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There still remain some problemsin digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer at present, such as great surgical difficulties and high technical requirements. Based on the surgical experience of the Gastric Surgery Department of Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University and the literatures at home and abroad, relevant issues are discussed in terms of robotic radical distal gastrectomy (Billroth I, Billroth II, and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy), proximal gastrectomy (double-channel and double-muscle flap anastomosis), and total gastrectomy (Roux-en-Y anastomosis, functional end-to-end anastomosis, FEEA, π-anastomosis, Overlap anastomosis, and modified Overlap anastomosis with delayed amputation of jejunum, i.e. later-cut Overlap). This article mainly includes (1) The principles of digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. (2) Digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical distal gastrectomy: Aiming at the weakness of traditional triangular anastomosis, we introduce the improvement of the technical difficulty, namely "modified triangular anastomosis", and point out that because Billroth II anastomosis is a common anastomosis method in China at present, manual suture under robot is more convenient and safe, and can effectively avoid anastomotic stenosis. (3) Digestive tract reconstruction after robotic proximal gastrectomy: It mainly includes double channel anastomosis and double muscle flap anastomosis, but these reconstruction methods are relatively complicated, and robotic surgery has not been widely carried out at present. (4) Digestive tract reconstruction after robotic total gastrectomy: The most classic one is Roux-en-Y anastomosis, mainly using circular stapler for end-to-side esophagojejunal anastomosis and linear stapler for side-to-side esophagojejunal anastomosis, for which we discuss the solutions to the existing technical difficulties. With the continuous innovation of robotic surgical system and anastomosis instruments, and with the gradual improvement of anastomosis technology, it is believed that digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer will have a good application prospect in gastric cancer surgery.机器人胃癌根治术中的消化道重建目前仍具有手术难度大、技术要求高等问题，本文结合福建医科大学附属协和医院胃外科的手术经验及国内外文献，围绕机器人远端胃癌根治术（Billroth Ⅰ式吻合、BillrothⅡ式吻合和Roux-en-Y式胃空肠吻合）、近端胃切除术后（双通道吻合和双肌瓣吻合）以及全胃切除术（Roux-en-Y吻合、功能性端对端吻合即FEEA、π式吻合、Overlap吻合及改良的延迟离断空肠的Overlap吻合即later-cut Overlap法）等相关问题进行了探讨。包括：（1）机器人胃癌根治术消化道重建方式选择的原则。（2）机器人远端胃癌根治术消化道重建：主要针对传统三角吻合存在的薄弱点，介绍了笔者所在中心对这一技术难点所进行的改良，即"改良三角吻合"；并提出，由于BillrothⅡ式吻合是目前国内较为常用的吻合方式，机器人下手工缝合共同开口更加方便且安全，可以有效避免吻合口狭窄的发生。（3）机器人近端胃切除术消化道重建：主要包括双通道吻和双肌瓣吻合，但这些重建方式均较为复杂，目前机器人手术未能广泛开展。（4）机器人全胃切除术消化道重建：最经典的为Roux-en-Y吻合，其主要包括使用管型吻合器行食管空肠端侧吻合和使用直线切割闭合器行食管空肠侧侧吻合，本文针对存在的技术难点探讨了解决的措施。随着机器人手术系统、吻合器械的不断推陈出新以及吻合技术的逐步提高，相信机器人胃癌根治术后消化道重建在胃癌手术中将具有良好的应用前景。.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important pathogen that causes different liver diseases such as viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) plays a crucial role in HBV life cycle, which is not only the translation template of core (C) and polymerase (P), but also the template of reverse transcription. The ratio of P protein to core protein is tightly regulated. Since P and core are both translated by pgRNA and the open reading frame (ORF) of P is located downstream of the ORF of core, how to initiate P protein translation is a key scientific question. Previous studies suggest that P can be translated through different mechanisms, such as leaky scanning and reinitiation. In this review, we summarized the proposed mechanisms relevant to the translation of polymerase from HBV pgRNA through literature review and derivation.乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）是导致肝炎、肝硬化等肝脏疾病的重要病原体。HBV前基因组RNA（pgRNA）在其生命周期中发挥着重要作用，它既是翻译病毒核心蛋白和聚合酶蛋白（polymerase，P）的信使RNA，也是病毒进行逆转录的模板。作为HBV的重要结构蛋白，P蛋白和core蛋白的比例在HBV复制中受到严格调控。由于二者均由pgRNA翻译产生，且P蛋白的开放阅读框（ORF）位于核心蛋白ORF的下游，P蛋白的翻译如何启动是一个十分关键的科学问题。既往研究认为，P蛋白可能通过泄露扫描、翻译再起始等机制来启动翻译。本文通过文献阅读与推演，对HBV pgRNA选择性翻译P蛋白的机制进展进行综述，并尝试总结了起始P蛋白翻译的可能机制。.

The effects of medium viscosity on the spray flow rate, spray Sauter Mean Diameter, droplet velocity and spray cone angle of pressure swirl nozzles are investigated by making use of the particle dynamics analysis system and high-speed photographic system. Based on the axial and radial distribution characteristics of Sauter Mean Diameter and droplet velocity, the water-glycerol mixture is used to simulate medium with a wide range of viscosities. It is found that with the increase of viscosity, the turbulence of the medium flow and the swirling effect is weakened, and the rated pressure becomes larger and the spray flow rate increases. Spray Sauter Mean Diameter and droplet axial velocity becomes larger, while the spray cone angle decreases. The development of the axial velocity distribution of spray cone is characterized by the radial and axial position parameters. The area of the large-droplet region on both sides of spray cone becomes larger, and the area of small-droplet region near the axis becomes smaller.

声带麻痹诊治方面的研究近年来发展迅速，但对其认识尚不够系统、全面。为此，本文就声带麻痹诊断、鉴别诊断、神经损伤再生因素、再生机制及临床表现、手术时机及神经移植方式的选择等方面需注意的问题进行了阐述。.

During lactation, large amounts of calcium are exported from the mammary gland into milk to ensure skeletal growth of the offspring. Recent studies revealed that serotonin (5-HT) is essential to stimulate skeletal calcium resorption for milk synthesis. Our objective was to explore the correlation between circulating 5-HT and serum calcium and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) concentrations around parturition in dairy goats. We also investigated the effect of 5-HT on PTHrP expression in cultured primary goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). Blood samples of multiparous Guanzhong dairy goats were collected on day −5 to 3 postpartum for analysis of serum concentrations of calcium, 5-HT, and PTHrP. Results revealed that from day −3 to 0 postpartum serum calcium and 5-HT concentrations decreased progressively, but serum PTHrP concentration only had a sharp drop in the postpartum period sampled. Correlation analysis of circulating 5-HT and serum calcium and PTHrP concentrations on day 1 and 2 postpartum revealed that low serum 5-HT concentration was positively correlated with serum total calcium or PTHrP concentration. By knocking down tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) or adding 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to decrease or increase the levels of 5-HT in GMEC, we observed that 5-HTP increased PTHrP expression in a dose-dependent manner and siTPH1 decreased PTHrP protein expression. Furthermore, 5-HT increased mRNA abundance of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in a dose-dependent manner and decreased the expression of plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase-1 (PMCA1). Taken together, 5-HT seems to induce PTHrP expression in goat mammary cells during and after parturition. These findings suggest that increasing 5-HT biosynthesis could be a potential therapeutic target for prevention of hypocalcemia in dairy goats.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC, has high morbidity and mortality. Even in America, more than 1/2 to 2/3 patients have been diagnosed at advanced stage. So, it's urgent to find ways to diagnose HNSCC earlier and foresee the curative effect. With the achievement of Next-Generation Sequencing, researchers are trying to develop early diagnostic technology from a new perspective, such as personal genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and other related personal information. Here we reviewed the recent research in early diagnosis of HNSCC.

OSAHS is a common disease during sleep and its pathogenesis is complex. The anatomic level of upper airway is a more recognized pathogenic factor. Recent studies have shown that nonanatomic factors, such as insufficiency in dilation muscles of upper airway, high loop gain and low arousal threshold, play an important role in the pathogenesis of OSAHS. This paper revives the latest literature home and abroad on the anatomical and nonanatomical factors in the pathogenesis of OSAHS and makes a systemic review.

Several lines of evidence indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction under the metabolic syndrome condition is the leading cause of cardiovascular events. Calcium is an important stimulus for vasoconstriction and plays a pivotal role in the development of hypertension. Here, we investigate whether a relationship exists between metabolic syndrome-induced mitochondrial ROS overproduction and Ang II-mediated Ca2+ release in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The effect of mitochondrial ROS on AT1 expression, and Ca2+ and IP3 generation was studied in 2 VSMC models of metabolic syndrome using fura-2/AM probes and ELISA-based assay. Ang II-mediated aortic ring contraction in SD rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD) was measured using a force transducer connected to chart recorder. In the metabolic syndrome, almost 2-fold increased mitochondrial O2 - significantly upregulated AT1 expressions by ~60%, companied by elevated Ca2+ and IP3 levels in VSMC and enhanced aortic rings contraction. All these increments were blocked by rotenone (inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I), ruthenium red (inhibitor of calcium uniporter), cyclosporin A (inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability pore), and N-acetylcysteine. Therefore, in the states of metabolic syndrome, ROS overproduction in mitochondrial complex I enhances Ang II-mediated vascular contraction via an AT1-dependent pathway. In addition, the import of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria via calcium uniporter and mitochondrial permeability pore seems to serve as a mechanism to further aggravate mitochondrial damage and vascular dysfunction that may contribute to the occurrence of hypertension.