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An integral analysis methodology for BWR ATWS has been developed. The method covers main scopes about ATWS events, including radiological consequence, primary system integrity, fuel integrity, containment integrity, and long-term shutdown and cooling capability. The primary techniques about this methodology were described herein. The methodology has been applied on Kuosheng nuclear power station to show the applicability. Under this framework, some suggestions were proposed for further development of this methodology. This methodology can give a way to evaluate safety of BWR plants confidently. Further, it can be a tool for developing emergency procedures about severe accidents, or exploring strategies and checking their effectiveness.

Glaucoma following cataract surgery is one of the common complications after pediatric cataract surgery, and it is the main cause of "second blindness" in children. Since this atypical disease is difficult to diagnose and evaluate, it has been gradually paid more attention by clinicians. There are still some controversies and challenges related to the characteristics of the disease, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options. This article discusses the definition, diagnostic criteria, related risk factors, treatment strategies, follow-up, and prognoses of glaucoma following cataract surgery. Establishment of a diagnosis and treatment system can better improve the visual rehabilitation of pediatric cataract children.白内障摘除手术后青光眼是小儿白内障摘除手术后常见并发症之一，是影响患儿“二次盲”的主要原因。其临床表现不典型、难诊断、评估困难等问题近年逐渐受到国内外临床工作者的重视。在发病特点、诊断标准以及治疗方案等方面仍存在一些问题与挑战。本文针对小儿白内障摘除手术后青光眼的定义及诊断标准、相关危险因素、治疗策略以及随访预后等4个方面上进行探讨，论述并提出需重视小儿白内障摘除手术后青光眼的发生，建立规范小儿白内障摘除手术后青光眼诊疗体系，从而更好地提高患儿白内障摘除手术后的视觉康复。.

The optical materials showing thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), have been considered to be promising light emitters for developing high-efficiency light-emitting devices due to their unique capability of harvesting both singlet and triplet states. Biocompatible gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) also exhibit TADF in the pristine aqueous solution. It would be useful by further exploiting TADF emission in the solid state for novel bio-friendly light-emitting materials. To this end, here, a facile, low-cost but effective method was used to generate stable and enhanced TADF emission in the solid state under ambient conditions by embedding biocompatible AuNCs into inorganic salt matrices. Temperature-dependent transient photoluminescence (PL) measurements were used to investigate TADF behavior of AuNCs embedded into the solid matrices. As compared with AuNCs in an aqueous solution, the TADF was enhanced for solid AuNCs even under ambient environment. In addition, by using waterproof salt matrices with polymer encapsulants, stable and broadband emission was demonstrated based on all biocompatible nanomaterials under UV-light illumination.

目前我国对2019新型冠状病毒疫情的防治工作正处于关键时期，延迟开学是减少校园内交叉感染、保护儿童和青少年身体健康、共同抗击疫情的重要举措。与此同时，远程教学模式的大规模开展导致儿童和青少年的学习模式和用眼习惯发生巨大转变，其对儿童和青少年视觉健康的潜在影响不容忽视。本文对线上学习相关眼健康问题和眼科疾病进行总结，并提出针对性的预防措施，为儿童和青少年在线上学习期间的视功能保护提供有效指导。

In order to analyze the boiling and capillary limitations of two-phase heat transport devices, the existing models developed by Chi and Peterson and the existing experimental data carried out with various micro channel wick structures from literature were collected for benchmark. It was found that the dominant parameters for boiling and capillary limitations were the nucleation sites and structure geometries of the micro channels, and important parameters were considered to modify the models empirically. It was also found that for micro channel structures the inclined angle is sensitive to the capillary limitations and not to boiling limitations. By properly estimating the nucleation sites and empirical coefficients for micro channels needed by the newly modified models, the boiling and capillary limitations can be accurately predicted, and hence the applicability of the modified models is confirmed. Based on this, a numerical analysis was then carried out to investigate the trends of boiling and capillary limitations of the micro channel wick structures. Effects of the channel geometries and arrangement were taken into account, including the aspect ratio and structure size of the micro channels. Furthermore, the effects of inclined angle and contact angle were also analyzed. The present results can provide a design reference of performance trends of micro channel wick structures.

Si3N4-based nanocomposites containing 0–50 wt% TiC0.37N0.63 are directly consolidated at 1700°C by spark plasma sintering, and their reciprocal sliding behavior against a Si3N4 counterbody is investigated under a maximum Hertzian stress of 1.27 GPa in unlubricated conditions. The average grain widths of Si3N4 and TiC0.37N0.63 are about 85 and 90 nm, respectively. The decreasing relative densities of the as-sintered nanocomposites indicate that the nano-TiC0.37N0.63 may introduce pores and reduce the hardness and fracture resistance of the materials. The brittleness index for sliding contacts in all the samples is 25–31, indicating brittle fracture taking place on the wear surface and inducing cavities. When the mean free paths of nano-TiC0.37N0.63 are slightly greater than grain length of Si3N4, the best wear resistance is achieved in Si3N4 containing 20/30 wt% TiC0.37N0.63 due to the process of surface smoothing by triboproducts. Severe wear response can be observed in Si3N4 nanocomposites containing 0, 10, 40, and 50 wt% of TiC0.37N0.63. The wear responses are explained by considering the microstructural parameters (like grain characteristics for both phases and mean free path of nano-TiC0.37N0.63) and contact-induced fracturing behavior, as well as tribochemical reactions.

Oxidative stress is considered the potential risk to the development of dementia. Some medicines, vitamins, and diet supplements have been suggested to have possible benefits via the antioxidative effects to slow the decline of cognitive function in demented and non-demented individuals. However, few studies were conducted to examine their functions, especially in composite diet supplements. Hu-Yi-Neng is a composite diet supplement, including ginkgo biloba, extract of pine bark, phosphatidyl serine, docosahexaenoic acid, and folic acid, used extensively in Taiwan. Therefore, our aim is to investigate the potential protective effects of Hu-Yi-Neng on human neuron cells. MATERALS AND METHODS: H2O2-induced neuronal toxicity was characterized in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by the decrease of cell viability using PrestoBlue™ assay and by the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level using DCFH-DA (2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate) assays. HO-1 mRNA expression was detected by real-time PCR. Akt and Erk 1/2 proteins were detected by western blotting.Pretreatment with Hu-Yi-Neng significantly reversed the decrease in cell viability induced by H2O2 in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, Hu-Yi-Neng dose-dependently suppressed the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Hu-Yi-Neng protected SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative stress may via the increase in mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme. In addition, Hu-Yi-Neng inhibited H2O2-induced phosphorylation of Akt kinase but further increased the phosphorylation of Erk 1/2.Our results suggest that Hu-Yi-Neng has protective effect against oxidative stress-induced neuron cell loss and it could be an ideal composite diet supplement for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

Luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) with good biocompatibility have gained much attention in bio-photonics. In addition, they also exhibit a unique photo-physical property, namely thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), by which both singlet and triplet excitons can be harvested. The combination of their non-toxic material property and unique TADF behavior makes AuNCs biocompatible nano-emitters for bio-related light-emitting devices. Unfortunately, the TADF emission is quenched when colloidal AuNCs are transferred to solid states under ambient environment. Here, a facile, low-cost and effective method was used to generate efficient and stable TADF emissions from solid AuNCs under ambient environment using polyvinyl alcohol as a solid matrix. To unravel the underlying mechanism, temperature-dependent static and transient photoluminescence measurements were performed and we found that two factors are crucial for solid TADF emission: small energy splitting between singlet and triplet states and the stabilization of the triplet states. Solid TADF films were also deposited on the flexible plastic substrate with patterned structures, thus mitigating the waveguide-mode losses. In addition, we also demonstrated that warm white light can be generated based on a co-doped single emissive layer, consisting of non-toxic, solution-processed TADF AuNCs and fluorescent carbon dots under UV excitation.

TRACE is developed by U.S. NRC for the nuclear power plants (NPPs) safety analysis. We focus on the establishment and application of TRACE/FRAPTRAN/SNAP models for Chinshan NPP (BWR/4) spent fuel pool in this research. The geometry is 12.17 m × 7.87 m × 11.61 m for the spent fuel pool. In this study, there are three TRACE/SNAP models: one-channel, two-channel, and multi-channel TRACE/SNAP model. Additionally, the cooling system failure of the spent fuel pool was simulated and analyzed by using the above models. According to the analysis results, the peak cladding temperature response was more accurate in the multi-channel TRACE/SNAP model. The results depicted that the uncovered of the fuels occurred at 2.7 day after the cooling system failed. In order to estimate the detailed fuel rods performance, FRAPTRAN code was used in this research. According to the results of FRAPTRAN, the highest cladding temperature located on the node 21 of the fuel rod (the highest node at node 23) and the cladding burst roughly after 3.7 day., {"references":["Taiwan Power Company, \"Final Safety Analysis Report for Chinshan\nNuclear Power Station Units 1&2\", 1999.","U.S. NRC, \"TRACE V5.0 User's Manual\", 2010.","K.J. Geelhood, W.G. Luscher, C.E. Beyer, J.M. Cuta, \"FRAPTRAN 1.4:\nA Computer Code for the Transient Analysis of Oxide Fuel Rods\",\nNUREG/CR-7023, Vol. 1, 2010.","Applied Programming Technology, Inc., \"Symbolic nuclear analysis\npackage (SNAP) user's manual\", 2012.","J.R. Wang, H.T. Lin, Y.S. Tseng, C. Shih, \"Application of TRACE and\nCFD in the spent fuel pool of Chinshan nuclear power plant\", Applied\nMechanics and Materials Vol. 145, pp. 78-82, 2012.","J.R. Wang, H.T. Lin, W.W. Li, H.C. Chen, C. Shih, \"The Spent Fuel Pool\nAnalysis Of Chinshan Nuclear Power Plant By Using\nTRACE/FRAPCON-3.4\", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 690-693,\npp. 2947-2950, 2013.","J.R. Wang, H.T. Lin, W.W. Li, S.W. Chen, C. Shih, \"Application of\nTRACE and FRAPTRAN in the Spent Fuel Pool of Chinshan Nuclear\nPower Plant\", Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 479-480, pp.\n543-547, 2014.","U.S. NRC, \"Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis\nReports for Nuclear Power Plants: LWR Edition-Auxiliary Systems\",\nNUREG-0800, Chapter 9, 2007."]}

Vortex motion in superconductors of high-Tc superconducting maglev system is studied by a computational simulation. The vortex system is treated in a similar fashion, as a system where defects are arranged in periodic arrays and driven by an alternating current (AC) field. Computational simulation reveals that due to the high nonlinearity of the vortex-defect interaction, the system shows typical chaotic characters. Effects of the vortex-vortex coupling, the driving frequency, and the vortex viscosity on the vortex motion have been studied to reveal the interaction between the spatial and temporal chaos. It is found that the mean-field approach is a good approximation to describe the vortex motion in one dimensional vortex system under an AC driving field. The vortex motion under the damping mode is a kind of self-organized motion. Lastly, the spatial chaos can dominate the chaotic behavior of the system.

Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruit is highly susceptible to water loss and pericarp browning in storage. Postharvest pericarp browning of the fruit greatly affects its shelf-life. 'Fuyan' longans showed 5.84, 10.37 and 23.98% of total fruit weight losses, and 13.59, 26.40 and 42.78% of pericarp water losses, when stored at 10°C and 50% RH for 1, 2 and 6 days, respectively. However, minimal weight loss in aril and seed was observed. And, the selective dehydration of pericarp tissues occurred while little movement of water between the aril and the pericarp was found. The weight loss of the fruits and water loss in pericarp tissues significantly correlated to the pericarp browning at the 1% level. On the other hand, fruits stored in plastic bags under low temperatures reduced the moisture losses and pericarp browning. 'Fuyan' fruits packed in bags made of 0.015 mm polyethylene film and held for 15 days at 20°C lost 2.87% on a fresh weight basis, while they lost 2.01% at 4°C for 30 days. At the same time, storage at low temperature also retarded pericarp browning and extended the longan's shelf-life.

China is the original producing area and the chief cultivated country of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). In recent years, the longan business has been rapidly developed making China the first ranking in the world in terms of cultivation area as well as annual production. However, problems concerning storage, transportation, distribution and marketing, or the postharvest management, for longan fruits have also surfaced. This paper discusses and analyzes these concerns and presents some countermeasures for improvement.

Bacillus sp. NTU-06 was used to produce xylanase, which is an important industrial enzyme used in the pulp and paper industry. The enzyme was purified by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and had a molecular mass of 24 kDa. The enzyme was active over a concentration range of 0-20% sodium chloride in culture broth, although its activity was optimal in 5% sodium chloride. A salinity stability test showed that 43% of the enzyme activity was retained after 4 h in 20% sodium chloride. Xylanase activity was maximal at pH 8.0 and 40°C. The enzyme was somewhat thermostable, retaining 20% of the original activity after incubation at 70° C for 4 h. The xylanase had K m and V max values of 3.45 mg mL ―1 and 387.3 μmol min ―1 mg ―1 , respectively. The deduced internal amino acid sequence of Bacillus sp. NTU-06 xylanase resembled the sequence of beta-1,4-endoxylanase, which is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 11. Some of the novel characteristics that make this enzyme potentially effective in xylan biodegradation are discussed.

Machine translation is able to support cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) applications given the availability of high-quality translation resources. This study explores the effectiveness of machine translation for the domain of earthquake engineering within the bounds of Chinese-to-English CLIR applications. The writers first defined and then applied a set of procedures to generate Chinese-to-English translation resources for the selected domain. The generated resources are unique and different from general dictionaries or corpora because they address the Chinese segmentation process and are especially oriented for information retrieval (IR) applications. To test the quality of the resources, the writers converted a test collection of documents from Chinese into English through machine translation and conducted trial retrieval runs on the translated documents using different retrieval models. For comparison purposes, the same retrieval runs were also tested on the expert-written English translations. The results suggest that IR-based machine translation was able to yield results comparable to that of human translation and the generated resources had the potential to enable greater sharing of earthquake engineering information across languages while reducing manual translation efforts.

Solution-processed, non-toxic carbon dots (CDs) have attracted much attention due to their unique photoluminescence (PL) properties. They are promising emissive layers for flexible light-emitting devices. To this end, the CDs in pristine aqueous solutions need to be transferred to form solid-state thin films without sacrificing their original PL characteristics. Unfortunately, solid-state PL quenching induced by extra non-radiative (NR) energy transfer among CDs would significantly hinder their practical applications in optoelectronics. Here, a facile, low-cost and effective method has been utilized to fabricate high-performance CD/polymer light-emitting flexible films with submicron-structured patterns. The patterned polymers can serve as a solid matrix to disperse and passivate CDs, thus achieving high internal quantum yields of 61%. In addition, they can act as an out-coupler to mitigate the waveguide-mode losses, approximately doubling the external light-extraction efficiency. Such CD/polymer composites also exhibit good photo-stability and thus can be used as eco-friendly, low-cost phosphors for solid-state lighting.

Ac loss behavior in HTS bulk materials is studied by developing an analytic method. The self-heating effect on the distributions of temperature in HTS bulks has been calculated. A critical frequency which sets the upper limit for driving frequency of the external field in sustaining a superconducting state is obtained. Our model provides useful information of understanding the experimental phenomena, including an anomalous ac loss behavior, a retardation of the inner field respect to the external ac field, etc., in HTS bulk materials.

Alloreactive T cells recognize donor antigens by two routes: direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition. Although the direct pathway is reported to be dominant in allograft rejection, indirect allorecognition also plays an important role. Indirect alloreactivity is also observed in renal transplant patients irrespective of rejection. Previously we showed a predominance of interleukin (IL)-10 induced by indirect allorecognition of donor human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR peptides, suggesting the existence of indirect alloreactive T cells displaying regulatory activity. In the present work, our objective was to characterize these regulatory T cells. We detected indirect alloproliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from renal transplant patients, induced by donor HLA-DR peptides, dependent on IL-4 or IL-10, suggesting regulatory activity as part of the alloreactive T-cell repertoire. PBMC-derived indirect alloreactive T-cell lines were established and produced both inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. We showed that two of these T-cell lines which were able to inhibit both direct and indirect alloproliferation of another T-cell line from the same patient presented a CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T-cell population. These data support the idea that indirect alloreactive T cells may also have regulatory activity and may contribute to the maintenance of the human renal allograft.

In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel MOSFETs were fabricated on 300 mm Si substrate. The epitaxial In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel layer exhibits high Hall electron mobility comparable to those grown on lattice matched InP substrates. Excellent device characteristics (SS∼95 mV/dec., I on /I off ∼105, DIBL ∼51 mV/V at V ds = 0.5V for L g =150 nm device) with good uniformity across the wafer were demonstrated. The extracted high field effect mobility (µ EF = 1837 cm2/V-s with EOT ∼ 0.9 nm) is among the highest values reported for surface channel In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MOSFETs.

In this research, TRACE model of Chinshan BWR/4 nuclear power plant (NPP) has been developed for the simulation and analysis of ultimate response guideline (URG).The main actions of URG are the depressurization and low pressure water injection of reactor and containment venting. This research focuses to verify the URG efficiency under Fukushima-like conditions. TRACE analysis results show that the URG can keep the PCT below the criteria 1088.7 K under Fukushima-like conditions. It indicated that Chinshan NPP was safe., {"references":["K.S. Liang, S.C. Chiang, Y.F. Hsu, H.J. Young, B.S. Pei, L.C. Wang,\n\"The ultimate emergency measures to secure a NPP under an accidental\ncondition with no designed power or water supply,\" Nuclear\nEngineering and Design, 253, pp.259-268,2012.","U.S. NRC, \"TRACE V5.0 User's Manual\", 2010.","J. R. Wang, H. T. Lin, Y. H. Cheng, W. C. Wang, C. Shih, \"TRACE\nmodeling and its verification using Maanshan PWR start-up tests\",\nAnnals of Nuclear Energy, 36, pp. 527-536, 2009.","C. H. Chen, J. R. Wang, H. T. Lin, C. Shih, \"ATWS analysis for\nMaanshan PWR using TRACE/SNAP code\", Annals of Nuclear Energy,\n72, pp. 1-10, 2014.","H. T. Lin, J. R. Wang, C. Shih, \"The development and assessment of\nTRACE model for Lungmen ABWR\", Kerntechnik, 76, pp. 205-215,\n2011.","H. T. Lin, J. R. Wang, H. C. Chen, C. Shih, \"The development and\nassessment of TRACE/PARCS model for Lungmen ABWR\", Nuclear\nEngineering and Design, 273, pp. 241-250, 2014.","C. Y. Chen, C. Shih, J. R. Wang, H. T. Lin, \"Sensitivity study on the\ncounter-current flow limitation in the DEGLBLOCA with the TRACE\ncode\", Annals of Nuclear Energy, 57,pp. 121-129, 2013.","C. Y. Chen, C. Shih, J. R. Wang, \"The alternate mitigation strategies on\nthe extreme event of the LOCA and the SBO with the TRACE Chinshan\nBWR4 model\", Nuclear Engineering and Design, 256, pp. 332-340,\n2013.","J. H. Lee, J. R. Wang, H. T. Lin, S. M. Yang, C. Shih, \"TRACE\nmodeling of Chinshan load rejection startup test\", American Nuclear\nSociety: 2009 Annual Meeting.\n[10] Taiwan Power Company, \"Final Safety Analysis Report for Chinshan\nNuclear Power Station Units 1&2\", 1999.\n[11] W. S. Hsu, J. R. Tang, \"The calculation notes of the startup test\nbenchmark analysis for the Chinshan RETRAN-02 model\", INER\nreport, 1997."]}

Silicon nitride ceramic vanes coated with chemical vapor-deposited (CVD) mullite, CVD alumina, and plasma-sprayed tantalum oxide were exposed to field tests in an industrial gas turbine engine. Results varied due to expected non-uniformities in the CVD coating microstructures, but dense CVD mullite/alumina showed excellent stability and protective capacity after 1148 h of engine testing. Surfaces without CVD coatings experienced massive intragranular subsurface oxidation and/or rapid recession of the ceramic substrate due to volatilization of silica species formed by oxidation. These results suggest that thin (

This paper provides a summary of recent efforts undertaken to examine the mechanical properties and microstructural stability of first-stage silicon nitride blades and nozzles after field testing in an industrial gas turbine. Two commercially available silicon nitrides, i.e., Kyocera SN282 vanes and SN281 blades, were successfully evaluated in the 100 h final phase engine test at Solar Turbines Incorporated. The turbine rotor inlet temperature was increased from 1010° to 1121°C at 100% speed during the engine test with efficiency increasing from 28.8% to 30.1%. Results of scanning electron microscopy showed that apparent materials recession still occurred during the 100 h engine test, especially in the leading and trailing edge regions where the gas pressure or velocity was the highest. The apparent material recession of the airfoils resulted from the volatilization of the normally protective silica layer, evidenced by the increased surface roughness and porous Lu2Si2O7 surface layer features. On the other hand, mechanical results generated using a ball-on-ring test technique showed that little strength degradation was measured after the 100 h engine test.

A heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigerator has been designed and tested. A detailed thermal model of the device is presented. Energy balances within the system are discussed using external, heat exchanger, and stack control volumes in order to clarify the relationships of work and heat fluxes below and above onset. Thermal modeling is discussed as a tool for performance analysis as well as for determining system heat losses and finding input heat flows required by a thermoacoustic code. A method of using the control volume balance equations to find stack work and device efficiencies is presented. Experimental measurements are compared to DELTAE thermoacoustic modeling predictions. Modeling results show that viscous losses within the system have a significant impact on the device performance as well as on the ability of DELTAE to accurately predict performance. Modeling has led to an understanding of system performance and highlighted loss sources that are areas for improvement in a redesign.

This paper investigates the dynamic characteristics of the three-dimensional vehicle-bridge system when two high-speed trains are crossing on a bridge. Multispan bridges with slender piers and simply supported beams were used in the dynamic finite element analysis. A response ratio (RR) was defined in this study to represent the ratio of the vehicle-bridge interaction of two-way trains to that of a one-way train. The finite element results indicate that this ratio increases significantly when two-way trains run near the same speed, and the maximum value is approximately equal to or smaller than two for the vertical dynamic response. This means that the maximum dynamic response of the two-way trains is at most twice that of the one-way train. When the two-way train speeds are sufficiently different, the response ratio approaches one on average, which means that the dynamic effect of the two-way train is similar to that of the one-way train. Finite element results also indicate that the averaged response ratio in the three global directions is about 1.65 when the two-way trains run at the same speed.

BACKGROUND: Return to work is an important outcome following traumatic work-related hand injuries. It is unclear how psychosocial factors affect the time to return to work following traumatic work-related hand injury. AIMS: To investigate the relationships between hand injury severity, self-perceived health, demographics and time off work (TOW) following traumatic work-related hand injuries and the influence of psychosocial factors on the readiness of return to work. METHODS: Data from 120 traumatic work-related hand injured patients were gathered. The Modified Hand Injury Severity Score (MHISS) and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to assess the severity of hand trauma and self-perceived health, respectively. The relationships between MHISS, SF-36, demographics and TOW were analysed by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Mean duration of TOW was 127 days for patients with a mild MHISS, 108 days for a moderate score, 160 days for a severe score and 236 days for those with a major score. A positive correlation between MHISS and duration of TOW was identified. Self-perceived physical functioning was found to have a negative correlation with TOW, whereas self-perceived mental health was positively correlated with TOW. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of self-perceived health in considering return to work following traumatic work-related hand injury. Language: en

Alloys with the nominal composition Mo-12Si-8.5B (at. %) were prepared by arc-melting and drop casting. They consisted of approximately 38 vol% α-Mo in a brittle matrix of Mo3Si and Mo5SiB2. Screening tests were carried out to assess their oxidation resistance. Their high temperature strength was investigated in tensile creep (constant applied stress) and in compression (constant applied crosshead speed) at temperatures ranging from about 1200 to 1400°C and stresses ranging from 50 to 540 MPa. A phenomenological creep equation describing the creep strength of this material was derived.

Fuel rod analysis program transient (FRAPTRAN) code was used to study the fuel rod performance during a postulated large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) in Maanshan nuclear power plant (NPP). Previous transient results from thermal hydraulic code, TRACE, with the same LBLOCA scenario, were used as input boundary conditions for FRAPTRAN. The simulation results showed that the peak cladding temperatures and the fuel centerline temperatures were all below the 10CFR50.46 LOCA criteria. In addition, the maximum hoop stress was 18 MPa and the oxide thickness was 0.003mm for the present simulation cases, which are all within the safety operation ranges. The present study confirms that this analysis method, the FRAPTRAN code combined with TRACE, is an appropriate approach to predict the fuel integrity under LBLOCA with operational ECCS. &nbsp

Kuosheng nuclear power plant (NPP) is a BWR/6 type NPP and located on the northern coast of Taiwan. First, Kuosheng NPP TRACE model were developed in this research. In order to assess the system response of Kuosheng NPP TRACE model, startup tests data were used to evaluate Kuosheng NPP TRACE model. Second, the overpressurization transient analysis of Kuosheng NPP TRACE model was performed. Besides, in order to confirm the mechanical property and integrity of fuel rods, FRAPTRAN analysis was also performed in this study., {"references":["NRC,\"TRACE V5.0 User's Manual\", Office of Nuclear Regulatory\nResearch, 2010.","K. J. Geelhood, W. G. Luscher, C. E. Beyer and J. M. Cuta, \"FRAPTRAN\n1.4: A Computer Code for the Transient Analysis of Oxide Fuel Rods\",\nNUREG/CR-7023, Vol. 1, 2011.","Taiwan Power Company, \"Final Safety Analysis Report for Kousheng\nNuclear Power Station Units 1&2 (FSAR),\"2001.","R.Y. Yuann,H.T. Lin, \"Guideline of Generating Parameters for Reload\nLicensing Analyses for Kuosheng Units 1 and 2,\" INER report,\nINER-6529R,2009.","K. Y. Lin, \"Verification of the Kuosheng BWR/6 TRACE Model with\nLoad Rejection Startup Test,\" ASME 2012 V&V, 2012.","J. R. Wang et al, \"Kuosheng Startup Tests Transient Analyses,\" INER\nreport, INER-0965, 1989.","U.S. NRC,\" Standard Review Plan\", NUREG-0800, 2007."]}

This paper presented the technique of robot control by event-related potentials (ERPs) of brain waves. Based on the proposed technique, severe physical disabilities can free browse outside world. A specific component of ERPs, N2P3, was found and used to control the movement of robot and the view of camera on the designed brain-computer interface (BCI). Users only required watching the stimuli of attended button on the BCI, the evoked potentials of brain waves of the target button, N2P3, had the greatest amplitude among all control buttons. An experimental scene had been constructed that the robot required walking to a specific position and move the view of camera to see the instruction of the mission, and then completed the task. Twelve volunteers participated in this experiment, and experimental results showed that the correct rate of BCI control achieved 80% and the average of execution time was 353 seconds for completing the mission. Four main contributions included in this research: (1) find an efficient component of ERPs, N2P3, for BCI control, (2) embed robot's viewpoint image into user interface for robot control, (3) design an experimental scene and conduct the experiment, and (4) evaluate the performance of the proposed system for assessing the practicability., {"references":["K. Saravanan and H. Mahalakshmi, \"Brain-computer control of wheelchair concluded mobile robot,\" International Journal of Advanced Research in Robotics and Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2013.","S. Sutton, M. Braren, J. Zubin, and E. R. John, \"Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty,\" Science, vol. 150, no. 3700, pp. 1187–1188, 1965.","M. Kutas and S. A. Hillyard, \"Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity,\" Science, vol. 207, no.4427, pp. 203–205, 1980.","E. Donchin, K. M. Spencer, and R. Wijesinghe, \"The Mental Prosthesis: Assessing the Speed of a P300-Based Brain–Computer Interface,\" IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 174–179, 2000.","Y. H. Liu, , H. P. Huang, , T. H. Huang, , Z. H. Kang, and J. T. Teng, \"Controlling a Rehabilitation Robot with Brain-Machine Interface: An approach based on Independent Component Analysis and Multiple Kernel Learning,\" International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 67–75, 2013.","Y. Su, J. Dai, X. Liu, Q. Xu, Y. Zhuang, W. Chen, and X. Zheng, \"EEG channel evaluation and selection by rough set in P300 BCI,\" Journal of Computational Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1727–1735, 2010.","D. V. Renterghem, B. Wyns, and D. Devlaminck, \"Shared control between P300 BCI and robotic arm,\" International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 2–4, 2011.","I. H. Hasan, , A. R. Ramli, , S. A. Ahmad, and R. Osman, \"P300-Based EEG Signal Interpretation System for Robot Navigation Control,\" World Applied Sciences Journal, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 566–572, 2013.","W. Chen, J. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Qi, Y. Su, B. Wu, S. Zhang, J. Dai, and X. Zheng, \"A P300 based online brain-computer interface system for virtual hand control,\" Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE C, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 587–597, 2010.\n[10]\tN. Birbaumer, \"Breaking the silence: Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control,\" Psychophysiology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 517–532, 2006.\n[11]\t\tB. Hong, F. Guo, T. Liu, X. Gao, and S. Gao, \"N200-speller using motion-onset visual response,\" Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 120, no. 9, pp. 1658–1666, 2009.\n[12]\tL. A. Farwell, and E. Donchin, \"Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials,\" Electroencephalogr Clin. Neurophysiol, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 510–23, 1988.\n[13]\tJ. N. Mak, D. J. McFarland, T. M. Vaughan, L. M. McCane, P. Z. Tsui, D. J. Zeitlin, E. W. Sellers, and J. R. Wolpaw, \"EEG correlates of P300-based brain-computer interface (BCI) performance in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,\" J. Neural Eng., vol. 9, no. 2:026014, 2012.\n[14]\tR. Fazel-Rezai, B. Z. Allison, C. Guger, E. W. Sellers, S. C. Kleih, and A. Kübler, \"P300 brain computer interface: current challenges and emerging trends,\" Front. Neuroeng., vol. 5, doi: 10.3389/fneng.2012.00014, July 2012.\n[15]\tD. Zhang, H. Song, H. Xu, W. Wu, S. Gao, and B. Hong, \"An N200 speller integrating the spatial profile for the detection of the non-control state,\" Journal of Neural Engineering, vol. 9, No. 2, doi:10.1088/1741–2560/9/2/026016, 2012.\n[16]\tB. Hong, F. Guo, T. Liu, X. Gao, S. Gao, \"N200-speller using motion-onset visual response,\" Clin. Neurophysiol, vol. 120, pp. 1658–66, Sep 2009.\n[17]\tL. Tonin, E. Menegatti, M. Cavinato, C. D'Avanzo, M. Pirini, A. Merico, L. Piron, K. Priftis, S. Silvoni, C. Volpato, and F. Piccione, \"Evaluation of a robot as embodied interface for brain computer interface systems,\" International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism, vol. 11, no.2, pp. 97–104, 2009.\n[18]\tP. Belluomo, M. Bucolo, L. Fortuna, and M. Frasca, \"Robot Control through Brain-Computer Interface for Pattern Generation,\" Complex Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 243–251, 2012.\n[19]\tT. Carlson and J. del R Millan, \"Brain-controlled wheelchairs: a robotic architecture,\" IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 65–73, 2013.\n[20]\tR. Singla and B. A. Haseena, \"BCI-based wheelchair control using steady state visual evoked potentials and support vector machines,\" International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 46–52, 2013.\n[21]\tK. T. Sun, T. W. Huang, and M. C. Chen, \"Design of Chinese spelling system based on ERPs,\" in Proc. 11th IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, Taichung, Taiwan, 2011, pp. 310–313.\n[22]\tK. T. Sun, T. W. Huang, M. C. Chen, and Y. C. Li, \"Design of Chinese spelling system,\" in Proc. 2nd Annual International Conference on Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence, Fort Canning, Singapore, 2011, pp.26–31."]}

This analysis of Kuosheng nuclear power plant (NPP) was performed mainly by TRACE, assisted with FRAPTRAN and FRAPCON. SNAP v2.2.1 and TRACE v5.0p3 are used to develop the Kuosheng NPP SPU TRACE model which can simulate the turbine trip without bypass transient. From the analysis of TRACE, the important parameters such as dome pressure, coolant temperature and pressure can be determined. Through these parameters, comparing with the criteria which were formulated by United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC), we can determine whether the Kuoshengnuclear power plant failed or not in the accident analysis. However, from the data of TRACE, the fuel rods status cannot be determined. With the information from TRACE and burn-up analysis obtained from FRAPCON, FRAPTRAN analyzes more details about the fuel rods in this transient. Besides, through the SNAP interface, the data results can be presented as an animation. From the animation, the TRACE and FRAPTRAN data can be merged together that may be realized by the readers more easily. In this research, TRACE showed that the maximum dome pressure of the reactor reaches to 8.32 MPa, which is lower than the acceptance limit 9.58 MPa. Furthermore, FRAPTRAN revels that the maximum strain is about 0.00165, which is below the criteria 0.01. In addition, cladding enthalpy is 52.44 cal/g which is lower than 170 cal/g specified by the USNRC NUREG-0800 Standard Review Plan., {"references":["Taiwan Power Company, \"Final Safety Analysis Report for Kuosheng\nNuclear Power Station Units 1&2 (FSAR)\", 2001.","U.S. NRC, \"TRACE V5.0 user's manual\", Division of Safety Analysis\nOffice of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory\nCommission Washington, DC 20555-0001, 2010.","K.J. Geelhood, W.G. Luscher, C.E. Beyer, \"FRAPTRAN 1.4: Integral\nAssessment\", Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryP.O. Box 999\nRichland, WA 99352.","U.S. NRC, \"Symbolic Nuclear Analysis Package (SNAP) User's\nManual\", Applied Programming Technology, Inc. 2007","INER, \"Guideline of Generating Parameters for Reload Licensing\nAnalyses for Kuosheng Units 1 and 2\", INER-6529R, 2009.","Taiwan Power Company, \"Technical Specifications Revision 0,\nKuosheng Nuclear Power Station Units 1 & 2\", January 2008."]}

The dry-storage systems of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Taiwan have become one of the major safety concerns. There are two steps considered in this study. The first step is the verification of the TRACE by using VSC-17 experimental data. The results of TRACE were similar to the VSC-17 data. It indicates that TRACE has the respectable accuracy in the simulation and analysis of the dry-storage systems. The next step is the application of TRACE in the dry-storage system of Kuosheng NPP (BWR/6). Kuosheng NPP is the second BWR NPP of Taiwan Power Company. In order to solve the storage of the spent fuels, Taiwan Power Company developed the new dry-storage system for Kuosheng NPP. In this step, the dry-storage system model of Kuosheng NPP was established by TRACE. Then, the steady state simulation of this model was performed and the results of TRACE were compared with the Kuosheng NPP data. Finally, this model was used to perform the safety analysis of Kuosheng NPP dry-storage system. Besides, FRAPTRAN was used tocalculate the transient performance of fuel rods., {"references":["C. Shih, Y. S. Tseng,\"The final report of parallel validation study for KSDSS,\"2013.","NRC, \"TRACE V5.0 User's Manual\", Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, 2010.","F.Mascari, A. M.Colletti, B. G. Woods, A. M. Costa, K. Welter, M. L. Richiusa, F. D. Rosa, F.D'Auria, G.Vella, \"Analyses of Natural Circulation Phenomena Typical of the MASLWR by Using The TRACE V5 Code,\" 2013.","Pacific Northwest Laboratory, \"Performance testing and Analyses of the VSC-17 Ventilated Concrete Cask,\" 1992.","Taipower Co., \"FSAR of Kuosheng NPP Dry Storage System,\"2013."]}

Pendimethalin is the common name of N-(1-ethylpropyl)3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine, a dinitroaniline herbicide that is used widely for selective control of most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds in crop fields such as rice, peanut, soybean, cabbage, garlic, onion, radish, tomato, pea, and tobacco in Taiwan. Field dissipation studies have revealed that pendimethalin is persistent (Walker and Bond, 1977; Zimdalh et al., 1984; Smith et al., 1995). Walker and Bond (1977) found that the half-life of pendimethalin in a sandy soil, with the moisture at 75% field capacity, is 98 days at 30 C and 409 days at 10 C. The half-life of pendimethalin in a sandy loam soil treated with 1.5 kg a.i./ha in wheat crops in the tropical climate of India ranges from 58 to 63 days (Kulshrestha and Yaduraju, 1987). Singh et al. (2002) have also found that the dissipation of pendimethalin in soil has a half-life of 74 days. Pendimethalin degrades more rapidly in anaerobic soil than in aerobic soil conditions. The T1/2 values of pendimethalin in anaerobic and aerobic soils are 33 and 52 days, respectively (Kulshrestha and Singh, 1992). However, field studies conducted in Greece show that DT50 of pendimethalin in onion fields range from 37 to 39 days (Nicholas and George, 1998). Furthermore, the half-lives of Pendimethalin in cabbage fields with the application rates of 1 kg a.i./ha and 2 kg a.i./ha are 15 and 17 days, respectively (Arora and Gopal, 2004). Besides persistence, the mobility and leaching ability are also important in the environmental study of pesticides. Pendimethalin is classified as a non-leaching compound (Cooper et al., 1994). The field persistence of residues of pendimethalin in soil and garlic (Allium sativum L.) plants in the subtropical conditions of Taiwan have not been examined. This study measures the dissipation and mobility of pendimethalin in a garlic field by the model ecosystem. Additionally, the movement and degradation of pendimethalin in garlic plants are investigated.

To research the energy recovery efficiency and the leakage characteristic of rotary pressure exchanger (RPE), two different kinds of experimental programs were performed in the experimental apparatus designed independently according to national standard. Firstly, the pressure of experiment system was constant, while the volume flow rate of cycle system was set from 7 to 11 m3/h. Secondly, the volume flow rate of cycle system was constant, while the pressure of experiment system was set from 1.5 to 5.5 MPa. Under the above two conditions, the volume flow rate, pressure of high-pressure cycle and low-pressure cycle were captured, and then the curves of energy recovery efficiency and flow rate, energy recovery efficiency and pressure, leakage volume rate and flow rate, leakage volume rate and pressure, rotary speed and flow rate, rotary speed and pressure were mapped. Eventually, the relations of energy recovery efficiency, rotary speed and the leakage characteristic with pressure and flow rate were presented, which could be used to improve energy recovery efficiency of rotary pressure exchanger.

Multiple steady-state solutions of natural convection in an inclined enclosure with a fluid layer and a heat-generating porous bed is investigated numerically by the finite volume method. The conservation equations for the porous layer are based on a general flow model which includes both the effects of flow inertia and friction. The flow in fluid layer is modeled by Navier–Stokes equations. The method of pseudo arc-length continuation is adapted in studying the effects of tilt angle on flow pattern and heat transfer. It is found that, in the whole domain of tilt angle, there exist two groups of solutions with quite different flow pattern and heat transfer behavior. The effects of aspect ratio on flow pattern and heat transfer have also been studied.

Mixed convection heat transfer from a vertically moving plate to a flowing free stream is investigated. The plate moves either in parallel or reversely to the free stream; and the buoyancy force accelerates or retards the flow. An universal formulation can be obtained from which similarity and nonsimilarity equations for six limiting cases of forced, natural, and mixed convection can be readily reduced. Accurate finite-difference solutions and comprehensive correlations of heat transfer rate for 0.01 ≤ Pr ≤ 10000 are presented over the entire domains of mixed convection and relative velocity.

We have studied time-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) and electron beam induced current (EBIC) on AlGaAs/GaAs/InGaAs heterojunction phototransistors under operating conditions, i.e., at room temperature and under bias. Devices from four wafers, with a different amount of lattice relaxation, were tested. It is shown that the CL intensity increases more than one order of magnitude as the voltage is increased and the current gain of the device turns on. The voltage dependence of the CL signal is analogous to the current–voltage curve of the transistor. The buildup in CL intensity was found to be much less in devices with low current gain showing that the CL intensity correlates to the electrical gain of the device. Time resolved CL showed two distinct CL decay times, one very short, a few nanoseconds, and one long, of the order of microseconds. This indicates that two fundamental recombination processes are present, which we attribute to a spatially direct recombination between carriers in the base and a sp...

The optical properties of (InP)2/(GaP)2 bilayer superlattice (BSL) structures have been examined with linearly polarized cathodoluminescence (CL), time-resolved CL spectroscopy, and cathodoluminescence wavelength imaging. An In and Ga composition modulation of ∼18% forms during the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth of short period (InP)2/(GaP)2 bilayer superlattices. Transmission electron microscopy showed a period of ∼800 A along the [110] direction, resulting in coherently strained quantum wires. A strong excitation dependence of the polarization anisotropy and energy of excitonic luminescence from the quantum wires was found. The results are consistent with a phase-space and band filling model that is based on a k⋅p and two dimensional quantum confinement calculation which takes the coherency strain into account. CL images reveal that defects in the BSL originate from the GaAs substrate and/or the initial stages of InGaP growth. The effects of defects on the band filling, carrier relaxation...

We report on (a) the effect of growth interruption on the growth profile evolution in growth on non-planar patterned mesa tops via substrate-encoded size-reducing epitaxy (SESRE) and (b) the optical behavior of isolated 3D-confined GaAs volumes as well as 3D-confined GaAs volumes coupled with 1D-confined quantum wells (QWs) fabricated by SESRE. Steady-state excitation and time-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) are used for these optical studies.

This paper studies combined heat and mass transfer by laminar natural convection from a vertical plate maintained with uniform surface heat flux and species concentration. Very accurate finite-difference solutions of a set of nonsimilarity equations have been obtained for most practical gaseous solutions (Pr = 0.7, 0.21 ≤ Sc ≤ 2.1) and aqueous solutions (Pr = 7, 140 ≤ Sc ≤ 1400). Variations of heat and mass transfer rates with buoyancy ratio and Lewis number are presented. Precise correlations have been developed for predicting heat and mass transfer rates of natural convection arising from single (solutal or thermal) buoyancy force and dual buoyancy forces.

We have examined the kinetics of carrier relaxation in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs), quantum wires (QWRs), and quantum boxes (QBs) with time-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL). In the cases of QWRs and QBs, the nanostructures were grown via a size-reducing growth approach on pre-patterned GaAs(001) substrates composed of stripes and mesas, respectively. The growth involved deposition of multiple GaAs/AlGaAs layers in order to establish both structural and optical markers which facilitated the identification of important features in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and CL experiments. In TEM measurements, the lateral dimensions of the top-most GaAs layers in typical stripe and mesa structures comprising the QWRs and QBs delineate GaAs regions expected to exhibit 2D and 3D quantum confinement effects, respectively. Time-delayed CL spectra of all three structures reveal that the initial capture of carriers in the active regions occurs on a time scale less than the temporal resolution of the CL system...