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The international trend in space business is proving the ability to reuse space technology and this can be easily seen in the space exploration and transportation scene with all major players putting a lot of effort to demonstrate all these technologies which will lead to profitability on the long run. In this context, the Ascent and Descent Autonomous Manoeuvrable Platform (ADAMP) initiative is undertaken as a development by the National Institute for Aerospace Research Elie Carafoli INCAS Romania with the support of the European Space Agency (ESA), through the General Support Technologies Program (GSTP) and the Romanian Space Agency (ROSA). ADAMP initiative addresses one key element for space technology innovation, which is rapid turnaround and low-cost system testing. ADAMP will serve as an in-flight testing platform for several control strategies, for real time autonomous and fuel optimal guidance strategies, for safe precision landing innovative techniques, as well as hardware components such as sensors, computers and on-board cameras. ADAMP activity consists of the development of a reusable test platform through building an experimental Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTVL) platform accompanied by the corresponding facilities, personnel and procedures. This will allow to host testing and verification and validation campaigns for other companies and institutes in a fast and reliable manner, as well as to readily tailor experiments for bigger space programs. ADAMP builds up on the heritage of the previous vehicle developed by INCAS, Demonstrator for Technologies Validation (DTV) [R1]. ADAMP platform 1st fully integration testing flight is planned for early 2022. In the frame of the ADAMP project, a Flight Simulator consisting of guidance and control algorithms as well as a moderate fidelity plant model within Matlab-Simulink environment has been developed at INCAS. This type of platform poses several challenges that must be adequately tackled through control design: time-varying propellant sloshing, low control effectiveness, strong interactions between control loops, Thrust Vector Control (TVC) and guidance frequencies, as well as dynamical perturbations such as model uncertainties and atmospheric turbulence, which are critical for any launch vehicle [R2]. The Flight Simulator is used for the implementation and testing of different control strategies for the ADAMP platform and, in this article, two control strategies for the reusable VTVL platform are developed, discussed and compared. The first control strategy considers nonlinear sliding mode controllers for translational, pitch and roll motions. The second control strategy is based on robust control theory and relies on self-scheduled structured H-infinity optimisation [R3]. As a conclusion, this article will present the synthesis and analysis of two different control strategies for ADAMP VTVL testing platform, clearly highlighting their strengths and challenges in terms of robustness, stability and practical implementation. [R1] Ana-Maria Neculaescu, Alexandru Marin, Adrian Toader, et al., System Identification and Testing for a VTVL vehicle, EUCASS Conference 2019 [R2] Pedro Simplicio, Andres Marcos, Samir Bennani, New Control Functionalities for Launcher Load Relief in Ascent and Descent Flight, EUCASS Conference 2019 [R3] Diego Navarro-Tapia, Andres Marcos, Samir Bennani and Christophe Roux, Structured H-infinity and Linear Parameter Varying Control Design for the VEGA Launch Vehicle, EUCASS Conference 2017.

The design of a model-based Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) strategy based on Virtual Actuators (VA) in a built-in Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) setup is addressed for the e.Deorbit space mission. This mission, initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA), aims at removing a large defunct satellite from Earth orbit: ENVISAT. The goal of this paper is to promote academic solutions to add fault tolerance capacities against thruster faults without any change or new tuning of the already in-place GNC solution. The validation of the proposed FTC solution is assessed by a simulation campaign based on a high-fidelity nonlinear industrial simulator.

The ESA (European Space Agency) is currently pursuing the development of the e.Deorbit mission that will remove a large defunct satellite from Earth orbit: ENVISAT. To fulfil the mission autonomy requirements, ESA has decided to embed in the GNC (Guidance, Navigation, Control) software, fault tolerance capacities against actuator faults. The aim of this paper is to present the development and validation of a model-based fault diagnosis and tolerant control solution for such faults. The proposed solution is based on a new class of nonlinear unknown input observers, optimal in the $L_{2}$ -gain sense, and a modified version of the nonlinear inverse pseudo control allocation technique. An intensive simulation campaign conducted within a high-fidelity nonlinear industrial simulator, demonstrates the efficiency of the approach.

Das Institut fur Rechtsmedizin der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin ging aus der 1833 eingerichteten praktischen Unterrichtsanstalt fur die Staatsarzneikunde an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat hervor. Es ist die alteste Facheinrichtung in Deutschland. Begrundet von Wilhelm Wagner, schufen hier Johann Ludwig Casper und seine Nachfolger die Berliner Schule der Gerichtsmedizin, die den Fortschritt des Faches im deutschen Sprachraum bis in die Gegenwart mitbestimmt. Ungeachtet der anerkannten wissenschaftlichen Leistungen wird das Institut ein Opfer der Berliner Sparpolitik.

Natur- und Zivilisationskatastrophen konnen in grosem Ausmas zur Vernichtung menschlichen Lebens fuhren. In beinahe regelmasigen Abstanden ereignen sich Flutwellen, Wirbelsturme, Flugzeugabsturze, Schiffsuntergange und Eisenbahnunfalle. Die Aufklarung der Ursachen und die Identifizierung der Opfer ist weltweit ein gesellschaftlicher Anspruch, der in den meisten Fallen umgesetzt werden kann. In Deutschland ubernimmt bei Grosschadensereignissen/Massenkatastrophen die Identifizierungskommission (IDKO) des Bundeskriminalamtes die organisatorische Fuhrung, ggf. auch Landeskatastrophenkommissionen. Die Rechtsmedizin ist immer nur ein integrierter Teil innerhalb der Kommission. Neben einem Uberblick uber mogliche Arten von Katastrophen mit Beispielen stellt der Artikel die wesentlichen rechtsmedizinischen Identifikationsmethoden und den Ablauf der Bearbeitung im Schadensfall vor. Dazu gehoren Beschreibung von Kleidung, Dokumenten oder Wertgegenstanden der Opfer, Fingerabdrucke oder andere korperliche Identifizierungsmerkmale, Rontgenbilder, DNA-Analyse oder odontologische Untersuchungen. Vergleichsmaterialien aller Art werden vorgestellt. Die Notwendigkeit einer guten Organisation (und evtl. eines Trainings fur den Einsatz bei einer Massenkatastrophe) und die vorurteilsfreie Durchfuhrung aller notwendigen Methoden wird betont. Die Identifizierung wenigstens eines Grosteils der Opfer kann nur gelingen, wenn Methodik und Logistik gleichermasen beherrscht werden.

Forensic medicine services were resumed in the territory of the Soviet occupation zone in early summer 1945. One coherent legal system was established, following the foundation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), 7 October 1949. Forensic medicine was subject of teaching and examinations from the very outset. Sub-specialisation (fellowship) was introduced in 1955. The Gesellschaft für Gerichtliche Medizin der DDR (GDR Society of Forensic Medicine) was established in 1967 and began to organise with high continuity a wide-ranging variety of scientific events. Almost all administrative districts had their own institute of forensic medicine by 1990.

A 31-year-old engineer was found dead in a reaction vessel (diameter 0.8 m, height 1.8 m) of a bulb factory some minutes after he had entered it for repair work. Resuscitation attempts with artificial respiration were unsuccessful. Despite autopsy and usual toxicological analyses, no cause of death could be found. Since in the normal production process, argon was used as a protecting gas, the possibility of suffocation in an argon atmosphere was investigated. This was rendered more difficult because of the natural content of 0.93 vol.% argon in air and since the excessive argon could have been removed by the resuscitation attempts. Gas samples from larynx, esophagus, bronchi, and stomach, separated blood samples from both ventricles of the heart and from the vena iliaca externa as well as tissue samples from lung and liver were collected during autopsy into headspace vials in such a way that the loss of gas and a dilution by surrounding air was avoided as far as possible. The samples were analyzed by headspace GC–MS. The abundance of Ar þ (m=z ¼ 40) was used for quantification with N2 2þ (m=z ¼ 14) as internal standard. The following argon concentrations were measured (mean values, case under investigation/comparison cases): gas from larynx 1.79/0.96 vol.%, stomach gas 1.58/0.89 vol.%, heart blood (left ventricle) 7.2/2.7 mg/mL, heart blood (right ventricle) 5.8/ 2.7 mg/mL, blood from vena iliaca externa 3.6/2.7 mg/mL. A clearly increased concentration was also found in lung tissue, whereas in liver tissue no significant difference in comparison to other cases was measured. From the results, it follows that the deceased inhaled an increased amount of argon a short time before death. The concentrations are consistent with asphyxia and subsequent resuscitation attempts. They cannot be explained by a long-term inhalation of an atmosphere enriched with argon before the incident as it is likely to have occurred in this factory hall. # 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vor 100 Jahren erschien von Karl Landsteiner und Max Richter eine Veroffentlichung uber die Verwertbarkeit der Blutgruppeneigenschaften in der Spurenkunde. Das war die erste Methode zur Differenzierung von Blutspuren. Im Jahr 1916 fuhrte Leone Lattes die AB0-Gruppenbestimmung in die spurenkundliche Praxis ein. Seiner Methode zum Nachweis der Agglutinine in Blutschuppchen folgte 1926 der Agglutininbindungsversuch zum Nachweis der Agglutinogene. Mehr als 3 Jahrzehnte spater kamen der Absorptions-Elutions-Versuch (1960) und die Methode der Mischagglutination (1961) hinzu. Durch diese 2 indirekten Verfahren konnte der Bedarf an Untersuchungsmaterial deutlich vermindert werden. Mit zunehmender Verbreitung hat die DNS-Analytik die serologischen Methoden der Untersuchung von Blutspuren weitestgehend abgelost.

Die Arbeit gibt einen Uberblick uber die akademische Lehre am altesten gerichtsmedizinischen Institut in Deutschland. Daruber hinaus werden die verschiedenen Lehrangebote zu einschlagigen Theman aus anderen Universitatseinrichtungen beschrieben. Die Anfange reichen bis in das erste Drittel des 18. Jahrhunderts zuruck. Schon zum Lehrprogramm des 1724 eroffneten Collegium medico-chirurgicum gehorten Lektionen uber Gerichtliche Medizin. Ab 1810 wurden die Vorlesungen an der neu gegrundeten Universitat Berlin fortgesetzt. Im Jahr 1833 begannen die Lehrveranstaltungen fur Mediziner und Juristen an der neu geschaffenen “praktischen Unterrichtsanstalt fur die Staatsarzneikunde”, die zum Vorbild fur gleichartige Einrichtungen in Deutschland und im Ausland wurde. Nach langjahrigen Bemuhungen unter masgeblicher Mitwirkung von Berliner Fachvertretern gelang es zwar, 1901 die Gerichtliche Medizin als Pflichtfach in das Medizinstudium einzubringen, aber erst 1924 konnte die Aufnahme des Faches in das medizinische Staatsexamen durchgesetzt werden. Seit dem Studienjahr 1953/54 wurden auch Vorlesungen fur Zahnmediziner und seit dem Fruhjahrssemester 1964 fur Kriminalisten gehalten.

Echinacea preparations are consumed for the prevention or treatment of upper respiratory infections.The objective of this study was to provide the first data regarding the in vitro immunomodulatory properties of the American federally endangered species Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae).Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with root tinctures from E. laevigata, E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea. Cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin [IL]-2, IL-10) and mononuclear cell proliferation were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assay levels of known bioactive compounds from all extracts tested to statistically determine whether there were relationships between extract phytochemical content and observed immune effects.E. laevigata extract was most similar to E. pallida extract and able to augment IL-10 and mononuclear cell proliferation, but not TNF or IL-2. Echinacoside, a caffeic acid derivative, correlated most strongly with results.This species may deserve continued investigation in both experimental and therapeutic contexts.

A total of 36,274 forensic autopsies was performed in Berlin, between 1980 and 1987, including 152 cases (0.42%) in which death had been caused by blunt violence due to kicking. Data were collected on both victims and offenders, postmortem findings, causes of death and the way violence had been perpetrated. The greater part of victims and offenders had been males originating from lower social strata. Most of the victims and offenders had been in relationship with each other prior to the offence. Typical course of events: Victims and offenders, under influence of alcohol, became involved in a brawl, usually for trivial reasons, which soon led to physical fighting. When the victim had been knocked to the ground, the offender started forceful kicking. Bleeding to death and head injury were frequent causes of death. More than 50% of all offences were committed by single offenders. The diagnosis of kicking to death can at best be derived from presence of boot traces leaving shaped injuries. The trace-generating boot can be identified as offending tool by means of comparative police investigation. In addition to evaluation of shoe sole profiles, there is other trace-relevant material that may be sampled from a suspected offender's footwear (skin cells, hair, blood, body tissue) and used to identify findings by DNA analysis. There may be injuries with visible patterns supporting suspicion of kicking and trampling, although conclusive confirmation can be obtained only by testimony by a witness or confession by the offender.

Das Jahr 1901 markiert durch zwei bahnbrechende Publikationen den Beginn der Forensischen Serologie. Paul Uhlenhuth fuhrte die Prazipitationsreaktion zur Artbestimmung ein und Karl Landsteiner entdeckte als erste Blutgruppen des Menschen die AB0-Eigenschaften. Anlasslich dieses Doppeljubilaums gibt die folgende Arbeit einen Ruckblick auf die Anfange der forensisch-serologischen Untersuchungsmethoden.

Vor einhundert Jahren veroffentlichte Paul Uhlenhuth aus Greifswald das Verfahren zur serologischen Artbestimmung, das heute seinen Namen tragt. Er war aber nicht der Einzige, der sich experimentell mit diesem forensisch bedeutsamen Problem beschaftigte. Nur einen Tag nach dem Erscheinen der bahnbrechenden Veroffentlichung hielt August Wassermann vor der Berliner Physiologischen Gesellschaft einen Vortrag, in dem er uber seine gemeinsam mit Albert Schutze durchgefuhrten Untersuchungen sprach. ¶Sie waren zeitgleich und unabhangig von Uhlenhuth zu denselben Ergebnissen gekommen. Noch im Jahr der Bekanntgabe erhielt Uhlenhuth im Fall Ludwig Tessnow die Gelegenheit, das neue Verfahren praktisch anzuwenden. In Berlin erlangte die Ermordung der achtjahrigen Lucie Berlin durch den Einsatz der Prazipitationsreaktion kriminalhistorische Bedeutung.

Die todlichen Arbeitsunfalle der Jahre 1990– 1995 in Berlin wurden analysiert. Hierzu erfolgte eine Auswertung der Unterlagen der zustandigen Behorden sowie der rechtsmedizinischen Institute Berlins. Insgesamt ereigneten sich im Untersuchungszeitraum 141 todliche Arbeitsunfalle (ohne Wegeunfalle). Vollstandige Unterlagen einschlieslich der Obduktionsgutachten waren in 107 Fallen verfugbar. Es wurden einerseits allgemeine Kriterien wie Geschlecht, Alter, Tatigkeit und Berufszweig der Opfer analysiert, andererseits wurden unfallspezifische Kriterien wie Unfallort und -zeit (Tageszeit, Wochentag, Monat), Art der Verletzungen, Todesursache, Uberlebenszeit, Beeinflussung durch Alkohol, toxische oder medikamentose Stoffe in die Analyse aufgenommen. In 98% der Falle waren mannliche Arbeitnehmer betroffen. Hauptunfallvorgang war der Absturz (46,7%), meist von Gerusten, Dachern oder Leitern. Dementsprechend erwies sich der Bau- und Montagebereich als am starksten betroffener Wirtschaftszweig Berlins. Haufigste Todesursachen waren das Polytrauma (56,2%), gefolgt vom Schadel-Hirn-Trauma (25,2%) und dem Tod durch elektrischen Strom (8,4%). Nennenswerte Befunde der toxikologischen Untersuchungen waren bei 10 Personen Blutalkoholkonzentrationen uber 1,0‰. Die Unfallanalysen zeigten, dass in 48 Fallen gegen geltende Arbeitsschutzvorschriften verstosen worden war. Die sich aus der Auswertung ergebenden Ansatzpunkte der Unfallprophylaxe werden diskutiert.

This study was undertaken for the purpose of analysing under the aspect of legal medicine, fatal accidents due to train surfing in the local transport system of Berlin (S-Bahn and underground). The period of investigation was from 1989 through 1995, with 41 train surfing accidents, among them 18 with fatal outcome. Evaluation included those 14 deaths which were forensically autopsied. It was based on autopsy records of Berlin-based university institutes (Humboldt University and Free University) as well as the Brandenburg State Institute of Legal Medicine. Also used were data obtained from the Berlin Transport Police Record. The casualties were aged between 13 and 25 years, most of them between 16 and 20. The male-female gender ratio was 13:1. Accidents occurred above all in the warmer season of the year, most of them between 20:00 h and midnight. More than 50% of all cases were affected by alcohol, but centrally acting medicaments or other addictive drugs were not noticed at all. Most of the fatal accidents occurred to users of the Berlin S-Bahn network. Older train models were the preferred surfing objects due to their structural peculiarities. Collision with close-to-track obstacles and slipping from the train proved to be the major sources of danger. An analysis of injuries revealed polytraumatisation but for one exception, with craniocerebral injuries being the most common and severest events. The longest survival time amounted to 24 h. As the psychosocial causes of high-risk behaviour of adolescents will hardly be controllable, withdrawal of technical, that is structural design possibilities appears to be the most important approach to prevention of accidents in the future. This demand is met by the new series of the Berlin S-Bahn. The model of the old series, suitable for surfing, still accounts for about 10% of the rolling stock and is to be decommissioned in 1998.

Die Untersuchung eines Todesfalls nach oraler Aufnahme einer groseren Menge eines Kombinationsinsektizids bestehend aus Propoxur und Tetramethrin sowie den Losungsmitteln Isopropanol und Benzylalkohol ergab als wesentlichen morphologischen Befund eine koagulationsnekrotische Verhartung der Speiserohre und der Magenwand. Die in Venenblut, Leber, Niere, Glaskorperflussigkeit und Liquor durch HPLC bzw. GC/MS bestimmten Konzentrationen lagen fur Propoxur (< 0,3– 18 μg/g) im komatos-lateralen Bereich, wahrend Tetramethrin (bis 0,1 μg/g) nahezu vollstandig abgebaut war. Weiterhin wurden als Propoxurabbauprodukt o-Isopropoxyphenol (2,8–56 μg/g), Benzylalkohol (18–58 μg/g) sowie dessen Abbauprodukt Benzoesaure (85–140 μg/g), Isopropanol (0,45–1,1 mg/g) und Aceton (0,01–0,03 mg/g) gefunden. Die Werte im Herzblut und in der Lunge waren hingegen bis zu 30-fach hoher. Als Ursache fur diese immensen Konzentrationsunterschiede wird eine agonale Aspiration des erbrochenen, bis zu drei Grosenordnungen hoher konzentrierten Mageninhaltes diskutiert. Der hauptsachlich postmortal angenommene Abbau von Propoxur zu o-Isopropoxyphenol und von Benzylalkohol zu Benzoesaure ist in der Leber nahezu vollstanding und in den ubrigen Probenmaterialien sehr unterschiedlich ausgepragt. Als Todesursache ergibt sich eine Intoxikation durch den Acetylcholinesterasehemmer Propoxur in Kombination mit der neurotoxischen Wirkung des Tetramethrins.

Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) belongs to the family of vehicles de- signed to perform rendezvous and docking (RvD) with the International space station (ISS) (1). Dierently from its predecessor ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle), the ARV will transport a reentry capsule, equipped with a heatshield and able to bring back cargo, experiments, or, as a possible future development, even crew, being this latter scenario very attracting in view of the Space Shuttle retirement. GMV, as subcontrac- tor of EADS-Astrium Germany, is in charge of the RvD and departure mission analysis and GNC (Guidance, Navigation, and Control) design of ARV mission. This paper will present the main outcomes of the study.

Not even forensic pathologists were spared by the anti-Jewish laws of the Third Reich. Fritz Strassmann and Paul Fraenckel were among more than 140 faculty of the Berlin Department of Medicine persecuted by the national socialist dictatorship. It was because of their Jewish background that Georg Strassmann was expelled from university in Breslau, and Leone Lattes was forced to leave in Pavia. Miklos Nyiszli was deported from Oradea to Auschwitz and forced to perform forensic autopsies. Stefan Jellinek in Vienna, Ludwik Hirszfeld in Warsaw and Friedrich Schiff in Berlin were other medical professionals whose achievements had enriched legal medicine before they became victims of anti-Jewish persecution.

The Statistical Office of Berlin recorded a total of 5488 suicides within the 10-year period 1990-1999 (3550 males, 1938 females). Firearms were used in 238 cases (218 males, 20 females). An autopsy was performed in 19 of the 20 female cases. The women's ages ranged from 21 to 88 years. Their marital status was single (n=6), married (n=5), divorced (n=5) and widowed (n=3). Eight of the women had one or more children. A suicide note was found in eight cases; six women had a history of psychiatric illness, and six had previously attempted suicide. Predominant among the suicide motives were mental (n=5) and organic (n=4) disorders as well as relationship problems (n=3) and financial difficulties (n=2). Most of the women (n=16) committed suicide in their own apartment, mainly in the bedroom. The weapons used were pistol (n=10), revolver (n=6), rifle (n=2) and a blank cartridge gun (n=1). In 16 cases we found a contact discharge at point blank range. Six of the dead women were found with the weapon still in their hands. The site of bullet-entry was the right temple (n=11), high-parietal (n=2), mouth (n=3), neck (n=1), and chest (n=2). A comparison of our results with the data of other authors for male or predominantly male collectives did not indicate any sex-specific differences regarding the type of weapon, location of the entry wound or the scene. However, alcohol was detected at a lower frequency compared with male gunshot suicides.

Lethal injuries of the thorax due to shots fired from blank cartridges calibre 8 mm are reported in three cases. The muzzle of the weapon was in contact with the left side of the breast (contact discharge) and injuries to bones were absent in all three cases. In two of the cases the pericardium was not involved but the anterior wall of the right heart ventricle was ruptured and death was due to cardiac tamponade. In the third case the pericardial sac and the left ventricle were both ruptured and the victim died due to rapid exsanguination. The cases demonstrate that the gas pressure from the exploding propellent of blank ammunition can be powerful enough to penetrate the thoracic wall.

The case of a 13-year-old boy injured by a Spanish souvenir harpoon is reported. Shooting experiments with the harpoon showed that serious injuries can be caused. The results are discussed and compared with the rare literature.

On the basis of phenomenological particularities the described case of a triple murderer of women from East Berlin proves to be complementary to the casuistry of multiple homicide. In one day a 30-year old autopsy assistant killed three intimate female partners, ultimately his wife, in their respective dwellings. The first two homicides were test killings. The perpetrator was executed in 1970.

Criminal poisoning using chloroform to commit another crime has been published infrequently. A case of a 52-year-old robbery victim is reported. The man was found dead in a park with a yellow duster in a very close position to his nose and mouth. Autopsy revealed no serious pathological findings to explain the death. Because of the suspected violent application of a volatile compound and to avoid a loss of tissue concentration the samples for toxicological investigations were taken at the very beginning of the autopsy. The detailed results showed that a chloroform poisoning has been the only cause of death.

Four fatal hunting accidents by means of firearms are described from the autopsy material of the Institute for Forensic Medicine of Humboldt University in Berlin. Again the main cause was shown to be the firing of guns in insufficient daylight.

The authors report the analysis of mass disasters, which had been dealt with by forensic experts, on the territory of the former GDR. The report comes on the initiative of the Society of Forensic Medicine and with the support of regional institutes. For the period 1960 to 1989, 20 events with 738 casualties were registered. The number of victims was particularly high in aviation and rail disasters as well as in the Zwickau mine disaster. The Forensic Institute of the Humboldt-University in Berlin was engaged in the investigation of the three airplane crashes on Berlin territory and near Berlin (Königs-Wusterhausen 1972, Berlin-Bohnsdorf 1986 and Berlin-Schönefeld 1989) as well as of the railway disaster near Lebus in 1977. As a result of the analysis, the experience gained in three decades regarding the planning, organization and realization of the identification of victims is dealt with in more detail. It emphasizes the significance of close cooperation with dentists and criminalists. Because of ethical, legal and criminalistic reasons the aim should always be a complete examination (including autopsy) of the victims as well as their identification.

Da es bisher nur wenige toxikologische Erfahrungswerte zur todlichen Vergiftung mit Natriumazid (NaN3) gibt (Ubersicht bei Daunderer 1986; Klug u. Schneider 1987; Klein-Schwartz et al. 1989), bringen wir mit diesem Fallbericht eine Erweiterung der humantoxikologischen Primarliteratur.

The authors treat questions involving post-mortem examinations and autopsies, as regulated in the "Order Pertaining to Post-mortem Medical Examinations" in the former GDR. The administrative autopsy is of special importance in this respect. This regulation, which has been demanded by German physicians for more than a century and has existed for a long time in Austria (1857), should finally be introduced in the Federal Republic of Germany as well. It should at least be retained in the new Federal States. In the field of alcohol-related traffic law, the authors advocate a reduction of the blood-alcohol limit throughout Germany, even if the zero limit in the former GDR does not appear to be implementable. The time-tested regulations applying to organ graftings are presented as the third topic. In the GDR there was a uniform order based on the right to object.

On the basis of six dead people, who held firmly clasped objects in their hand, the question being discussed whether this finding can be interpreted as a vital reaction or as a purely postmortem phenomenon.

Nach dem Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch der DDR ist u. a. eine lebensgefahrliche Gesundheitsschadigung gemas § 116 StGB (Schwere Korperverletzung) gegeben, wenn nach intensivem Wurgen eine langandauernde Bewustlosigkeit vorliegt. Deshalb wurde das Untersuchungsmaterial („Geschadigtengutachten“ aus dem Zeitraum 1980–1988, insgesamt 81 Falle, weiblich 74, mannlich 7: darunter 6 Kinder) uberlebter obstruktiver Asphyxien hinsichtlich subjektiver Beschwerden und objektiver Befunde analysiert.

Die Vitalitat strangulierender Gewalteinwirkung auf den Hals ist durch das Auftreten petechialer Blutungen der sichtbaren Schleimhaute (Augen, Mund, Rachen) und der Kopf- und Gesichtshaut sowie durch Blutungen aus Nasenoffnungen und Gehorgangen im Zusammenhang mit den Lokalbefunden der Halshaut (Wurgemale, Drossel- und Strangmarke) und der Halsorgane bewiesen. Das zeigen eindeutig 29 Falle aus dem Sektionsgut der Jahre 1979 bis 1988: Erwurgen (n = 6), Erdrosseln (n = 6) und Kompression der Halsweichteile (Wurgen, Drosseln, stumpfe Gewalt: n = 17).

The paper describes an adaptive autopilot for ships which has been put into commercial production. It uses a self tuning adaptive scheme combined with lqq-controllers. The Kalman filter for state estimation includes high frequency states to model wave induced oscillatory yaw motion, For reasons of robustness the basic ship model is of second order only. Course keeping controllers for either precise or energy economic steering are designed to minimize different quadratic criteria. Course changing is done via a phase of turnrate control. For estimation of ship parameters a stochastic gradient algorithm is applied in order to eliminate the problem of temporarily poor excitation. The frequency of the osci1latory yaw motion is estimated with a recursive least square scheme fitting an ARMA–model to the high pass filtered yaw signal. Results from full scale sea trials with the described autopilot show the improved oerformance of the autopilot.

Es wird ein elektrophoretischer Phanotyp der Esterase D beschrieben, der bei einer Familie auf der Ostsee-Insel Rugen aufgefunden wurde. Es handelt sich um den neuen Phanotyp 6-1.

Es wird uber einen erweiterten Suicid und zwei Selbsttotungen mit Viehbetaubungsgeraten berichtet, die hinsichtlich der erhaltenen Handlungsfahigkeit und der Kombination mit Erhangen bzw. des im Kopf verbliebenen Schusbolzens bemerkenswert sind. Die mitgeteilten Falle werden im Zusammenhang mit der referierten Literatur diskutiert.

The heritage of dualism hinders meaningful discussion in literary criticism. The use of terms as subjective and objective have become so ambiguous as to be of questionable utility. Critical theories accentuating the subjective or objective also prove to offer misleading distinctions. The debate centering on the disadvantages in narration of telling versus showing is further revealed as an artificial conceptual confrontation. Whereas telling is an “objectification” of events, showing is a “concretization” of them, yet both are subjective and objective. Ancient mimetic theory defined two different views of objectivity (Aristotle versus Plato), which correspond to the two conceptions of objectivity as embraced in the expressive theory of English romanticism (Wordsworth and Coleridge). Used to discuss artists and their works, the terms subjective and objective also result in vague semantics. Thus the terms should be eliminated from critical discussion, except as a part of historical criticism. To render more precisely the modus vivendi of the human experience in literature, a new language rooted in man's monistic apperception is needed. The criteria for this new vocabulary given, the reader is invited to pursue his own meaningful research.

Es werden die elektrophoretischen Auftrennungsmuster der Phanotypen ADA 5-1 und 6-1 beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. Die Genprodukte ADA1, ADA2, ADA5 und ADA6 sind in einem Diagramm zusammengefast. Das Allel ADA5 wurde in einer Familie aus Opava (CSSR) nachgewiesen.

Spermaspuren wurden mit Hilfe der Starkegelelektrophorese auf ihren Gehalt an Phosphoglucomutase untersucht. Die PGM1-Phanotypen konnten in angetrocknetem Sperma noch nach einer Lagerungszeit von 3 Monaten eindeutig bestimmt werden. Blaschendrusensekret und Cervicalschleim von Leichen zeigen eine hohe PGM-Aktivitat und eignen sich als Untersuchungsmaterial zur PGM1-Typisierung. Die Phosphoglucomutase in den Spermaspuren stammt offenbar zum grosten Teil aus dem Drusensekret.