.001) compared to iRoot SP group. The predominant mode of failure was mixed failure in all groups irrespective of type of sealer and exposure to solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of filling irregularly bounded internal resorption cavities created by acid demineralization using different filling techniques on the quality of the filling. Methods: A total of 54 extracted single-rooted teeth were sectioned mesiodistally. Each tooth segment was subjected to 5% nitric acid for 12 hours followed by 8% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes. Samples were rinsed with distiled water between the two solutions. The demineralization protocol was renewed every 24 hours and applied for 11 days. At the end of the process, the teeth were reassembled, and randomly divided into six groups, each containing 9 samples: 1. Group 1: AH Plus + Cold Lateral Condensation Technique, 2. Group 2: AH Plus + Thermoplastic Injection Technique, 3. Group 3: T-Endo Bioserra + Cold Lateral Condensation Technique, 4. Group 4: T-Endo Bioserra + Thermoplastic Injection Technique, 5. Group 5: GuttaFlow 2, 6. Group 6: GuttaFlow 2 + Single-Cone Technique. Filling quality was evaluated by determining the percentage of gutta-percha, sealer, and remaining voids in the resorption cavities through stereomicroscopic examination. Results: The group filled with AH Plus sealer using the cold lateral condensation technique showed a significantly higher gutta-percha percentage compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The GuttaFlow 2 group, applied with the single-cone technique, exhibited the highest gutta-percha percentage (99.01%). When the cold lateral condensation and thermoplastic injection techniques were compared based on sealer contents, no statistically significant difference in gutta-percha percentage in the resorption cavities was observed (p=0.136). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that none of the obturation techniques used achieved complete filling in the resorption cavities. However, the use of GuttaFlow 2 with the single-cone technique showed superior filling quality, demonstrating excellent adaptation to the root canal walls and ease of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the topographic changes (TC) of gutta-percha cones (GPC) after disinfection with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 1% Alexidine (ALX) and MTAD with and without a final rinse with distilled water (DW). 140 GPC were divided into seven groups and treated with three types of disinfection reagent-5.25% NaOCl, 1% ALX and MTAD with or without a final rinse with DW. The TC changes of GPC were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The obtained data was statistically analysed using SPSS software. 90% GPC were found to have deposit formation with 5.25% NaOCl which was statistically significant than as compared to groups treated with 1% ALX and MTAD (p<0.05). Moreover, significant difference in deposit formation were observed in the groups which received a final rinse with DW (p<0.05). ALX and MTAD were identified as the optimal disinfecting solution of GPC with a final rinse of DW. The TC seen in GPC were maximum with 5.25%NaOCl and minimal with 1% ALX and MTAD within a clinically acceptable time of 1 minute. It is crucial to conduct a final rinse of GPC with DW to remove any surface deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk Dental Journal is the property of Selcuk Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's pairwise comparison with a significance value of P = 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl³, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous failures in root canal treatment (RCT), attributed to the persistence of adverse microbiota, prompted researchers to develop a biomaterial with effective antibacterial and antifungal properties. In our systematic review, emphasis was placed on examining the antimicrobial properties of gutta-percha, the most used material for root canal obturation. The review aimed to determine whether gutta-percha demonstrated adequate antibacterial and antifungal features. Additionally, it sought to identify specific substances added to gutta-percha's composition that could enhance the success rate of root canal obturation. On October 30, 2023, electronic searches were systematically performed in the PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus databases using the specified keywords: ((antibacterial) OR (antimicrobial)) AND ((gutta-percha) OR guttapercha)). A thorough evaluation commenced, with an initial pool of 330 studies, from which 174 duplicates were methodically identified and removed. The ultimate dataset for qualitative synthesis consisted of 26 studies. The results of the compared studies did not unequivocally indicate whether the use of gutta-percha alone exhibits antibacterial or antifungal effects. Among the six studies demonstrating results supporting gutta-percha's antimicrobial activity, five showed activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Conversely, six studies concluded that gutta-percha lacks any discernible antimicrobial features. One study even suggested that gutta-percha might promote the progression of bacterial development. However, eight out of nine studies demonstrated an increase in gutta-percha's antimicrobial properties after the addition of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, calcium hydroxide and iodoform also improved gutta-percha's properties, showing promising results. Unfortunately, none of the materials added to gutta-percha displayed comprehensive improvement in its antimicrobial efficacy, including activity against Enterococcus faecalis. The review demonstrated the benefit of enhancing gutta-percha with chlorhexidine, calcium hydroxide, and iodoform. Nevertheless, achieving the inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis posed a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of gutta-percha cones can be chemically altered due to disinfectant solutions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare tensile strength and elastic modulus of gutta-percha cones subjected to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) disinfection at different times. Materials and Methods: This in vitro and longitudinal experimental study consisted of 45 gutta-percha cones, divided equally into three groups: Group 1 (disinfection with 2.5% NaOCl), Group 2 (disinfection with 5.25% NaOCl), and control group. All groups were subdivided according to immersion times for 1, 5, and 10 minutes. Tensile strength and elastic modulus were measured with a universal testing machine. For comparing more than two independent groups, parametric analysis of variance test with Sheffe's post hoc was used and for multivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance test based on Pillai's Trace was used. In all statistical analysis, a significance level P ≤ 0.05 was considered. Results: When comparing the tensile strength of gutta-percha cones, no significant differences were observed after being immersed at 1, 5, and 10 minutes in NaOCl 2.5% (P = 0.715) and 5.25% (P = 0.585). Regarding the elastic modulus, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in those that were immersed in NaOCl 2.5% and 5.25% for 1, 5, and 10 minutes. Furthermore, increased NaOCl concentration significantly reduced the elastic modulus (P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in tensile strength (P > 0.05) and elastic modulus (P > 0.05), when evaluating the interaction between NaOCl concentration and time. Conclusion: Increasing NaOCl concentration significantly reduced the modulus of elasticity without affecting the tensile strength of gutta-percha cones, regardless of immersion time. Furthermore, the interaction of time and NaOCl concentration did not significantly affect the tensile strength and elastic modulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims – The species name Gymnosporia filiformis, validly published in a 1927 revision of South African Celastraceae, was based on syntypes representing both Maytenus cordata and a new species. Subsequent studies supported the distinction of Gymnosporia and Maytenus as separate genera. From 1984, this new species was provisionally referred to by the designation “Maytenus sp. A”. Maytenus in Africa comprises a diverse group of species not closely related to the New World members of Maytenus. Here, we clarify the taxonomic identity and generic placement of G. filiformis, and compare it with species with which it has historically been confused. Material and methods – Descriptions and observations are based on extensive field work, supported by conventional taxonomic methods, including study of relevant literature and herbarium collections. Key results – The name Gymnosporia filiformis is lectotypified using a syntype representing “Maytenus sp. A”. We describe a new monotypic genus, Marijordaania, to accommodate “Maytenus sp. A”, and propose the new combination, Marijordaania filiformis. An amended description is provided for the species. It is morphologically quite different from Maytenus cordata, but also from Maytenus acuminata and Maytenus abbottii, species with which it has been confused in the past. Marijordaania filiformis grows in the understorey of evergreen Scarp Forest and is relatively rare, known with certainty only from KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape provinces, South Africa. A preliminary conservation assessment suggests that M. filiformis should be classified as Endangered. Conclusion – Marijordaania filiformis is a taxonomically isolated species with no apparent close relatives among African Celastraceae. While the generic status of other African members of Maytenus still needs to be resolved, it would not impact the taxonomic status of Marijordaania. In a recent key for Celastraceae genera based on morphology and geography, M. filiformis ran to the genus Euonymus, but this association lacks support from available molecular evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The quality of Gutta-percha (GP) filling techniques depends on canal dimensions and anatomy. Thermoplasticised GP obturation techniques need to be modified in accordance to the root canal space anatomy. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of continuous wave and modified continuous-wave compaction GP techniques in obturating ovoid canals. Materials and Methods: The present in-vitro study was carried out in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics in MGMDCH, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, from October 2019 to December 2019 on 45 single rooted human teeth were selected and mounted in Eppendorf tubes. The canals were cleaned and shaped using the Protaper Next rotary system. The specimens were divided into three groups based on the obturation technique: Group 1-Lateral Compaction (LC), Group 2-Continuous Wave Compaction (CWC), and Group 3-modified continuous-wave compaction. After obturation, the specimens were radiographed in labial and distal views. Subsequently, the specimens were removed from the Eppendorf tubes, and the extrusion of filling materials was assessed. The radiographic images were analysed using image analysis software, and the void area was measured. The obtained data was tabulated and statistically analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Post-hoc Dunn’s test. Results: The warm compaction techniques showed denser obturations compared to LC and were statistically significant (p<0.0001) by the Kruskal-Wallis test in the distal view. Post-Hoc analysis using Dunn’s test for the density of obturation in the distal view showed a statistically significant difference between Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p=0.000002*) and Group 3 (p=0.000204*). Extrusion in Group 3 was comparable to Group 1, while the highest extrusion was observed in Group 2. Conclusion: The modified continuous warm compaction technique showed dense and homogenous obturation comparable to the continuous wave technique and outperformed the LC technique. Additionally, the modified continuous warm compaction technique exhibited less extrusion compared to the continuous warm compaction technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of kinematics and irrigation protocols on the extrusion of apical debris during removal of different obturation techniques. A total of 144 single‐rooted teeth were instrumented and obturated with Thermafil+AH Plus, Thermafil+AH Plus Bioceramic and single gutta‐percha cone+AH Plus Bioceramic. Samples were divided according to the retreatment kinematics: continuous rotation or Jeni motion. Each sub‐group was subjected to conventional irrigation or irrigation activated by EDDY. Extruded debris was collected in Eppendorf tubes, weighted and retreatment time was digitally recorded. Data were analysed with two‐way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Debris extrusion was not significantly different between all groups. EDDY activation system and CanalPro Jeni required significantly longer time compared with other groups to remove Thermafil+AH Plus and single cone+AH Plus Bioceramic. Within current limitations, obturation technique, irrigation protocol and kinematics tested had no influence on apical extrusion debris, while they significantly impacted the retreatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Different obturation techniques are being used to improve canal sealing, thereby minimizing marginal leakage. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the marginal leakage of three different obturating materials and techniques using stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: Thirty freshly extracted maxillary anterior teeth were collected and were divided into three groups of 10 each for which the biomechanical preparation was done. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups according to the obturation material and technique used, Group I: gutta-percha with AH Plus root canal sealer (lateral condensation): Group II: thermoplasticized gutta-percha technique-non-carrier-based (calamus) with AH Plus sealer (backfill): Group III: C point (self-sealing root canal obturating system) with bioceramic sealer (single cone). Each specimen was subjected for testing apical sealing ability. The values of microleakage associated with different root canal sealers were evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of apical dye penetration/leakage among all the three groups (P = 0.091), whereas Group I showed a higher degree of apical leakage than the other techniques tested. Conclusion: None of the tested filling materials provided a gap-free or void-free root canal filling; however, thermoplasticized gutta-percha is used with AH Plus sealer exhibited less voids and gaps when compared to other tested materials.

Abstract Objectives This study was assessed the biocompatibility of three different root canal sealers (Well-Root St, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH-Plus) following implantation in rat subcutaneous tissues, using histopathological immunohistochemical analysis. Methods Four groups of eighty-four male rats each underwent subcutaneous dorsal implantation of a polyethylene tube, either empty or filled. Tissues were collected, fixed, and processed for histological analysis after 7, 15, and 30 d. Slides were photographed and digitally processed to identify lymphocytes and macrophages using Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) markers, respectively. P was set at 0.05, when lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration was compared between groups and observation times using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Histopathological analysis of all groups revealed an inflammatory reaction followed by the emergence of a fibrous capsule after 7 days. After 30 days, the thickness of the fibrous capsule and the inflammatory response subsided. CD3 staining for immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the AH-Plus group had the highest mean percentage of lymphocyte infiltration at 7 and 15 days, followed by the Well-Root St, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and Control groups. After 30 days, no discernible difference was observed between the groups in terms of the mean percentage of lymphocyte infiltration. After 7, 15, and 30 days, there was a significant difference in the mean percentage of macrophage infiltration across the groups, as demonstrated by CD68 staining. After 7, 15, and 30 days, the AH-Plus group had the highest mean percentage of macrophage infiltration, followed by the Well-Root St. and GuttaFlow Bioseal groups, while the control group had the lowest mean percentage. Conclusion All observational periods showed minimal inflammatory reactions to GuttaFlow Bioseal. After subcutaneous tissue implantation in a rat model, the initial inflammatory reactions to Well-Root St and AH-Plus had abated by day 30, and all tested sealers had outstanding biocompatibility.