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Las albuferas de Adra son uno de los humedales mejor conocidos a escala nacional en diversas disciplinas, no obstante, existe un gran vacío de información en lo que se refiere a la entomofauna Terrestre. Tratando de paliar esta situación, en febrero de 2017 se inició un muestreo de la artropodofauna en la vegetación circundante a las principales lagunas del complejo palustre, las albuferas Nueva y Honda. De las 114 especies identificadas hasta el momento (marzo de 2020), cabe destacar cuatro por constituir nuevas citas para la provincia de Almería. Se añade además el registro de una especie de interés, capturada en trampas de caída.

Las albuferas de Adra son uno de los humedales mejor conocidos a escala nacional en diversas disciplinas, no obstante, existe un gran vacío de información en lo que se refiere a la entomofauna Terrestre. Tratando de paliar esta situación, en febrero de 2017 se inició un muestreo de la artropodofauna en la vegetación circundante a las principales lagunas del complejo palustre, las albuferas Nueva y Honda. De las 114 especies identificadas hasta el momento (marzo de 2020), cabe destacar cuatro por constituir nuevas citas para la provincia de Almería. Se añade además el registro de una especie de interés, capturada en trampas de caída.

Forests in the Mediterranean region have been subject to environmental changes since time immemorial. The region’s geography and location has made it a conducive environment between biomes, resulting in significant biodiversity. Since the beginning of human history, forests have adapted to pressures caused by human development, resulting in a complex socio-ecological balance. These pressures, however,have never been more extreme than they are today. Global change, understood as the wide range of global forces resulting from human activity, is affecting the entire Mediterranean basin (Doblas-Miranda et al., 2017). The threats caused by global change pose particular risks to the principal characteristics of Mediterranean forests and forested habitats described in previous chapters: 1. Mediterranean forests and shrublands are highly sensitive to global atmospheric changes due to their proximity to arid regions; 2. a long history of land-use change may result in more frequent and intense fires, water scarcity and land degradation and; 3. a singular biota is linked to a higher vulnerability to global change-induced extinction. Moreover, the wide range of socioeconomic conditions and government policies that characterize the Mediterranean basin affect the intensity and dynamics of these threats.This chapter outlines the different threats to Mediterranean forest landscapes, structured according to indirect and direct causes of degradation. The anthropogenic origin of current global changes directly affecting Mediterranean forests is considered the underlying cause of degradation. Although in many cases these human forces have a global impact (such as greenhouse gas emissions caused by climate change), this chapter will consider their effect on the Mediterranean region in particular. This chapter will also consider the consequences of direct and indirect threats and the combination of both. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

El estudio de especies a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales permite explorar las respuestas potenciales de una misma población a escenarios climáticos diferentes. En este trabajo se ha analizado la regeneración de especies arbóreas en gradientes altitudinales con el objetivo de analizar su patrón altitudinal y determinar qué factores locales y climáticos están definiendo este proceso. Se estudiaron cinco de las especies dominantes de los bosques de la Península Ibérica, tres con una distribución boreal con poblaciones en el límite sur de su distribución (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus uncinata y Fagus sylvatica), y otras dos de distribución típicamente mediterránea (Quercus ilex y Pinus nigra). Para ello tomamos datos de densidad y crecimiento primario anual de juveniles y de diversas variables bióticas y abióticas en 306 parcelas agrupadas en 9 localidades. Los crecimientos de los juveniles más jóvenes (< 5 años) presentaron una tendencia común a disminuir al aumentar la altitud, patrón que desapareció con los juveniles de mayor edad. Además se detectó un patrón asimétrico en las tres especies de pino, apareciendo mayores abundancias de juveniles en la mitad superior de su rango altitudinal. En cuanto a los factores que determinan la presencia y abundancia de regeneración hubo gran disparidad entre las especies. Sin embargo, de manera generalizada, se observó un claro efecto directo del clima sobre la demografía y estado de los juveniles de las cinco especies, e importantes interacciones entre éstos y la vegetación herbácea y arbustiva (competencia/facilitación), interacciones a su vez moduladas por el clima

12 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, 73 references. We thank the Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, and the direction of the National Park, for permission to work in Sierra Nevada. We are especially grateful to Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A. (TRAGSA) for carrying out the experimental plantations. Jose M. Gómez, Sergio de Haro, Elena Baraza and Daniel García kindly helped with the field work. David Nesbitt looked over the English version of the manuscript., Question: Positive interactions are predicted to be common in communities developing under high physical stress or high herbivory pressure due to neighbour amelioration of limiting physical and consumer stresses, respectively. However, when both stress sources meet in the same community, the relative importance of the two facilitation mechanisms is poorly understood. We ask: What is the relative importance of abiotic vs. biotic mechanisms of facilitation of tree saplings by shrubs in Mediterranean mountain forests? Location: Sierra Nevada, SE Spain (1800-1850 m a.s.l.) Methods: Saplings of four tree taxa (Acer opalus ssp. granatense, Quercus ilex, Pinus nigra ssp. salzmanii and P. sylvestris var. nevadensis) were planted following a 2 × 2 factorial design: two levels of herbivory (control and ungulate exclusion) and two microhabitats (under shrubs and in open areas). Sapling survival and growth were monitored for five years. Results: Shrubs had positive effects on sapling survival both in control and ungulate excluded plots. This effect was species-specific, with shrubs increasing the survival of Acer opalus and Quercus ilex three and twofold, respectively, but having a minor effect on the Pinus species. Herbivory damage was also species-specific, being much higher for Acer opalus than for any other species. Shrubs did not protect saplings of any species against ungulates. Thus, all Acer saplings (the most damaged species) suffered herbivory outside the exclosures, which largely reduced sapling height. Conclusions: Protection from abiotic stress (summer drought and winter frost) was much more relevant than protection from biotic stress (herbivory). However, we propose that the final balance between the two mechanisms can be expected to vary strongly between sites, depending on the relative magnitude of the different sources of stress and the intrinsic traits (e.g. palatability) of the species interacting., This study was supported by a PFPU-MECD grant to L.G.A., the Andalusian government grant (PAI) rnm-220, and projects FEDER 1FD97-0743-CO3-02 and HETEROMED REN2002-04041-CO2-01/GLO from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (MCYT).

El concepto de población vertebra gran parte de las áreas en las que se divide la Biología, como son la genética, la ecología, todas aquellas clásicas que implican taxonomía (botánica, zoología, microbiología, etc.) o la más moderna biología de la conservación. También es importante su conocimiento para comprender e interpretar adecuadamente la evolución y sus implicaciones socioculturales en la historia de la humanidad. Además desempeña un papel básico en otras disciplinas como las Matemáticas o las Ciencias Sociales, con las cuales puede tener elementos comunes. Permite, por lo tanto, trabajar de forma interdisciplinar, ofreciendo al alumnado una visión integradora, algo poco usual dado el grado de especialización existente en los diferentes niveles educativos. Nuestro estudio pretende conocer la atención que se presta a este concepto en los libros de texto de Matemáticas y Ciencias Sociales y el tratamiento que se le da por el profesorado en las aulas, con el fin de proponer actuaciones que impliquen a las tres disciplinas en la mejora de su conocimiento., Population is a keystone concept for many areas of Biology, namely genetics, ecology, all those that imply taxonomy (as botanic, zoology, microbiology...) or the new one of conservation biology. Its knowledge is also important in order to adequately understand and realise the evolution and its social implications in human history. Furthermore, it plays a pivotal role in other disciplines as Mathematics or Social Sciences, with which can share some elements. So, this concept allows the interdisciplinary work, allowing to students a integrative view, which is unusual nowadays due to the increasing degree of specialization in the different educational levels. In this study, we gather information on the attention paid to the population concept in textbooks of mathematics and social sciences, as well as the treatment given by teachers, with the aim of provide ideas and activities implying the three disciplines, in order to improve the knowledge of this concept.

11 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, 75 references. We thank the Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, and the Direction of the National Park of Sierra Nevada for permission to field work, constant support and facilities. We are also especially grateful to Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A. (TRAGSA) for carrying out the experimental reforestation. We thank Sergio de Haro and several students for field assistance. David Nesbitt looked over the English version of the manuscript., After a millenarian history of overexploitation, most forests in the Mediterranean Basin have disappeared, leaving many degraded landscapes that have been recolonized by early successional shrub-dominated communities. Common reforestation techniques treat these shrubs as competitors against newly planted tree seedlings; thus shrubs are cleared before tree plantation. However, empirical studies and theory governing plant– plant interactions suggest that, in stress-prone Mediterranean environments, shrubs can have a net positive effect on recruitment of other species. Between 1997 and 2001, we carried out experimental reforestations in the Sierra Nevada Protected Area (southeast Spain) with the aim of comparing the survival and growth of seedlings planted in open areas (the current reforestation technique) with seedlings planted under the canopy of preexisting shrub species. Over 18 000 seedlings of 11 woody species were planted under 16 different nurse shrubs throughout a broad geographical area. We sought to explore variation in the sign and magnitude of interactions along spatial gradients defined by altitude and aspect. In the present work, we report the results of a meta-analysis conducted with seedling survival and growth data for the first summer following planting, the most critical period for reforestation success in Mediterranean areas. The facilitative effect was consistent in all environmental situations explored (grand mean effect size d1 5 0.89 for survival and 0.27 for growth). However, there were differences in the magnitude of the interaction, depending on the seedling species planted as well as the nurse shrub species involved. Additionally, nurse shrubs had a stronger facilitative effect on seedling survival and growth at low altitudes and sunny, drier slopes than at high altitudes or shady, wetter slopes. Facilitation in the dry years proved higher than in the one wet year. Our results show that pioneer shrubs facilitate the establishment of woody, late-successional Mediterranean species and thus can positively affect reforestation success in many different ecological settings., This study was supported by a PFPU-MECD grant to L. G. and PFPI-MCYT to E. B. and projects FEDER 1FD97-0743-CO3-02 and REN 2001- 4552-E from MCYT.

7 pages, 3 figures, 50 references. We thank the Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, for constant support and facilities. We are also especially grateful to the Direction of the National Park for permission to work in Sierra Nevada and to Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A. (TRAGSA) for carrying out the experimental reforestation. Daniel García kindly helped in the fieldwork, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments that improved the manuscript. David Nesbitt provided linguistic advice., Shrubs are commonly considered competitors of planted seedlings in reforestation programs. However, shrubs can facilitate the establishment of understory seedlings in environments that, like Mediterranean-type ecosystems, are characterized by harsh environmental conditions. In 1997, an experiment was set up in the Sierra Nevada mountains (SE Spain) to test the use of shrubs as nurse plants for an alternative reforestation technique. Two-year-old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra were planted in four microhabitats: 1) open interspaces without vegetation (which is the usual method employed in reforestation programs), 2) under individuals of the shrub Salvia lavandulifolia, 3) under the north side of spiny shrubs and 4) under the south side of spiny shrubs. Seedlings were also distributed in plots with and without access for ungulates in order to test the effect of herbivore damage. We report here the results of survival and growth after four growing seasons, a time span long enough to draw robust conclusions concerning the suitability of this technique. Pine survival was remarkably higher when planted under individuals of Salvia lavandulifolia as compared to open areas (2.6 times for P. sylvestris, 1.8 for P. nigra). The survival of both pine species was also higher when planted on the north side of spiny shrubs, while mortality on the south side was similar to that found in open areas. The reduction of solar radiation by the canopy of shrubs was likely the main factor determining shrub facilitation. The growth of the pines differed among years. However, growth was not inhibited when planted in association with shrubs as compared to open areas in any of the years. Herbivore damage was low, but was mostly concentrated in the leader shoot, exacerbating the deleterious effect of ungulate herbivores on pine growth. We conclude that the use of shrubs as nurse plants for reforestation is a viable technique to increase establishment success of reforestation in Mediterranean-type ecosystems, and might be similarly useful in other waterstressed environments. In addition, this technique offers the advantage of following natural succession, thus minimizing the impact in the community., This study was supported by a PFPI-MEC grant to J.C. and projects FEDER 1FD97-0743-CO3-02 and REN2001-4552-E of the Spanish MCYT to R.Z.

1 The geographical variation of seed production, predation and abortion was ana- lysed in Juniperus communis for 31 populations in seven distinct regions throughout the species’ distribution range in Europe, including both the northern and southern boundaries. 2 The number of seeds per cone and the number of filled seeds per cone varied sig- nificantly between geographical regions and among populations within regions. Populations from the Mediterranean mountains (south-east Spain) showed the highest values in the number of seeds per cone but the lowest values in the number of filled seeds per cone. 3 Losses due to predispersal seed predation varied significantly among populations within a region but not between regions, suggesting that predation incidence depends on local-scale factors. Seed abortion rates were higher in southern Iberian populations than in the other regions, and varied significantly among populations and regions. As a result of predation and abortion, seed production was lowest in the Iberian regions. 4 Seed abortion showed a significant quadratic relationship with latitude, with higher values of abortion at either end of the gradient, but particularly at the southern limit. 5 The production of filled seeds declined gradually towards both northern and southern distribution limits. In the Mediterranean mountains (southern limit), low seed production coincided with a marked limitation placed upon natural regenera- tion by summer drought, leading to a demographic bottleneck in populations. Although seed abortion levels were relatively high in the subarctic tundra (northern limit) populations, they were free from predispersal seed predators, suggesting that population viability here may be under less pressure.

Relación entre el uso del espacio del mito (Aeghitalos caudatus) y la disponibilidad de artrópodos durante el periodo primavera-verano, Hábitos frugívoros de la corzuela parda (Mazama gouazoubira, Ficher, 1814) (Mammalia: Cervidae), en un ambiente secundario de yungas, Comparación entre varias técnicas de estimación de la edad en zorros, Vulpes vulpes, de Doñana (sur de la Península Ibérica), Características morfológicas de los corzos (Capreolus capreolus) de las sierras de Cádiz-Málaga., Etograma y relación de la conducta con el hábitat y con la edad en el ñandú (Rhea americana), Variación estacional del área de campeo de Oxymycterus rufus (Rodentia: Cricetidae), en el delta del rio Paraná, Argentina, Tracking of a female american mink (Mustela vison, Schreber, 1777) in NE Spain., Nidificación de láridos en la provincia de Almeria (SE Ibérico), Expansión del área de distribución de Microtus arvalis asturianus Miller, 1908 (Rodentia, Arvicolidae) en la meseta norte (España), Diet of the thekla lark, Galerida theklae, in a shrubsteppe of southeastern Spain, Alimentación de la lechuza campestre (Asio flammeus) en la submeseta norte (España), durante el periodo reproductor, Uso de cajas anidaderas por lirones grises (Glis glis) y ratones leonados (Apodemus flavicollis) en el norte de la Península Ibérica., Theoretical flight ranges of waders resting in the Ebro Delta during autumn migration