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The article presents numerical experiments results of the interaction process of the air and the flowing water film on the surface of a cellular humidifier during adiabatic air treatment. Experiments were carried out for irrigated packings of various depths using the StarCCM + program. The results obtained can be applied for improving the methods for calculating heat and mass transfer processes and increasing the energy efficiency of units with irrigated packings.

The article examines transformations of monetary circulation in Russia after the beginning of its participation in the First World War and the factors for the appearance of surrogates in it after a while in the form of State Exchequer notes and their coupons. In the second half of 1917, the policy of replenishing budget expenditures by money emission combined with an increase in military expenditures and prices, a decline in production, as well as insignificant flow of financial resources from taxes and loans, resulted in an acute shortage of cash both in financial institutions and among the population. In these circumstances, central and regional authorities began to use various ways to resolve the crisis situation, where one of these methods was the use of monetary surrogates on a par with credit notes. The purpose of the study is to determine the reasons why monetary substitutes in the form of State Exchequer notes and their coupons appeared in the monetary circulation in the territory of Simbirsk province and Russia as a whole, and to analyze the background economic situation and the government’s policy towards money in the pre-crisis period and after. In addition, the history of the appearance of State Exchequer notes in Russia is considered. Based on the statistical data, economic research and evaluation of processes in monetary circulation, it is proved that the financial policy initiated by the pre-revolutionary (tsarist) government after Russia’s entry into World War I, and then continued by the Provisional and Soviet governments, led to a monetary crisis. The lack of cash financial resources made it impossible to fully meet the needs of the army, to continue active military operations, to provide financing for state institutions and to make mandatory payments, which caused distrust in the existing government. In such circumstances, one of the expedite ways to find money was to use State Exchequer notes and their coupons along with credit notes and monetary surrogates. The circumstances established in the course of the study make it possible to reveal more complete insights into the content of the processes in the field of monetary circulation that took place in 1917–1918 in the Simbirsk province and Russia as a whole, and to introduce new historical facts to science.

Introduction. The study focuses on issues of money circulation in the Simbirsk and Kazan provinces during the period of the monetary crisis, the aggravation of which occurred in 1917–1918. These provinces simultaneously underwent all the negative consequences of the collapse of the financial system of Russia, including monetary circulation, and then almost equally resolved the issues of lack of circulation of banknotes. To overcome the crisis situation caused by the lack of cash, regional and central authorities have applied various ways to resolve it, one of which was the widespread use of coupons of government interest securities as cash equivalents. Subject. Against the background of the analysis of the general economic situation in Russia, the presented material reveals the circumstances of the resolution of the monetary crisis in the Simbirsk and Kazan provinces by using coupons of government interest securities in money circulation. Objectives of Study. The objectives of the study and the subsequent analysis were: to identify the reasons why the central authorities of Russia, as well as the regional authorities of the Simbirsk and Kazan provinces, decided to use funds coupons in money circulation. Materials and Methods. The study relies on archival materials that contain information about the use of coupons of government interest securities in money circulation. In the course of studying these materials, the information reflected in them was systematized and analyzed. A systematic approach, a comparative analysis and a logical generalization of the results were used. The results of the study. In the course of the study, the reasons for the use of coupons of government interest securities in money circulation were identified, the actions of regional and central authorities that allowed the use of coupons as cash equivalents were analyzed. In addition, new historical facts have been established related to the history of the Simbirsk and Kazan provinces. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the decisions of government authorities, both central and regional, on the use of government interest securities coupons in money circulation were due to the need to find a way to resolve quickly the monetary crisis caused by a shortage of cash.

In this paper, we studied the process of hydrolysis of magnesium hydride with water vapor and considered the possibility of creating a chemical source of hydrogen based on this process. To study the hydrolysis reaction of magnesium hydride powder at temperatures above 100 °C, an experimental setup with a quartz tube — a reactor 300 mm long — was designed. The mass and volume of a single powder load in a quartz reactor was 65 g and 130 ± 2 cm3, respectively. The length of the powder zone along the axis of the reactor was approximately 10 cm. Based on the data obtained during the experiment, it can be distinguished that the length of the reaction zone is greatest at the beginning and at the end of the hydrolysis process and is approximately 5–6 cm. In the middle of the hydrolysis process, for the time interval from 3000 to 5000 s, the reaction zone is the smallest - about 4–5 cm. The proposed design of the hydrolysis reactor and the experimental setup also made it possible to study the peculiarities of the hydrolysis of magnesium hydride powder with water vapor; magnesium, the composition of the reaction products and the controllability of the generation of a stream of hydrogen.

Introduction. Nowadays the issue of implementation of city projects in terms of providing public amenities and changing their infrastructure under the conditions of existing insufficient public funds for these purposes is of present relevance for cities of Russia. One of the key ways of resolving this situation is borrowing monetary funds. However, in the history of Russian cities such kind of experience already exists. The submitted material reveals the experience of Simbirsk municipal government concerning the issue of the first bond-secured loan of the city of Simbirsk (the year of 1906). The purpose of this loan was obtaining necessary funds for the city intended for enlarging and improving public water supply system, building slaughter-houses within the scope of jurisdiction of the municipal public administration. The objectives of the undertaken study and subsequent analysis involved identifying the reasons, which caused Simbirsk Municipal Public Administration, lacking any experience, to take on a project implementation of issuing the bond-secured loan, assessing the municipal government actions on preparing and issuing the loan mentioned above, as well as the result of the loan implementation. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the archival records, which contain information on the bond-secured loan in Simbirsk of 1906. Under study of these records, the information archival in them was systematized and analyzed. Such approaches as a systematic approach, a comparative analysis and a logical generalization of the obtained results were used. Study results. The undertaken study specified the reasons for issuing the bond-secured loan by Simbirsk, the stages of the implementation of this project, analyzed and evaluated the commitment of the municipal public administration during each of these stages, as well as rationality of their actions and the result of the bond-secured loan issue, which was successful. Apart from this, new historical facts related to the history of the Simbirsk governorate along with the full and complete information concerning the issue of the indicated bond-secured loan were determined. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results of the study indicate that the experience of borrowing monetary funds performed by the cities of Czarist Russia can be in demand with a positive outcome by the cities of modern Russia. The implementation of such borrowings of monetary funds by a city (municipal) government will benefit in resolving many city problems, undertaking social projects, which require considerable financial resources, and in the final analysis in improving the quality of life in cities.

The diagnostic value of stromal changes in carcinomas, including prostate, is under debate; in terms of limited sample tissue of biopsy, in addition to glandular alterations, the stromal changes could have additional diagnostic value, but the results in clinical settings are controversial. The research aims to evaluate the potential of stromal changes as a supplementary tool to predict the presence of higher grade carcinomas in the prostate using Masson's trichrome and Fanconi anemia complementation group M (FANCM) antibody stainings. 385 biopsies and corresponding radical prostatectomy specimens were analyzed to evaluate the rates of the diversity of ISUP grades. Of 128 upgraded prostatectomy cases, 82 were diagnosed with ISUP Gleason Grade 1 (GG1) in a biopsy. All 82 cancerous samples were stained with Masson's trichrome and FACNM antibody and compared with 82 samples without cancer to see if there was a difference in stromal composition. Additionally, 50 GG1 samples without the upgrade were stained to demonstrate if stromal changes can predict less differentiated carcinomas in the prostate. In FANCM stained samples, the average percentage of positively staining stroma over the total in non-upgraded GG1 biopsies was 36 % (13-59 %, SD = 11); 34 % (9-58, SD = 13) in samples from the upgraded cancerous group, and 44 % (22-69, SD = 11) in samples without cancer. In Masson's trichrome stained samples, with collagen quantified, the percentage in non-upgraded GG1 biopsies was 41 % (20-78 %, SD = 11); 44 % (23-89, SD = 15) in samples from upgraded cancerous group and 37 % (15-57, SD = 9) in samples without cancer. In both FANCM and Masson's trichrome, no statistical significance was found between upgraded and non-upgraded groups (p = 0.84 and p = 0.5, respectively), although some upgrades from GG1 to GG4 showed extreme values. The statistical significance was found in cancerous vs. benign samples with both FANCM (p 0.01) and Masson's trichrome (p = 0.012). The main limiting factor is a significant overlap in staining intensity between cancerous and cancer-free groups.

The article presents statistics on changes in the key indicators of the transport industry. The negative consequences are based on various factors: the closure of state borders, the imposition of restrictions on the movement of people and goods, the rupture of supply chains, and a decrease in demand and purchasing power. В статье представлена статистика по изменению ключевых показателей транспортной индустрии. В основе негативных последствий лежат различные факторы: закрытие государственных границ, введение ограничений на передвижение людей и товаров, разрыв производственно-сбытовых цепочек, снижение спроса и покупательной способности.

Eesti Arst 2020; 99(5):320–321, Eesti Arst, 2020: Mai

The application of GAMESS software in the present investigations makes it possible to optimize the choice of the reagents for the subsequent synthesis of a polymer molecularly imprinted by cefotaxime. Methacrylic acid was chosen as an optimal functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate - as a cross-monomer, an optimal molar ratio of cefotaxime to methacrylic acid of 1:5 was also found.

One of the main issues of improving the efficiency of air treatment in ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC systems) is development of methodology for the realization of energy-efficient air treatment processes in the contacting units. This paper investigates the thermodynamic models of “air-water” system, considering some features of the transition area at the interface, including surface phases and boundary layers of air and water. It has a great impact on the efficiency of processes of heat and moisture exchange in the contact units HVAC systems. The paper presents the results of experimental studies to determine the air-water interfaces temperature when achieving a state of thermodynamic balance condition in contacting media (air and water) in the working space of contact units. It was found that the surface temperature is determined by state of the surface phase and depends on the direction process of heat and moisture exchange (condensation or evaporation). The temperature factor k = Tdry/Ts as a criterion for determining the effect of the state transition area on the processes of heat and moisture exchange, was used. Processing of results from experimental researches in the processes of heat and mass transfer is presented in the form of criterial equations for Nu, Nu. Results of the performed research are the basis for the formulation of theoretical ideas about the energy efficient processes and the development of a new method for calculation of the contact units HVAC systems. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.258

Experiments on a non-disruptive halo-current influence on the m = 2 mode behaviour at the flat-top stage of a tokamak discharge are presented. The halo-current in the rail limiter—plasma—vacuum vessel—external circuit—rail limiter loop was used. An EMF source controlled with a preprogrammed signal or with a feedback m = 2 signal was introduced into the external part of the halo-current circuit. The EMF source has generated the oscillating halo-currents with an amplitude of up to 500 A in the frequency range 0–20 kHz. In the case of the preprogrammed control signal the switching on of the EMF source resulted in the shift of the m = 2 mode frequency to the frequency of the halo-current oscillations. In particular, the rotation of the m = 2 mode stopped under a pulse of zero-frequency halo-current. In the tokamak discharges, when the mode rotation spontaneously stopped before the switching on of the oscillating halo-current, the mode rotation was restored at the halo-current frequency. In the case of the halo-current feedback control by the m = 2 mode signal, the effect depended on the choice of the phase shift in the feedback loop. Some increase or decrease of the m = 2 mode amplitude as well as some variations of the mode frequency were observed at different values of the phase shift. The halo-current effect on the m = 2 mode behaviour can be attributed to a coupling between the m/n = 2/1 magnetic islands and the halo-current magnetic field. The experiment was simulated on the assumption that the tearing mode is affected by the halo-current magnetic field component with the same helicity. In the calculations for the T-10 conditions, the mode behaviour under the effect of the halo-current was similar to the experimental observations.

Based on theoretical and experimental tests it was determined, that thermodynamic balance condition in the working space of contacting units of ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC systems) is entirely defined as the same values of humidity potential of finite parameters of air and water – � = const. This makes it possible to put forward a new method of the analysis and calculation of heat and moisture exchange in contacting units HVAC systems. It was established, that condition � = const of finite parameters of contacting environments is an index of the optimal mode of operation of the contacting unit, where in high thermodynamic efficiency of processes of heat and moisture exchange in it’s working space is achieved. The data received made it possible to work out a new approach to the implementation of energy-efficient processes in the contact units , and a new method of control their parameters. The features of the progress of processes of heat and moisture exchange in contacting units are considered viewed in the article, and also the results of the offered method of moisture content of incoming air regulation in use are presented.

It has been shown that polymeric film coatings derived from polydicyclopentadiene are subject to oxidation and structuring in air. Oxidation in air of double bonds in films gradually happens during several weeks and it comes amid an increase of adsorption band of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in polymers infrared spectrums. Moreover, because of selective oxidation of cis-configured chains, structuring occurs around the double bonds in the polymer chain in polydicyclopentadiene films acquired by metathesis polymerization