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Aim: To study Swedish pediatric oncologists' practical and emotional experiences of referring, including and/or treating children in early-phase clinical trials. Methods: A nationwide study was conducted using a mixed-method approach. Structured interviews based on a study-specific questionnaire and participants' personal reflections were utilized. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while participants' comments were analyzed using thematic analysis. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Results: In total, 29 physicians with 4 to 32 years of experience in pediatric oncology participated, with 19 (66%) having > 10 years of experience. Three themes appeared: 1) Optimization-based approach focused on finding the most suitable treatment and care for every child with a refractory/relapsed cancer eligible for an early-phase clinical trial; 2) Team-based approach aimed at establishing local and national consensus in decision-making for treatment options, including early-phase clinical trials and palliative care; 3) Family-based approach in which the physicians provided families with actionable information, listened to their desires, and endeavored to maintain hope in challenging circumstances. Several participants (40% with ≤ 10 years of experience and 58% with > 10 years of experience) viewed the early-phase clinical trial as a potential "chance of cure". A majority (80%) of physicians with ≤ 10 years of experience, reported that they often or always felt personally and emotionally affected by communication regarding early-phase clinical trials. Delivering difficult news in cases of uncertain prognosis was identified as the major challenge. None of the study participants felt adequately prepared in terms of sufficient knowledge and experience regarding early-phase clinical trials. The physicians expressed a need for guidance and training in communication to address these challenges. Conclusions: Working with early-phase clin

Med en ökande tillväxt inom flygtrafikbranschen behöver de bakomliggande flygtrafikledningssystemen uppgraderas för att möta den växande komplexiteten i syfte att säkerställa en ordnad flygtrafik. Här anses det arkitekturella konceptet System Wide Information Management (SWIM) för distribuerade flygledningssystem vara lösningen för att bygga system som är lättare att underhålla och enklare kan kan samverka med varandra. År 2021 fastslog Europeiska unionen att samtliga operativa intressenter inom det aeronautiska informationsutbytet i EU skall tillhandahålla och kunna konsumera SWIM-tjänster och erbjöd då en uppsättning tjänstegränssnittsbindningar för intressenter att hävda foglighet med för att efterfölja de nya regleringarna. Bland dessa finner vi AMQP Messaging och WS Light som utiliserar AMQP respektive HTTP som meddelandeprotokoll. Tidigare forskning har visat att AMQP presterar bättre än HTTP inom de flesta områden, men denna studie undersöker om någon av de två lämpar sig bättre som meddelandeprotokoll för en europabaserad SWIM-implementation genom att analysera resultatet i en SWIM-kontext. Med hjälp av en komparativ analys och kvantitativ dataanalys jämförs de två meddelandeprotokollen i denna studie för att identifiera liknande och åtskiljande karaktärsdrag samt för att svara på om någon av de två lämpar sig bättre för ändamålet. De punkter protokollen jämförs på är struktur, overhead och effektivitet, interoperabilitet och kompabilitet, tillförlitlighet och feltolerans samt förekomster i Eurocontrols SWIM Registry. Studiens resultat visar att AMQP är den lämpligaste kandidaten av de två sett till implementationstrender och prestanda, men att det är bör göras en avvägning innan en intressent väljer vilket gränssnitt denne skall implementera., With an increasing growth within the aviation industry, the underlying air traffic control systems needs to be upgraded to meet the growing complexity for ensuring an organized air traffic. This is where the architectural concept System Wide Information Management (SWIM) for distributed air traffic control systems is believed to be the solution for building systems that are easier to maintain and can cooperate with ease. In the year 2021, the European Union decided that all operative stakeholders within the aeronautical information exchange in EU shall provide and be able to consume SWIM services, and provided a set of service interface bindings for stakeholders to claim conformance to in order to follow the new regulations. Among these we find AMQP Messaging and WS Light that utilizes AMQP and HTTP, respectively, as messaging protocols. Previous research has shown that AMQP performs better than HTTP in most areas, but this study analyses the result in a SWIM context to see if any of the two is a more suitable messaging protocol in a Europe based SWIM implementation. Through a comparative analysis and a quantitative data analysis the two messaging protocols are compared in this study to identify similar and distinctive characteristics to answer whether one of the two is a better candidate for the purpose. The protocols are compared on their structure, overhead and efficiency, interoperability and fault tolerance, and their occurances in Eurocontrol's SWIM Registry. The result of the study shows that AMQP is the more suitable candidate of the two, in regards to trends in current implementations as well as performance metrics, but a stakeholder should make a trade-off before choosing what service interface binding to implement.

Ice formation detection is important in telecommunications and aeronautics, e.g., ice on the wings of an aircraft affects its aerodynamic performance and leads to fatal accidents. While many types of sensors exist, resistive sensors for ice detection have been poorly explored. They are however attractive because of their simplicity and the possibility to install an array of sensors on large areas to map the ice formation on wings. Hygroscopic ionic conductors have been demonstrated for resistive ice sensing but their high resistance prevents the readout of sensor arrays. In this work, mixed ionic-electronic polymer conductors (MIEC) are considered for the first time for ice detection. The polymer blend poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is solution deposited on a pair of electrodes. The sensor displays an abrupt rise in electrical resistance during the transition phase between water liquid to solid. It is proposed that the morphology and electronic transport in PEDOT are affected by the freezing event because the absorbed water in the PSS-rich phase undergoes dilatation upon forming ice crystals. For the aeronautics application, successful tests of integration of sensing layer in pre-preg layers of aeronautical grade and freezing detection are carried out to validate the ice detection principle., Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [VR 2016-05990, 2016-06146, 2018-04037]; Advanced Functional Materials Center at Linkoping University [2009-00971]

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur förskollärare arbetar språkstödjande genom interaktion och artefakter. Syftet grundar sig i den förändrade förskolan med fler barn i behov av språkstöd samt den nya läroplanen (skolverket 2018) som inkluderar ordet utbildning. Ett av läroplanens mål är att barn i förskolan ska utmanas i sin utveckling av språk och kommunikation. Förskolan vilar även på en värdegrund (skolverket 2018) som beskriver att barn som är i behov av stöd samt barn med annat modermål ska få stöttning i sin språkutveckling oavsett om det handlar om modersmålet eller svenska språket. Studien är genomförd med hjälp av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer och deltagarna är fem förskollärare från fyra olika förskolor i samma kommun. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälo av tre begrepp ur det sociokuturella perspektivet, den proximala utvecklingszonen, scaffolding och mediering. Resultatet visar att samtliga förskollärare arbetar språkstödjande i förskolans kontext. Vissa av informanterna arbetar med barn som är i behov av det och vissar arbetar inkluderande med alla barn. Samtliga förskollärare betonar dock vikten av att arbeta språkstödjande. Metoderna som framkom i resultatet är tecken som stöd (TAKK), bildstöd, interaktion, kommunikation, konkreta föremål samt barnböcker. Vidare visar resultatet på en variation i hur förskollärarna använder dessa metoder i förskolans kontext.

Aim To explore Swedish healthcare professionals (HCPs) clinical experiences of the informed consent process (ICP) and to compare experiences between the professions. Methods In this nationwide study six paediatric oncologists (POs) and eight research nurses (ReNs) from all Swedish paediatric oncology centres were interviewed. The material was analysed using Grounded theory, a qualitative constant comparative method. Results The participants main concern was how to fulfil research obligations without putting too much strain on a family in acute crisis, which led to the core category of balancing values and obligations of both healthcare and research. To handle the challenges the participants struggled to safeguard the families from psychological harm, tried to adjust to the families, and gradually introduced research while building trust. The conceptual model developed in the study highlights potential consequences of this balancing act with a risk of diminishing the familys autonomy through HCPs acting authoritatively (in particular POs) or with overprotection (in particular ReNs). Conclusion Paediatric oncology is a research integrated healthcare environment. The HCPs need personal, professional and institutional support regarding ICP-related ethical issues, decisions and implications in this intertwined context. Furthermore, HCPs need to be aware of the potential long-term risk of developing professional moral distress., Funding Agencies|Swedish Childhood Cancer Fund [TJ2017-0068]

Graphitic materials exhibit significant anisotropy due to the difference in conductivity in a single layer and between adjacent layers. This anisotropy is manifested on epitaxial graphene (EG), which can be manipulated on the nanoscale in order to provide tailor-made properties. Insertion of defects into the EG lattice was utilized here for controllable surface modification with a model biocatalyst and the properties were quantified by both electrochemical and optical methods. A comparative evaluation of the electrode reaction kinetics on the enzyme-modified 2D material vs conventional carbon electrode materials revealed a significant enhancement of mediated bioelectrocatalysis at the nanoscale., De två första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet.

Semiconducting polymers are promising materials for manufacturing optoelectronic devices, such as large-area solar cells or small light-emitting diodes, through the use of printing technologies. In their oxidized form, pi-conjugated polymers become good electrical conductors and their optical absorption shifts to the infrared region. It is demonstrated that conducting polymers can be integrated in bolometers for IR detection. A bolometer is a thermally isolated thin device that absorbs IR radiation and translates a temperature change into a change in electrical resistance. While commercial bolometers are usually made of complex architectures comprising several materials (that is, an IR absorbing layer, a conducting layer, and a thermally insulating layer), the first polymer bolometer is demonstrated with a freestanding layer of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) having high IR absorption, low thermal conductivity, and good thermistor action in one single layer. The solution processability of conducting polymers, their compatibility with high-resolution printing technologies, and their unique combination of optoelectronic properties can lead to a breakthrough for low-cost uncooled IR cameras, which are in high demand for security and safety applications., Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Tail of the Sun); Swedish Energy Agency; Swedish Research Council; AForsk; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009 00971]; U.S. National Science Foundation [DMR-1262261]

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been reported as a successful functional material in a broad variety of applications. One of the most important advantages of PEDOT:PSS is its water-solubility, which enables simple and environmental friendly manufacturing processes. Unfortunately, this also implies that pristine PEDOT:PSS films are unsuitable for applications in aqueous environments. To reach stability in polar solvents, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) is typically used to cross-link PEDOT:PSS. Although this strategy is widely used, its mechanism and effect on PEDOT:PSS performance have not been articulated yet. Here, we present a broad study that provides a better understanding of the effect of GOPS on the electrical and electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS. We show that the GOPS reacts with the sulfonic acid group of the excess PSS, causing a change in the PEDOT:PSS film morphology, while the oxidation level of PEDOT remains unaffected. This is at the origin of the observed conductivity changes. (c) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Anodization of a graphene monolayer on silicon carbide was monitored with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Structural and functional changes of the material were observed by Raman spectroscopy and voltammetry. A 21 fold increase of the specific capacitance of graphene was observed during the anodization. An electrochemical kinetic study of the Fe(CN)(6)(3) (/4) redox couple showed a slow irreversible redox process at the pristine graphene, but after anodization the reaction rate increased by several orders of magnitude. On the other hand, the Ru(NH3) (3+/2+)(6) redox couple proved to be insensitive to the activation process. The results of the electron transfer kinetics correlate well with capacitance measurements. The Raman mapping results suggest that the increased specific capacitance of the anodized sample is likely due to a substantial increase of electron doping, induced by defect formation, in the monolayer upon anodization. The doping concentration increased from less than 1 x 10(13) of the pristine graphene to 4-8 x 10(13) of the anodized graphene. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Graphene as a nanomaterial consisting of a single layer sheets of atoms of carbon in hexagonal arrangement is making a significant impact in variety of technologies such as energy storage and chemical analysis. The significant attention paid to this thinnest nanomaterial resulted in thousands of patent applications is due to its staggering properties. Due to the planar conjugation of the sp2bonds in graphene, two-dimensional electrical conduction is highly efficient. On the contrary, the efficiency of electron exchange at the out-of-plane of the graphene sheet is small. The significant difference of the densities of electronic states at in-plane and out-of-plane of graphene sheet determines two distinct structural contributions (basal and edge plane respectively) to the behavior of all graphitic materials yielding the chemical and electrochemical anisotropy. Being the simplest building block of graphitic materials, graphene offers the possibility to study the behavior on the simplest level of structural organization. However, the major effort of the recent electrochemical studies of graphene were done using a bulk materials based on graphene flakes possessing the domination of edges of high reactivity. The planar orientation of graphene sheets with controllable exposure of basal plane is achievable via the growth by chemical vapor deposition or by epitaxial flash annealing on crystalline structures of silicon carbide. The slow growth of graphene onto crystalline support during annealing in the inert atmosphere results in a development of a high quality graphene monolayer attached to the solid insulating support. The creation of sp3-type reactive defects on the basal plane of graphite can be achieved by anodization at high anodic potentials. We developed the procedure for the real-time monitoring of epitaxial graphene anodization. The changes of electrochemical properties of graphene monolayer with anodization have been comparatively investigated by electrochemical m

Kina är det enda utvecklingslandet som har permanent medlemskap i FN:s säkerhetsråd och det gör att man i framtiden kan förvänta sig ett ökat agerande och inflytande av Kina i internationella säkerhetsfrågor. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera om Kinas syn på säkerhet har förändrats under 2000-talets början, i avsikt att utröna vilka säkerhetsfrågor som kan förväntas bli aktuella i framtiden. Undersökningsmetoden är en kvalitativ textanalys av Kinas vitböcker "China’s National Defense" där de säkerhetshot som Kina uttrycker identifieras utifrån realismens och liberalismens teorier om säkerhet. Resultatet av analysen visar att Kina har en grundläggande tankestruktur som ser på säkerhet utifrån ett realistiskt perspektiv. De största säkerhetshoten som uttrycks är hegemonism och ojämn militär makt därför att de tenderar att underminera suveränitet och territoriell integritet. Resultatet av analysen visar ingen förändring i den grundläggande tankestrukturen däremot förändras retoriken om hur man talar om säkerhetshoten.

Pesticide exposure has been suggested to increase the risk to develop Parkinson's disease (PD). The arylesterase paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is mainly expressed in the liver and hydrolyzes organophosphates such as pesticides. The polymorphism Leu54Met (rs854560) in PON1, impairing enzyme activity and leading to decreased PON1 expression levels, has been reported to be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). PON1 is part of a cluster on chromosome 7q21.3 together with PON2 and PON3. We investigated the occurrence of four additional polymorphisms in PON1 and two in PON2 in a Swedish PD case-control material. We found a significant association (p=0.007) with a PON1 promoter polymorphism, rs854571. The minor allele was more common among controls than PD cases which suggest a protective effect. This is strengthened by the fact that rs854571 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with another PON1 promoter polymorphism, rs854572, reported to increase PON1 gene expression. Our findings support the hypothesis that PON1 is involved in the etiology of PD and that higher PON1 levels are reducing the risk for PD., funding agencies|Swedish Research Council||Magnus Bergvall Foundation||Swedish Parkinson Foundation||Swedish Brain Foundation||Swedish Brain Power||Ake Wiberg Foundation||Karolinska Institutet Funds

Denna uppsats behandlar elevers attityder och förståelse för läxor, även lärares åsikter och motiveringar till läxor samt föräldrars inställning till deras barns läxor. Syftet är att få en insyn hur dagens sjätteklassare tänker kring ämnet läxor och om de verkligen förstår varför de får läxor av sina lärare. Uppsatsen tar även upp hur forskningen ser på läxors för- och nackdelar, vad läxor har för positiv respektive negativ påverkan på elevers utveckling och inlärning. En undersökning genomfördes i en mindre kommun i södra Sverige i form av elevintervjuer samt lärar- och föräldraenkäter. De tillfrågade elevernas inställning till läxor liknade varandras då de inte bara ser läxor som något negativt utan även en viktig del till en bra framtid.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, gymnasielärare i svenskämnet arbetar med läsning av skönlitterära texter som en källa till kunskap i undervisningen, samt vilka metoder som används under och efter litteraturläsning. Undersökningen grundar sig på teorier kring skönlitteraturens möjligheter att fungera som en kunskapskälla, och olika teorier kring vilka metoder som lämpligen kan användas i litteraturundervisningen. För att uppnå syftet genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med sju svensklärare på gymnasieskolor i en medelstor kommun i södra Sverige. Utifrån intervjumaterialet framkom det att lärarnas attityder till skönlitteratur som en kunskapskälla och deras bakomliggande tankar till undervisningens utformning sammanföll väl med de teorier som lyfts fram i uppsatsen. Enligt dessa teorier är det viktigt att elevers erfarenheter och åsikter inkluderas vid tolkning av skönlitterära texter och det viktiga är att lära genom skönlitteraturen snarare än om skönlitteraturen. De intervjuade lärarna använder metoder i sin litteraturundervisning som integrerar litteraturläsning med samtalande och skrivande.

Competition on the Swedish grocery retail market has increased profoundly, mainly as a result of foreign retailers entering the market. To keep up with this intensified competition, Swedish retailers need to lower their costs. In May 2004 ten new countries will become members of the EU. The majority of these countries are known for being labor-intensive states and in addition it is inexpensive for foreign companies to invest there. Furthermore, as these countries become members of the European Union, several trade barriers will disappear and it will be a lot less costly and time consuming for foreign companies to move their production to these regions or to use subcontractors in these countries. Also, as they become members of the EU, Sweden and these countries will no longer have diverging food laws and consequently a number of impediments will be eliminated. This also constitutes and incentive for Swedish retailers to import products from these countries.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera och analysera eventuella strategiförändringar för SJ AB vid övergången från affärsverk till aktiebolag. Vi ämnar undersöka i vilken utsträckning SJ använt sig av de fyra strategiska synsätt som vi definierar i teorikapitlet och vilken ansats som dominerat strategiarbetet innan respektive efter bolagiseringen. Vidare har vi för avsikt att ställa upp ett antal allmänna hypoteser som skulle kunna vara speciellt tillämpbara vid en bolagiseringsprocess.