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This report investigates the equivalence of the computerized version of the WILDE intelligence test (WIT) and its paper-and-pencil analog in a group of occupationally reorienting adults at the Leipzig Vocational Retraining Centre (Berufsförderungswerk Leipzig). In particular, the normative as well as the structural equivalence of the two test formats (paper-and-pencil vs. computer) were examined. The results indicate that both test formats are measuring the same construct, i. e., the two tests are structurally equivalent. Significant differences in mean for the total scores of most of the WIT subtests favour separate standardization of the computerized test format.

It is necessary to observe the direction of the blood flow for measurement of the ankle pressure by the Dopplermethod. Obliteration of the ankle pressure by the Dopplermethod. Obliteration of the anterior tibial artery can be compensated by collaterals from the posterior tibial artery. Through this the blood flow is reversed in the dorsalis pedis artery. If this possibility is disregarded, the pressure of the anterior tibial artery will yield false data. The situation of the blood flow can be clarified by a compression test of the posterior tibial artery. This also applies to obliterations of the other arteries of the ankle.

In patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease diagnostics by Doppler-sonography at the toe arteries and by Doppler-pressure measurement at the ankle arteries is often difficult and sometimes impossible. Using the first dorsal metatarsal artery for Doppler-waveform analysis yields exact information on haemodynamically relevant circulatory disturbances. Painful ulcers, gangrene, oedemata, mediasclerosis, burns, plaster casts, posttraumatic or postoperative conditions prevent the application of cuffs at the lower leg or foot. This Doppler-waveform analysis evidently represents the degree and the specialties of a disturbed blood circulation and allows an additional assessment of the vessels distal from the ankle arteries and enables a functional test on the anastomosis of the artery tibialis posterior and the artery dorsalis pedis. Functional and pharmacological influences on the tone of the vessels can be shown. The typical diagnostic features of Doppler-wave-form analysis used at the proximal measuring points are also valid at the dorsal metatarsal artery. The results of own comparative investigations in 69 patients and 44 healthy test persons are demonstrated.

Detection of complete inferior vena cava thrombosis is relatively simple because of the clinical symptoms and the pathological results of cw Doppler sonography in the region of the common femoral vein. Drainage volume detectable by means of venous occlusion plethysmography is considerably reduced during the acute phase, but normalizes with increasing degree of collateralization. In case of incomplete inferior vena cava thrombosis clinical signs, cw. Doppler sonography and venous occlusion plethysmography are not very relevant. Therefore, imaging technique is additionally required. Basing on a case report, the article demonstrates that ultrasound-B-method and echocardiography, or preferable endoechocardiography, may contribute to a more reliable diagnosis. Cavography is still the gold standard if invasive therapy is planned.

Data from a joint research project between the University of Trier and the Humboldt University Berlin of personality dimensions were compared and analyzed. Since Germany was separated for forty years, studies of the general population are necessary in order to yield possible cultural differences. In the present comparison we analyzed personality constructs like anxiety, curiosity, anger and anger expression as well as variables of objective personality tests. The sample from the former western German states contained N = 109 persons. As a basis for comparison, we selected a parallized matched sample (n = 109) from the new eastern German states out of a larger sample (N = 586). The main results were as follows: (1) reliability (consistency) and factor structure of the measures are similar for both samples. This equivalency is the formal prerequisite for a comparison. (2) There are substantial differential effects between eastern and western samples. Wellness as well as emotionality also show different results considerable with regard to age and sex.

Microcirculatory disturbances are important complications in hypertension, arterial occlusive disease (PAVK) and diabetic angiopathies. The special haemorrheological diagnostics for the judgment of the terminal vascular bed tended to the comprehension of the haemorheological risk. Due to the increase of the aggregation of erythrocytes and viscosity of the plasma in peripheral arterial occlusive disease and diabetic angiopathies this risk proved to be distinctly increased, in diabetes mellitus without vascular complications and essential arterial hypertension it proved less distinctly increased. In hypertension the application of diuretic drugs should be done more critically and more controlled, in order to avoid conditions of hyperviscosity with their sequels for the microcirculation. The internal therapy in PAVK and diabetic angiopathies must include the amelioration of the disturbed blood fluidity.

On 29 test persons after clinical angiological and cw-Doppler-sonographic exclusion of an obstruction of the deep veins and an arterial occlusive disease on the upper extremities the capacity of the veins and the drainage volume were determined by means of the venous-occlusion plethysmography. The angiological measuring places Compactus 540 and Periquant 3800, respectively, of the firm Gutmann (group 1) and the 2-channel occlusion plethysmography of the former nationally owned measuring device factory Ballenstedt (VEB Messgerätewerk Ballenstedt) (group 2) were at our disposal. Apart from the obsolute values of the capacity of the veins and of drainage volume on account of the large interindividual dispersions the quotients were determined in the comparison of sides. In the two groups the drainage volume showed significantly larger values on the right arm than on the left one. In group 2 the measuring of the capacity of the veins and the drainage volume resulted in essentially larger values than in group 1. In contrast to the absolute values the quotients of the measuring values did not show any significant differences between the two groups so that it seems that these are better suitable of the judgment of the venous obstruction behaviour.

With an average frequency of more than 10% the former GDR is an endemic area of struma with an iodine insufficiency of second to third degree. After an effort for many years we succeeded in introducing the gradual prophylaxis with iodine preparations with the help of the action of an interdisciplinary iodine commission. After an initial addition of 25 mg of potassium iodide to the kilogram kitchen salt beginning with 1986 an iodination with 32 mg KJO3/kg was established for circa 85% of the so-called packet articles. At the same time an iodination of the mineral mixtures for the animal feed was performed. From the supplementation altogether resulted a daily iodine uptake of about 135 microgram. Apart from a reduction of strumata of newborn to lower than 1% further provable effects of the supplementation of iodine developed. Among others the losses of animals could be diminished and the production of meat and milk could be improved. In the animal production the annual losses in a value of more than 180 million GDR mark were eliminated. As the only side-effect foreseen an increase of the hyperthyroidisms by a factor between 2 and 3 appeared. It concerned both immunogenic and autonomy-caused overfunctions and is to be compared to the success of iodination known from other countries, egg. Tasmania. The cases of hyperthyroidism are transitory, in the course moderate and concern only already preformed, so-called latent form.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In 35 patients with healthy vessels, 52 patients with vasospasm and 42 patients with stenoses or obliteration of the finger arteries with the help of the Parks-ultrasound-Doppler device model 806-A and a finger cuff of the size of 3.5 X 5 cm the systolic pressure of the finger arteries was measured before and after the administration of glycerol trinitrate. Since in test persons with healthy vessels no significant differences of the radial and ulnar volar finger artery, of the single fingers of one hand or in the comparison of the sides of the two hands was found, a concentration could be done. The relative and absolute increase of the pressure of the finger artery under glycerol trinitrate was most conspicuous in patients with vasospasm. No essential changes, as we expected, occurred in patients with organic disturbances of the arterial blood supply. Under variation of the lower limits of the norm of the pressure of the finger arteries the high values of the sensitivity, specificity and efficiency which are characteristic for the ultrasound-Doppler pressure measurement, lying over 0.90 particularly after pharmacologic vasodilation.

For the clarification of the genesis of a unilateral dropsy of the legs which had appeared in 16 women after operative and radiologic therapy of a carcinoma of the cervix apparative angiological functional investigations were carried out. A slightly diminished plethysmographic drainage volume in a Doppler-sonographically unhandicapped deep venous flow off corresponded to the clinical picture of the secondary lymphatic oedema. The findings were compared with the behaviour of the parameters in thrombosis of the iliofemoral vein and test persons with healthy vessels. Only in two cases a venous component in form of a stenosis of the pelvic veins and a postthrombotic syndrome, respectively, could be objectified. Since the methodology renders possible a differentiation of lymphatic oedema and phleboedema, it is suitable for non-invasive controls of the course and has practical significance in the after-care of female patients with carcinoma of the cervix.

In order to prove inhibitions of the arterial system in the region of the lower extremities and for the judgement of their haemodynamic efficacy Doppler-sonographic measurements of the systolic pressure in patients in the asymptomatic stage I after Fontaine were performed. With regard to the early recognition and judgment of the function the behaviour of the peripheral blood pressure concerning the standardized work of the muscles of the arterial ischaemia, measured at size and duration of the induced decrease of pressure, proved to be particularly evident. Diagnostic informations going beyond the examination under conditions of rest could be brought so that the functional test is particularly suitable for the recognition of early clinical stages the arterial obturation disease in the region of the extremities.

The percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is regarded as valuable enrichment of the therapeutical possibilities in peripheral arterial obstructive disease. Frequently by its application an arterial dilatation of the lumen and thus a local improvement of the blood supply can be achieved. As was shown by our measurements the haemodynamic factors and the quality of the prophylaxis of recidivations by medicaments have a decisive influence on the early results. Apart from clinical and X-ray morphological findings also oscillographic, Doppler-sonographic, plethysmographic and ergometric parameters are used for indication. In the same way angiological examinations of the function were performed within the further control of course and therapy. Changes of the peripheral haemodynamics could be particularly well read at the behaviour of the systolic pressure gradients and indices. When the technical and apparative prerequisites for the performance of the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are given, the close interdisciplinary cooperation between radiologists and angiologists is important for achievement of optimum results of the treatment.

In order to study the spontaneous rhythmics of the peripheral blood supply under diabetic metabolic onditions with the help of venous occlusion plethysmography quantitative measurings were carried out in 20 long-term diabetics treated with insulin and in an adequate control group with healthy metabolism. The results were significant differences of the sizes of blood flow in rest as well as in the behaviour of the amplitudes and in the course of time of the spontaneous rhythmical varieties of the blood supply. Influences of age and duration of diabetes could not be proved on the basis of the number of patients. As to their evidence the findings are discussed with regard to the pathogenesis and early recognition of the diabetic neuro- and angiopathy.

Diseases of the terminal vascular system are of particular diagnostic and differential-diagnostic importance in clinical angiology. While in the functional microangiopathies of the skin as a rule disturbances of the vasomotor function without an essential value of the disease are concerned, secondary organic changes of the wall of the vessel not infrequently determine the course and the prognosis of the basic disease (rheumatoid arthritis, collagenoses, hypertension and diabetes). Vasomotor trophic disturbances are observed also post-traumatically, post-operatively, after exposition to cold, in a lesion of the central nervous system and vertebra nerve irritations. For the allergic hyperergic vasculitides, which show an extraordinary polymorphism in the clinical picture in characteristic histological findings, an auto-immune pathogenesis is to be supposed. The chronic arterial hypertension leads to arteriolosclerosis and necrosis with adequate organic symptoms. In the diabetic microangiopathy we may demarcate functional pre-stages from irreversible structural changes of the vessels, in which case apart from the peripheral microangiopathy of the skin the retinopathy and nephropathy are to be classified as particularly important clinical manifestations.

The clarification of non-arteriosclerotic inflammatory vascular diseases is based on angiological, angiographical, immunological and immunohistological methods and parameters. As causes of the arterial occlusive disease of younger patients are taken into consideration the obliterating endangiitis and Takayasu's aortoarteriitis. To the clinical manifestations of the giant cell arteriitis belong the temporal arteriitis and the rheumatic polymyalgia. Hypersensitivity and panangiitides are to be delimited from the group of the pathergic granulomatoses. The secondary Raynaud's syndrome on the basis of a digital arteriitis is of differential-diagnostic and prognostic importance in collagenoses and rheumatoid arthritis.

In 23 patients with arterial obstructive disease of type of femoropopliteal localization (stage I and II after Fontaine) comparative oscillographic and doppler-sonographic examinations were performed in rest and after standardized dynamic muscle work. Depending upon the haemodynamic importance of the present obstructions of the arterial system after load a significant increase of the systolic pressure gradient could be proved with decrease of the oscillometric indices. The determination of haemodynamic parameters after ergometric load serves to the objective judgment of the function in vascularly conditioned claudication and it is, moreover, important for the recognition of early changes (asymptomatic stage I). Load tests are indicated always in such cases when the findings under conditions of rest do not allow an unequivocal judgment or discrepancies between subjective functional capacity and ischaemically conditioned restriction of the function are to be supposed.

Arteriopathies of the upper half of the body may lead to considerable functional disturbances of the arm and severe deficits on the part of the central nervous system. Due to good comparison they scarcely cause or do not cause any complaints in a no unconsiderable part. The clinical material consisting of 4,162 patients from five annual courses had in 9.2% occlusion and stenoses localized in the supraaortic and brachial region. The in most cases systemic angiopathy here explains the frequently combined appearance with arterial processes in the pelvic and the leg region. According to the height of the occlusion we clinically differ types of carotis, shoulder girdle, upper arm and peripheral-acral obliteration, which in each case show differences concerning frequency, age of manifestation, etiology, distribution of sex and clinical degree of severity. The angiological basic diagnostics is based on the inspection, palpation of the arteries, auscultation of the vessels, bilateral measuring of the blood pressure after Riva-Rocci and functional examinations, such as fist closure test and Allen test, as well as clinical proofs or exclusions of neurovascular syndromes of the shoulder girdle. The special apparative angiological methods comprise the oscillo-, rheo- and vein occlusion plethysmography, the Doppler ultrasound technique, estimations of the ophthalmic pressure, isotopic methods and angiographic exploration. --The individual angiological examination methods are of different importance according to the height localisation of the angioorganopathy. --The incomplete syndrome of the aortic arch is taken into consideration. In short the author adopts a definite attitude to the demands of therapy.

On 95 patients functional rheographic investigations and pressure measurements of the arteries of the big toes were carried out before and after the administration of glycerol trinitrate. Using the nitrate-induced decrease of the tone of the vessels persons with healthy vessels could more certainly be differed from patients with organic arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities stage I and IIa. Despite the administration of glycerol trinitrate the rheography, however, does not reach the extraordinarily high reliability of the ultrasound-Doppler-pressure measurement in the early diagnosis of the arterial occlusive disease.

In 61 patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease (stages I and II after Fontaine) oscillographic, haemodynamic and ergometric functional examinations were performed. The pedal-ergometric charge maximum correlated with haemodynamic parameters. Informations were obtained which transgressed the exclusive pressure and flow measurement, for which reason the pedal ergometry is particularly suitable for the judgement of the function and control of therapy in arterial obstructive disease.

On the basis of two observations of courses is demonstrated that not in the least only hypercoagulability and retardation of the movement of the blood but also contusions of the femoral and hip region by fall and thrown which first of all appear as harmless may become the starting-point for alterations of the venous wall with extended thromboses of the veins of leg and pelvis under inclusion of the infrarenal section of the lower vena cava with a distinct picture of the postthrombotic condition of the lower extremities and a threatening embolism of the lungs. The author deal with expert's problems of the restriction of the function conditioned by accident. For the collateral venous circulation in the thrombosis of the vena cava inferior several accessory ways are at disposal of which the superficial collateral veins of the abdominal wall have diagnostically a high valency, haemodynamically they are, however, only of little importance. In partial thrombosis in the region of the lower vena cava clinically evident collateral circulations may stay away due to good possibilities of compensation as it is proved at a postoperative complication of thrombosis by oligosymptomatology.

23 patients were examined who in the ultrasound-Doppler-pressure measurement were evident by too large peripheral systolic measuring values. On the X-ray pictures of the soft tissues of these patients more or less expressed linear and longitudinal calcifications of the vascular wall in the sense of a Mönckeberg sclerosis of the media were to be proved. Though these changes of the arteries which are to be established in most cases in diabetics of older age do not cause, as a rule, any disturbances of the peripheral blood supply, they are of clinical interest, since they falsify the results of indirect measurements of the pressure (pseudohypertension). An arterial obstructive disease which is simultaneously present may possibly been overseen and the false diagnosis of a therapy-resistant arterial hypertension may be made.

The pedal ergometry is a reliable method for testing the functional capacity of patients with organic arterial obstructive diseases of the lower extremities. In order to lower the loss of time for evaluation pedal work and performance were calculated by means of a microcomputer KC 85/1 with the help of a basic programme using Hall switch circuits. The connection between working ability of the pedal, type of obstruction and pressure values of the posterior tibial artery is documented in the light of the measuring results of 61 patients with arterial obstructive disease of the lower extremities and of 32 test persons with healthy vessels.

The 'Berliner Verfahren zur Neurosendiagnostik' (BVND-SB) contains scales for complaints and personality traits and can be used for diagnostical and differential diagnostical classification of neuroses. Its structure is related to symptoms, which is compared with a syndrome orientated construction strategy. The factorially validated scales were mentioned. They can be used for description of symptomatology. A diagnostical screening contains 3 scales. The single-scales allow a description of syndromes based on profiles at the same symptom-area. The BVND-SB can be used as an economic instrument for diagnostical purposes.

In indirect measurements of the blood pressure with the help of the ultrasound-Doppler-method important influence factors and sources of errors are to be taken into consideration. In order to estimate the importance of restricted vascular compressibility, changed tissue conditions and different position of the body, pressure measurements in patients with arterial obstructive disease and in test persons with healthy vessels were performed. The mediasclerosis leads to an extensive rigidity of the arterial wall so that falsely high measuring values could be established which were lying significantly above the intravasal pressure. For examination in the femoral region of a cuff of the standard breadth in relation to the volume of the extremity is too narrow to guarantee a lossless transmission of the pressure on the artery. After passive change of the position also in the poststenotic region significant changes of the pressure can be proved. As is shown by the results the desired diagnostic evidence with the help of the Doppler pressure is to be got only in such a case, when relevant influence factors are considered and the measurement is performed under standardized conditions.

The broadly subdivided symptomatology of disturbances of the secondary acral blood supply, in which Raynaud's syndrome with its variants occupies a preferred position, demands solid basic knowledge of the physician, since triggering function or supporting permanent disturbance belong to a great number of basic diseases or primary disturbing factors. Thus the practicing physician has to do with comprehensive differential-diagnostic considerations with the aim of the correct recognition of the primary basic disease or noxa for the purpose of consequent induction of therapy. Angiological basis examinations, simple functional tests, a fundamental general physical examination, X-ray pictures granted for necessary and ECG-records as well as chemical laboratory findings alleviate the finding of the diagnosis like an exactly got anamnesis. In this therapeutic management subspecialists have then certainly only for a smaller part the task of further diagnostic clarification and therapeutic advice.

For the purpose of testing extracardial haemodynamic effects of the calcium antagonist nifedipine (corinfar) in 15 patients with arterial obstructive disease and in a control group plethysmographic and doppler-sonographic measurements before and after oral application of the substance were performed. In these cases after the application of nifedipine a significant increase of the blood flow in the crural region developed. At the same time a slight decrease of the systolic pressure could be established at the upper and lower extremity. In patients with arterial obstructive disease these haemodynamic reactions had a less significant result. They correspond to an arterial vasodilatation with decrease of the peripheral resistance and simultaneously they explain a part of the antianginous effect of the calcium antagonist. The increase of the blood flow which is to be objectified after the application of nifedipine also in poststenotic areas might be of clinical importance particularly in the combined occurrence of atherosclerotically conditioned disturbances of the blood supply of the coronary and peripheral vascular system.

Haemorheological investigations in 73 male patients with chronic disturbances of the arterial blood supply of the lower extremities and 54 male non-insulin-requiring (type-II-) diabetics with and without micro- and macroangiopathy resulted in significant changes of the flow properties of the blood in contrast to 20 comparable clinically healthy males. In all groups of patients a clear increase of the aggregation of erythrocytes and the viscosity of plasma as well as a decrease of the deformability of erythrocytes were to be proved. The size of the deviations of all three parameters from the normal correlated with the degree of severity of the arterial obstructive disease and in diabetics with the occurrence of vascular complications (macroangiopathy, retinopathy) as well as with the situation of metabolism. The decreased fluidity of blood may lead to the development of further enlargement of disturbances of microcirculation. Therefore, haemorheological viewpoints should be included into the total diagnostic and therapeutic concept of the arterial obstructive disease and the diabetes mellitus.

In 37 test persons with healthy vessels and 103 patients with arterial obstructive disease the clinical findings of the pulse palpation were related to the results of the systolic Doppler pressure measurement in the region of the posterior tibial artery. The experience of the investigator, physical influences, local extravascular factors as well as parameters of the central haemodynamics proved to be significant. A palpation of the pulse was successful in peripheral systolic pressure values lying higher than 90 Torr, so that here a judgement of the function alone became possible with the help of the palpatory pressure measurement of the posterior tibial artery. Unfavourable local conditions, however, can be followed by negative tactile findings of the pulse also in higher pressure values.

Nitrates decrease the tonus of the smooth vascular musculature and cause a vasodilation also in the region of the peripheral arterial system. This was shown after sublingual administration of glycerol trinitrate in test persons with a healthy vessel and patients with arterial occlusive disease in stage II. A significant change of the poststenotic systolic pressure and the influence on the parameters of the rheographic volume pulse curve developed. The peripheral effects of nitrate are used in the angiological functional diagnostics. They are of importance for the medicamentous therapy of vasospastically and organically disturbances of the arterial blood supply.