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The relationship between uncertainty and risk--taking behaviour towards innovations and Common Market protection are investigated in this article. Therefore, the aim of this article is to assess points of control over market regulation protecting innovative products. It was found that risk of creative destruction due to implementation of innovations is increased by regulators due to antimonopoly metric they use. EU fiscal policy implementation in renewable fuels in Czech Republic of both EU and CZ calculations is compared. Historical data has shown that regulators have collapsed market of high condensed biofuels. Pattern of fine calculation has explained a market collapse. Comparison of excise duty of favoured biofuels was compared with subsidies for photovoltaics. Substitution of former fossil fuels taking into account excise duty and subsidies of alternative or renewable energies is less market distorting than recent tariffs of excise duty and fines to first generation biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel quality is affected predominantly during its transport between producer and user as hired transporting companies may use one transport vehicle for more different fuels. Therefore, gasoline from previous transport may cause contamination of diesel fuel in next transport. Many drivers add gasoline as additive to diesel fuel to improve start of engine avoiding difficulties of cold winter temperatures. Therefore, the objective of this article is to assess maximum gasoline content added still compliant with default values of standard EN590 and values certified by producer. Only 2% maximal gasoline content in arctic diesel fuel was found safe for both machine and operator. Distillation curve, kinematic viscosity, density, lubricity and cetane index were influenced unimportantly. Cloud point, CFPP were not changed at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union tries to reduce carbon dioxide production and reduce fossil fuel consumption. One way to achieve this goal is adding biofuels to regular motor fuels. Biofuels also decrease the production of other harmful substances. This paper evaluates the identification of n-butanol and isobutanol in diesel fuel. The application of n-butanol to diesel fuel is currently being considered. Alcohols blended into diesel fuel have been shown to have a positive impact on solid particle production, smoke emission, etc. Bioethanol and biobutanol can be easily produced from waste products as second-generation biofuels. The experimental part of the paper focuses on the identification of n-butanol and isobutanol in diesel fuel, as it has been previously used for detecting bioethanol additions in diesel fuel. Test samples with the following composition were prepared: 10% of ethanol in diesel fuel; 5%, 10%, 20% of n-butanol in diesel fuel; 5% of n-butanol and 5% of isobutanol in diesel fuel; 10% of n-butanol and 10% of isobutanol in diesel fuel. This paper deals with the use of gas chromatography (GC) in the evaluation of motor fuels. GC analysis can provide a sort of a fuel 'fingerprint' that shows the approximate distillation profile and can reveal the presence of other foreign fractions. Regular evaluation procedures using gas chromatography for the determination of a diesel fuel's quality unfortunately do not exist at the moment. As it is shown, GC could provide very valuable information in fuel quality assessment, making it the method of choice for this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main arguments for the use of biofuels is environmental reason. Biofuels release significantly lower quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG) during the combustion opposed to conventional fossil fuels. Fatty acid methyl esters are commercially blended with diesel and bioethanol with gasoline. Biobutanol and bioethanol are using the same sources. Biobutanol can be used as a biofuel in internal combustion engines in the same manner as bioethanol. Application of biobutanol in diesel is rather marginal, but is definitely preferable in diesel engines in comparison with bioethanol. There are plenty of options to use biobutanol in diesel engines. The simplest are blends with diesel. Number of parameters can used to compare biobutanol with standard diesel. Fuel parameters are changing with the amount of butanol added. Maximum amount of butanol in diesel in order to prevent negative effects was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is important for expanding the possibilities for using bioethanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Small displacement two-stroke engines are widely used as power sources for manual power units. By using bioethanol as a fuel for two-stroke engines, we significantly decrease the risk to human health. The main problems entailed with using bioethanol include achieving the required lubrication properties, more precisely, the poor mixing or immiscibility of ethanol and oil. In the course of the research, a breakthrough was achieved in solving the problem in order to produce a fuel mixture for two-stroke internal combustion engines. Results covered include the effect of the fuel mixture on the functioning surfaces of an engine, but also the composition of the exhaust emissions. The aim of the investigation is to examine the effect of bioethanol fuel on the details and fuel system of a two-stroke engine. Test fuels are gasoline E 95 and bioethanol (96.3%), mixed by two-stroke engine oil. The mixture of bioethanol and oil shows the best results in the test of the friction force. That means wearing is not problematic but the problem is corrosion and CO emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol and fatty acid methyl esters are a regular part of the production of gasoline and diesel fuels, although in limited quantities. Introduction of bioethanol as part of automobile gasoline was associated with high production costs, technical and logistical problems. This article analyses changes of distillation curve of biobutanol and isobutanol as an alternative to bioethanol. Added alcohol to gasoline causes reduction of boiling point due to the formation of azeotrope. This phenomena of distillation curve are called Plato effect. Therefore, ethers (MTBE and ETBE) are added to fuel to affect the most central part of distillation curve. Especially, to decrease the distillation temperature oppose to gasoline without oxygenates of wide range of distilled volume. This article replaces simple universal models predicting properties of alcohol-gasoline mixtures. It was found that mixture of ETBE with bioethanol in gasoline the distillation curve summarise its effects. Butanol and MTBE influence distillation curve of gasoline only in values of its boiling points. Therefore, butanol is mixable with all listed fuel components without any additional addaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Original hydrocarbon composition, volatility, compatibility with materials, calorific value and stability of the mixture in the presence of water are monitored usually. This paper deals with the stability of gasoline-biobutanol and gasoline-bioethanol mixtures in the presence of water. Biobutanol is better biofuel than bioethanol using the same raw materials. Different contents of alcohol and oxygenated cosolvents are evaluated. Experimental analysis are focused on the water solubility and phase stability. Solubility in water of butanol and ethanol mixtures is very similar. Butanol-gasoline mixture provides better phase stability upon contact with water or atmospheric moisture oppose to ethanol mixtures. Butanol also does not enter to the aqueous layer and fuel properties remain in phase separation preserved. Further, it was found that crystals occur at low temperatures after exclusion of water was seen. Moreover, the temperature of phase separation can affect the content of alcohol, water, hydrocarbon composition and cosolvents added. The only difference found between more beneficial butanol and less beneficial ethanol was ABE (Aceton-Butanol-Ethanol) fermentation with Clostridium Acetobutylicum allowing to ferment also saccharidic cellulose to biobutanol according to standard of second generation biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to widely known species automotive fuels that are currently on the market, there are many other chemicals which are used or can be used as fuels or fuel components for current automotive internal combustion engines. Implementation of such ingredients car brings a number of technical problems. The vapour pressure is the pressure in the system in which they are at a certain temperature gaseous and liquid phases in equilibrium. The addition of alcohols such as gasoline constituents significantly affects the volatility of the resulting mixture. The article is focused on assessing the addition of biobutanol as n-butanol or isobutanol vapour pressure compared to the already commonly used in bioethanol. Also included is the possibility to use ethers for influencing the vapour pressure of the resulting mixture. Part of the experiment is to assess the influence of the quantity and type of oxygenates and composition of gasoline. Based on the measured data it is clear that addition of alcohol to gasoline create complications. Effect biobutanol as possible alternatives is different than bioethanol. It is therefore necessary to take into account the influence of alcohol, even at low concentrations corresponding to the limit according to standard EN 228. Biobutanol compared bioethanol can be used as 100% fuel. For the low vapour pressure of the fuel experiment also aims to increase its value using pentane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the use of alternative fuels in diesel engines is discussed in this paper. The purpose is to reduce the dependence of EU Member States on fuels of petroleum origin. One of the possibilities is the use of oils from biological materials. The use of the oil in standard engines is not usually possible. The engine modification or the fuel modification is necessary. Esterification or hydrogenation of oils can be used as the fuel modification. Impact of these changes on the operational characteristics of a turbocharged internal combustion engine is observed in the paper. The internal combustion engine of the tractor Zetor Foretrra 8641 was used for testing. This engine was burdened using a dynamometer to the PTO. Performance and fuel consumption of the engine were monitored during measurement. As fuels the 100% rapeseed methyl ester and 100% hydrogenated oil was elected. Based on the results we can say that the operating parameters of the internal combustion engine does not change significantly when using these fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the use of alternative fuels in diesel engines is discussed in this paper. The purpose is to reduce the dependence of EU Member States on fuels of petroleum origin. One of the possibilities is the use of butanol produced from organic products. The use of pure butanol in diesel engines is not possible. However, it may be used as an additive for fuels of petroleum origin or adding to oil for improving the operating conditions of the engine. Successively 10, 30 and 50% n-butanol was used as an additive. Turbocharged combustion engine of the tractor Zetor 8641 Foretrra was used to the test. This engine was burdened using a dynamometer to the PTO. Performance parameters and fuel consumption of the engine were monitored during measurements. Performance parameters of the engine decreases and fuel consumption increases due to the properties of butanol. Cleansing properties of butanol which restrict carbonization on functional surfaces of the engine seems advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background During the last decades, population densities of Ixodes ricinus and prevalences of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. have increased in different regions in Europe. In the present study, we determined tick abundance and the prevalence of different Borrelia genospecies in ticks from three sites in the Siebengebirge, Germany, which were already examined in the years 1987, 1989, 2001 and 2003. Data from all investigations were compared. Methods In 2007 and 2008, host-seeking I. ricinus were collected by monthly blanket dragging at three distinct vegetation sites in the Siebengebirge, a nature reserve and a well visited local recreation area near Bonn, Germany. In both years, 702 ticks were tested for B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA by nested PCR, and 249 tick samples positive for Borrelia were further genotyped by reverse line blotting. Results A total of 1046 and 1591 I. ricinus were collected in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In comparison to previous studies at these sites, the densities at all sites increased from 1987/89 and/or from 2003 until 2008. Tick densities and Borrelia prevalences in 2007 and 2008, respectively, were not correlated for all sites and both years. Overall, Borrelia prevalence of all ticks decreased significantly from 2007 (19.5%) to 2008 (16.5%), thus reaching the same level as in 2001 two times higher than in 1987/89 (7.6%). Since 2001, single infections with a Borrelia genospecies predominated in all collections, but the number of multiple infections increased, and in 2007, for the first time, triple Borrelia infections occurred. Prevalences of Borrelia genospecies differed considerably between the three sites, but B. garinii or B. afzelii were always the most dominant genospecies. B. lusitaniae was detected for the first time in the Siebengebirge, also in co-infections with B. garinii or B. valaisiana. Conclusions Over the last two centuries tick densities have changed in the Siebengebirge at sites that remained unchanged by human activity since they belong to a nature reserve. Abiotic and biotic conditions most likely favored the host-seeking activity of I. ricinus and the increase of multiple Borrelia infections in ticks. These changes have led to a potential higher risk of humans and animals to be infected with Lyme borreliosis.

In RNA interference (RNAi), long double-stranded RNA is cleaved by the Dicer endonuclease into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which guide degradation of complementary RNAs. While RNAi mediates antiviral innate immunity in plants and many invertebrates, vertebrates have adopted a sequence-independent response and their Dicer produces siRNAs inefficiently because it is adapted to process small hairpin microRNA precursors in the gene-regulating microRNA pathway. Mammalian endogenous RNAi is thus a rudimentary pathway of unclear significance. To investigate its antiviral potential, we modified the mouse Dicer locus to express a truncated variant (DicerΔHEL1) known to stimulate RNAi and we analyzed how DicerΔHEL1/wt mice respond to four RNA viruses: coxsackievirus B3 and encephalomyocarditis virus from Picornaviridae; tick-borne encephalitis virus from Flaviviridae; and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) from Arenaviridae. Increased Dicer activity in DicerΔHEL1/wt mice did not elicit any antiviral effect, supporting an insignificant antiviral function of endogenous mammalian RNAi in vivo. However, we also observed that sufficiently high expression of DicerΔHEL1 suppressed LCMV in embryonic stem cells and in a transgenic mouse model. Altogether, mice with increased Dicer activity offer a new benchmark for identifying and studying viruses susceptible to mammalian RNAi in vivo., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)